YSZ-2型遥测岩石声发射自控告时机

本文重点阐述了为解决现场岩体工程监测而研制的遥测岩石声发射自控告时机的设计原理.并对整部机器的七个组成单元的原理及结构作了比较详细地介绍。文中还列举了利用该机进行监测所得的结果,实践表明,机器取得了比较满意的使用效果.     

基于DFOS的采场围岩变形破坏监测研究进展与展望

原生地质体在煤岩层采掘条件下将发生变形破坏,相关物理属性(应变场、渗流场、化学场、温度场、地球物理场)随之改变,为了对变形破坏机理进行精细化分析需对场源特征进行重构反演,因此,亟需一种高灵敏度、性能稳定且分布式的监测系统对上述场源信息进行实时动态监测.基于光纤传感测试技术自身的优点(分布式、稳定性高、抗电磁干扰等),可...     

岩石损伤检测技术的研究进展

岩石损伤变量的测定是岩石损伤力学分析研究的基础，岩石损伤理论付诸岩石工程实践必须解决岩石损伤检测的问题。总结当前国内外的岩石损伤检测方法，可将其分为结构分析法和陛能测试法，具体包括扫描电镜分析、计算机断层扫描检测、应力应变测试、声波探测、声发射测试以及红外辐射探测等。在采用不同的测试技术时，必须谨慎考虑损伤与相应物理力学描述之间的耦合关系，尽可能使得所定义的描述能真正反映损伤变量的值。具体应用时应该在符合热力学原理的前提下尽可能选择易于测量且利于分析的损伤变量描述形式及相应的检测技术。     

国内外风蚀监测方法回顾与评述

为了准确认识风沙运动规律、建立风蚀模型,必须对风沙过程进行野外实地监测.鉴于风沙过程的复杂性,目前风蚀监测的方法多种多样.根据监测目的和原理的差异,将现有的主要风蚀监测方法分为风蚀量监测和输沙率监测两大类分别评述.风蚀量监测主要包括集沙盘法,降尘缸法,风蚀盘法,风蚀圈法,示踪法,遥感法,侵蚀针法等;输沙率的监测主要使用...     

结构面对程潮铁矿东区地表及岩体移动变形的影响研究

以程潮铁矿东区为例,通过现场结构面调查、地表及深部岩体变形监测,分析了该区地表及岩体移动变形与结构面的关系。结果表明：程潮铁矿东区地表及岩体移动变形主要受该区复杂的地质条件控制,特别是结构面的影响,变形方向和变形量值均与理论预期不同。NNE、NE向结构面的存在控制着岩体向采空区运动的侧向边界条件,同时导致变形方向的向西偏转,NWW向结构面的松动导致东主井区岩体向采空区的倾倒变形,地表变形在南北剖面上呈三级阶梯分布;西风井相对东西采空区的特殊位置以及NE向结构面的影响使其变形值小于预期,是该区相对安全的主要原因。     

应力监测在公路岩质边坡中的应用研究

针对山区高速公路岩质边坡数量大、失稳难以及时预警的问题,提出对边坡支护锚杆进行应力监测的方式以评价其稳定性。以广陕高速改扩建工程沿线的一处典型岩质边坡为例,采用FLAC3D软件对岩质边坡的开挖支护过程进行模拟,利用强度折减法分析随岩体强度降低过程中支护锚杆的轴力变化规律,确定应力监测预警值,并结合现场试验结果对边坡安全状况进行评价。研究结果表明,试验边坡监测位置应以泥岩结构面处为主,应力监测预警是一个整体的预警系统,监测点位任一处达到预警值均应提出预警。监测结果显示,应力监测在120 d时出现明显变化,而位移变化则较为滞后,在167 d后才出现明显变化;综合应力与位移监测的结果可以得出,试验边坡处于安全运营状态,所提出的应力监测评价公路岩质边坡的稳定性具有可行性。     

城市地下空间安全监测与预警指标研究

为保障城市地下空间开发利用的安全性,促进城市可持续发展,通过文献调研、现场调查和专家咨询等方法,分析提出城市地下空间监测的五项原则,将监测对象划分为三类：工程结构本体、周围岩土体以及周边环境。将监测指标归纳为变形类、力学类、振动类和宏观状态类共四类,其中变形类指标执行双控要求,其他三种指标执行单控要求。监测趋势预测分析可采用公式法、回归分析法、时间序列分析法、灰色预测法、神经网络法和支持向量机法等。全国各地监测控制值基本一致,但预警分级标准存在地区差异,其中北京市和广州市分级预警具有较大参考价值。目前城市地下空间安全监测存在七项不足：预警分级标准不完善,人工监测效率低,监测参数单一,监测信息缺少共享协同,测量精度较低,重监测轻预测以及缺乏数据融合和机器学习应用。针对这些问题,可采取七项措施进行改进：建立合理预警分级标准,发展自动化与智能化监测,多参数综合监测,应用远程监测与云平台,开发高精度测量设备,监测和预测并重,以及数据融合与机器学习应用。     

