VTI介质准P波旋转交错有限差分数值模拟

本文采用旋转交错网格差分格式对VTI（垂直对称轴的横向各向同性）介质准P波一阶应力-速度方程进行数值模拟。并在PML边界条件和稳定性条件下得出Marmousi等复杂模型的高精度波场快照和地震记录,分析了各向异性对地震波的影响。数值结果表明：旋转交错网格有限差分能获得高精度的地震模拟数据,PML边界有较好的吸收效果。     

完全匹配层吸收边界在孔隙介质弹性波模拟中的应用

模拟弹性波在孔隙介质中传播,需要稳定有效的吸收边界来消除或尽可能的减小由人工边界引起的虚假反射. 本文在前人工作基础上,首次建立了弹性孔隙介质情况下完全匹配层吸收边界的高阶速度-应力交错网格有限差分算法,并详细讨论了完全匹配层的构建及其有限差分算法实现. 首先,本文通过均匀孔隙模型的数值解与解析解的对比,验证所提出的数值方法的正确性;然后,本文考察了完全匹配层对不同入射角度入射波和自由表面上的瑞利波的吸收性能,将完全匹配层与廖氏和阻尼吸收边界进行了对比,研究了这三种吸收边界在不同吸收厚度情况下对弹性波吸收能力. 数值结果表明,在孔隙介质中,完全匹配层作为吸收边界能十分有效地吸收衰减外行波,无论对体波还是面波,是一种高效边界吸收算法.     

横向各向同性介质紧致交错网格有限差分波场模拟(英文)

针对有限差分数值模拟的频散问题,本文将交错网格技术和紧致差分格式相结合,推导了横向各向同性介质一阶速度一应力波动方程的紧致交错网格差分格式;对比分析了紧致交错网格差分格式、交错网格差分格式以及紧致差分格式的截断误差主项,并利用Fourier误差分析方法分析了上述三种差分格式的近似精度;在此基础上,分别采用上述三种差分格式进行了波场数值模拟。结果表明,当差分方程阶数相同时,紧致交错网格差分格式截断误差最小,数值频散最弱,差分精度最高,证实了该方法的有效性。     

频率-空间域CPML和特征分析法组合边界研究

在地震波场数值模拟过程中,边界反射是影响其模拟结果的一个重要因素。实际地下介质具有各向异性特征,传统的完全匹配层边界（PML）对于小入射角地震波具有良好效果,但该方法并不能有效地吸收低频波和大角度入射波。针对VTI介质边界反射的问题,本文提出在频率-空间域有限差分法数值模拟中采用卷积完全匹配层（CPML）和特征分析法的组合边界条件,并对该组合边界条件进行数值模拟实验和边界反射吸收效果分析,验证所提方法是一种可靠的人工吸收边界条件,能够有效地压制波场模拟过程中产生的边界反射。      

Perfectly matched layer-absorbing boundary condition for finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equations

The perfectly matched layer (PML) is a highly efficient absorbing boundary condition used for the numerical modeling of seismic wave equation. The article focuses on the application of this technique to finite-element time-domain numerical modeling of elastic wave equation. However, the finite-element time-domain scheme is based on the second-order wave equation in displacement formulation. Thus, the first-order PML in velocity-stress formulation cannot be directly applied to this scheme. In this article, we derive the finite-element matrix equations of second-order PML in displacement formulation, and accomplish the implementation of PML in finite-element time-domain modeling of elastic wave equation. The PML has an approximate zero reflection coefficients for bulk and surface waves in the finite-element modeling of P-SV and SH wave propagation in the 2D homogeneous elastic media. The numerical experiments using a two-layer model with irregular topography validate the efficiency of PML in the modeling of seismic wave propagation in geological models with complex structures and heterogeneous media.     

多分量联合逆时偏移最佳匹配层吸收边界

有限空间内的波动方程逆时偏移需要利用有效的边界处理技术用以消除人工截断对偏移结果产生的影响。本文以横向各向同性介质弹性波速度-应力方程为基础,依据传统分裂式最佳匹配层（Perfect Matched Layer,PML）吸收边界技术的思想,推导了应用于逆时偏移的完全匹配层波动方程,并给出了其高阶交错网格有限差分格式。针对由边界处向计算区域内传播的＂反射波＂,以及地震记录排列两端地震同相轴突变对计算区域的影响这两方面问题,本文给出了逆时偏移中吸收层的布设方式。模型和实际资料的弹性波叠前多分量联合逆时深度偏移结果表明本文的边界处理方法取得了较好的吸收效果,获得了好的联合偏移成像结果。     

基于混合有限元格式的完美匹配层与多次透射公式人工边界比较研究

介绍了完美匹配层(PML)人工边界可以吸收不同频率和任意角度入射波的原理以及PML人工边界的构造方法. 在此基础上,将PML人工边界应用于地震波动数值模拟的速度应力混合有限元格式中,探讨了PML应用的可行性,并通过数值试验研究了PML人工边界的反射率,比较了PML人工边界与多次透射公式(MTF)人工边界应用于体波和面波模拟中数值反射的差异,对两种边界的透射效果进行了分析. 结果表明, 尽管数值离散后PML人工边界不再保持完美匹配特性,但PML人工边界在近场波动数值模拟中可获得比MTF人工边界更为理想的吸收效果,在角点透射、大角度掠射情形下尤为明显;PML人工边界在混合有限元格式的数值算法中,未见失稳等不良反应,比MTF人工边界有更好的稳定性;在合理选择参数的情况下,PML人工边界的运算量可接受.      