Measurement of rock mass deformation with grouted coaxial antenna cables

Summary Techniques presented herein show how reflected voltage pulses from coaxial antenna cable grouted in rock masses can be employed to quantify the type and magnitude of rock mass deformation. This measurement is similar to that obtained from a combined full profile extensometer (to measure local extension) and inclinometer (to measure local shearing). Rock mass movements deform the grouted cable, which locally changes cable capacitance and thereby the reflected wave form of the voltage pulse. Thus, by monitoring changes in these reflection signatures, it is possible to monitor rock mass deformation.This paper presents laboratory measurements necessary to quantitatively interpret the reflected voltage signatures. Cables were sheared and extended to correlate measured cable deformation with reflected voltage signals. Laboratory testing included development of grout mixtures with optimum properties for field installation and performance of a TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) monitoring system. Finally, the interpretive techniques developed through laboratory measurements were applied to previously collected field data to extract hitherto unrealized information.     

地震活动中地壳深部流体的作用研究进展

综述了地震深部流体研究的进展并提出了在地震领域应该深入研究的方面。已有大量资料表明岩石圈是一含流体的系统，也是地震发育的主要场所。深部流体赋存相态，运移方式及其与岩石的反应，对震源介质和构造活动有重要影响。     

Complex system approach to interpretation of monitoring time series: two case histories from NW Bohemia

Ever wider implementation of information technologies is flooding us by monitoring data. To an efficient risk management, those data have to be processed and assessed in the same rate as they are recorded and transported. Paper demonstrates some methods dealing with intrinsic, nonlinear dynamics of slope system for computerized safety assessment of monitoring time series, their modeling and early warning launching. Analysis and modeling of phase changes – i.e. specific transient states between different developmental stages of dynamics of unstable slope systems, enabled to fix new types of precursors for rock fall warning and to enhance time prediction of rock fall occurrence. Mathematically well based, novel numerical and topological methods from the toolbox of complex system theory were successfully implemented to that challenge. Their pattern-recognition ability, i.e., diagnostic sensitivity, and more realistic results of modeling of time series relevant patterns have reached beyond ranges of regularly used—both the idea- and the data-driven—methods. Moreover, results yielded by phase space analyses are in good agreement with the ones by numerical fractal analyses. Obtained results have strengthened the primary, mainly theoretically based hypothesis; the dynamics of an unstable rock slope has to be considered as behavior of nonlinear, dissipative, non-equilibrium, self-organizing complex system. Correspondingly to the theoretical assumptions, two qualitatively different types of slope system dynamics—near to equilibrium and far from equilibrium states, were identified. All field monitoring data used originated in practice of highly automated, integrated IT system of monitoring assessment, and management of rock fall hazard at sandstone rock walls in the NW Bohemia.     

岩石声波综合数据处理系统的试验研究

本文是在岩石声波测试综合数据处理系统研究总结的基础上写成的。该系统以SYC岩石声波仪为前端设备,配接微型计算机和单板机,构成既可在室内也可在野外使用,又能综合分析的积木式测试系统。为用声波法测定岩石和其它固体介质的力学特性的测试技术和理论研究,提供了自动化的设备。本文介绍了系统的主要功能,基本结构和接口方法选取分析,软件设计分析,测试结果对比等方面。并对应用计算机控制测试设备、实现测试实验自动数据采集和处理提出我们的看法。     

Experimental Study of Synthesis Processing System for Rock Acoustical Measurement

The system consists of SYC rock acoustical measurement instrument, microcomputer and single board computer. It is a building block system used in both laboratory and field testing to measure rock acoustical data. In this paper the main performances, the fundamental configuration, the interface technique and software design methods are presented, and measurement result analysis is made. An idea was proposed of the automatic acquisition and processing of test data by means of micro-computer control over the test device.     

Fracture Network Volume Fracturing Technology in High-temperature Hard Formation of Hot Dry Rock

It is more difficult for a hot dry rock to form a fracture network system than shale due to its special lithology, physical and mechanical properties under high temperature. The essential characteristics, rock mechanics and in-situ stress characteristics of a hot rock mass have been systematically studied by means of laboratory tests and true tri-axial physical simulation. The fracture initiation and propagation characteristics under different geological and engineering conditions are physically simulated, and the main controlling factors for the formation of a complex fracture network are revealed. The technology of low displacement for enhancing thermal cracking, gel fluid for expanding fracture and variable displacement cyclic injection for increasing a fracture network has been applied in the field, and good results have been achieved. Micro-seismic monitoring results demonstrate that complex fractures were formed in the field test, and the stimulation volume for heat exchanging reaches more than 3 million cubic meters. The research results play an important role in the stimulation technology of an enhanced geothermal system (EGS) and realize a breakthrough for power generation.     

矿井冲击危险电磁辐射连续监测及预测研究

煤岩电磁辐射监测技术可以预测、预报矿井冲击地压和煤与瓦斯突出等煤岩动力灾害。利用中国矿业大学自行研制和开发的KBD7煤岩电磁辐射连续监测系统及数据处理软件,在鹤岗矿业集团南山、峻德等有冲击危险的矿井成功地连续监测了煤矿煤岩电磁辐射。根据监测现场的实际情况,结合监测数据,分析了有冲击危险监测区域的电磁辐射连续监测规律,并提取了其中蕴含的冲击危险前兆信息,用于冲击地压的监测、预报。      

Three-dimensional FEM Analysis and Back Analysis for Deformation Monitoring of Ertan Hydropower Station Chambers

Three-dimensional continuous field of initial stresses in Ertan site is determined with stress function approaching the date of a number of measurement points. Then a 3-d FEM analysis of a set of powerhouses with three large chambers is made, and the distribution of failure region, low and high stress areas in rock masses are obtained, which is compared with the results of 2-d FEM analysis. The results from 2-d analysis are not always more conservative than that from 3-d analysis, because the tension failure region from 3-d analysis is larger than that from 2-d analysis. A method to determine approximately failure area of jointed rock masses is also proposed in this paper. In addition, deformation monitoring of a testing chamber in site and its back analysis are presented. This back analysis demonstrates well the measurement results of mechanics parameters and initial stresses.     

二滩电站坝肩厂房三维有限元分析及围岩变形观测反分析

本文首先用应力函数法对二滩电站地下厂房区的着干地应力实测点进行拟合,给出了三维连续初始应力场。然后对三个大型洞室形成的厂房群进行三维有限元分析,得出了洞群围岩中破损区、应力弱化区及高应力区的分布,并就三维分析与二维分析的结果进行了对比。可以认为,二维分析不一定比三维分析更安全,因为三维分析得出的拉破裂范围更大些。文中还提出了一个用弹性有限元分析近似推求裂隙围岩破裂范围的方法。最后介绍在该现场的一个试验洞中进行围岩变形观测及反分析的结果,该反分析较好的验证了围岩力学参数及地应力测量的结果。     

辽宁海州露天矿边坡预应力锚索远程监测系统

随着海州露天矿的闭坑,岩体结构越来越弱化,围岩的支承能力越来越小,露天矿边坡处于不稳定状态,具有发生大规模滑坡的潜在危险。根据海州露天矿工程地质条件,边坡形态,稳定状态及监测目的,研发海州露天矿边坡预应力锚索远程监测系统。系统应用GPRS远距离无线传输技术远程主动监测边坡岩体内部应力变化来获取岩体变形特征和滑移信息,实现边坡锚索应力全天候连续自动监测,其采用太阳能进行供电,适用于边坡中、长期监测。通过对海州露天矿边坡监测与边坡稳定性分析的现场应用实践证明,该系统可以对边坡稳态进行实时监测,对边坡滑坡灾害防治具有重要意义。     

变形岩石的超声波研究

岩石的结构、构造往往具有不均一性，因而表现出物理力学性质的各向异性。超声波技术就是通过研究岩石的各向异性来了解岩石的构造变形特征和微观构造。本文论述了这一方法的基本原理，介绍了检测方法，探讨了如何应用此法来确定主应变轴的空间方位和划分不同构造变形期次、确定岩石中微孔隙的排列方位和矿物定向组构、恢复古构造应力汤、区分原生和次生各向异性等。     

小间距隧道施工性态监测与稳定性分析

在分岔隧道施工过程中,小间距段支护体系力学性态直接反映分岔隧道的稳定状况,结合沪－蓉线庙垭分岔隧道,对小间距中墙薄弱处侧向加固进行了理论分析,通过对围岩变形和围岩压力、钢支撑内力、锚杆轴力等支护体系监测成果的系统分析,以及中墙爆破振动现场试验研究,评判了小间距隧道的稳定状况,所得结论可为日后同类工程的设计、施工、监测提供有益的借鉴。     

干耦合超声波检测及波初至的自动拾取

目前岩石力学参数测定，受限于探头及数据采集设备，多在实验室环境完成，同时，传统超声收发探头对接触面平整度要求较高，需要对岩石表面打磨处理，且需要涂抹导声糊。这些都极大限制了超声测量系统的应用范围。为实现对岩石钻孔内的长效监测，对声波发射、接收机制及岩石内超声信号的频域特性进行分析，通过AIC算法拾取波前初至，利用小波去噪和改进AIC法（NAIC）求波初至到达精确时间，研究了基于干耦合岩石内部参数测量系统，在岩石内部实现了超声信号的发射接收、信号瞬态触发、高速采集，并将最终结果通过无线方式传输至数据记录仪。分别对Φ50 mm×100 mm花岗岩及砂岩岩样进行了超声波传输参数测量，Φ114 mm×280 mm花岗岩岩样测量距离分别为150、200 mm，利用NAIC、STA/LTA、MER、ETA 4种算法对该数据进行处理，并与第三方仪器测定结果进行比较。结果表明：基于干耦合声波测速采集系统，对不同工作接触面适应性较好，数据误差在规范允许范围内。小波降噪适用于背景干扰少、频率范围集中的超声接收信号，在到时拾取方面，除STA/LTA外其余3种算法在去噪后的到时拾取精度均得到有效提高，其中尤以NAIC法最为明显，到时平均误差由1.21 ?s锐减至0.19 ?s。