VTI介质中准P波方程叠前逆时深度偏移

根据具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性（VTI）介质中的一阶准P波方程,导出了该方程在交错网格中逆时延拓的高阶有限差分格式,给出了其稳定性条件,采用完全匹配层吸收边界条件解决边界反射问题,分别应用下行波最大能量法和归一化互相关成像条件, 实现了VTI介质中准P波方程的叠前逆时深度偏移．各向异性Marmousi模型的试算结果表明,VTI介质准P波方程叠前逆时深度偏移算法不受地下构造倾角和介质横向速度变化的限制,对复杂模型具有良好的成像能力;应用归一化互相关成像条件能得到更好的成像效果．对比该模型的各向异性和各向同性逆时偏移剖面表明,在各向异性地区采集的纵波数据用各向异性偏移算法理论上能得到更好的成像结果．      

裂缝诱导双相HTI介质地震波场错格伪谱法模拟与波场特征分析

裂缝诱导的双相具有水平对称轴的横向各向同性(HTI)介质模型是由一组平行排列的垂直裂缝嵌入到统计各向同性的流体饱和多孔隙岩石中而组成的,它综合考虑了裂缝型储层岩石的各向异性和孔隙性.高精度的地震波场数值模拟技术是研究该介质中地震波传播规律的主要方法.本文结合错格伪谱法和时间分裂法,求解描述该介质中地震波传播的一阶速度-应力方程.模拟了单层和双层模型中的地震波场,并对其进行了特征分析.研究结果表明:错格伪谱法能有效消除标准网格伪谱法波场模拟结果中出现的数值伪影现象,与时间分裂法结合能够获得稳定的、高精度的模拟结果;裂缝诱导双相HTI介质中的地震波场兼具裂缝各向异性介质和双相介质中传播的地震波的波场特征.     

Numerical simulation of seismic wave in elastic and viscoelastic TTI media*

Based on the two-dimensional (2D) three-component first-order velocity-stress equation, the high order staggered mesh finite difference numerical simulation method was used to simulate the elastic and viscoelastic tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. The perfect matched layer (PML) absorption boundary condition was selected to eliminate the boundary effect. The results show that: ① Under the condition of fixed elastic parameters of elastic TTI medium, when the polarization angle and azimuth are 60° and 45° respectively, the degree of shear wave splitting is significantly greater than the angle of 0°; ② The influence of viscoelasticity on TTI medium is mainly reflected in the amplitude. If the quality factor decreases, the attenuation of the seismic wave amplitude increases, causing the waveform to become wider and distorted. If the quality factor increases, the viscoelastic medium becomes closer to elastic medium; ③ For TTI medium with different polarization angle and azimuth angle in the upper and lower layers, the shear wave can multiple splits at the interface of medium. The symmetry of seismograms is affected by the polarization angle and azimuth angle of TTI medium; ④ Viscoelasticity has a great influence on reflected wave, transmitted wave and converted wave in the low-velocity model. When the viscoelasticity is strong, the weaker waves may not be shown.     

任意倾斜各向异性介质中弹性波波场交错网格高阶有限差分法模拟

给出了任意倾斜各向异性介质中二维三分量一阶应力速度弹性波方程交错网格任意偶数阶精度有限差分格式及其稳定性条件,并推导出了二维任意倾斜各向异性介质完全匹配吸收层法边界条件公式和相应的交错网格任意偶数阶精度差分格式. 数值模拟结果表明,该方法模拟精度高,计算效率高,边界吸收效果好. 各向异性介质中弹性波波前面形态复杂, 且qP波波速不总是比qS波波速快. qS波波前面和同相轴的三分叉现象普遍, 且其同相轴一般不是双曲线型. 当TI介质倾斜时,3个分量上均能够观测到横波分裂现象, 而且各波形的同相轴变得不对称.      

Application of the nearly perfectly matched layer for seismic wave propagation in 2D homogeneous isotropic media

Numerical modelling plays an important role in helping us understand the characteristics of seismic wave propagation. The presence of spurious reflections from the boundaries of the truncated computational domain is a prominent problem in finite difference computations. The nearly perfectly matched layer has been proven to be a very effective boundary condition to absorb outgoing waves in both electromagnetic and acoustic media. In this paper, the nearly perfectly matched layer technique is applied to elastic isotropic media to further test the method's absorbing ability. The staggered‐grid finite‐difference method (fourth‐order accuracy in space and second‐order accuracy in time) is used in the numerical simulation of seismic wave propagation in 2D Cartesian coordinates. In the numerical tests, numerical comparisons between the nearly perfectly matched layer and the convolutional perfectly matched layer, which is considered the best absorbing layer boundary condition, is also provided. Three numerical experiments demonstrate that the nearly perfectly matched layer has a similar performance to the convolutional perfectly matched layer and can be a valuable alternative to other absorbing layer boundary conditions.     

Simulation of improved pure P-wave equation in transversely isotropic media with a horizontal symmetry axis

Characterizing the expressions of seismic waves in elastic anisotropic media depends on multiparameters. To reduce the complexity, decomposing the P-mode wave from elastic seismic data is an effective way to describe the considerably accurate kinematics with fewer parameters. The acoustic approximation for transversely isotropic media is widely used to obtain P-mode wave by setting the axial S-wave phase velocity to zero. However, the separated pure P-wave of this approach is coupled with undesired S-wave in anisotropic media called S-wave artefacts. To eliminate the S-wave artefacts in acoustic waves for anisotropic media, we set the vertical S-wave phase velocity as a function related to propagation directions. Then, we derive a pure P-wave equation in transversely isotropic media with a horizontal symmetry axis by introducing the expression of vertical S-wave phase velocity. The differential form of new expression for pure P-wave is reduced to second-order by inserting the expression of S-wave phase velocity as an auxiliary operator. The results of numerical simulation examples by finite difference illustrate the stability and accuracy of the derived pure P-wave equation.     

基于横向各向同性BISQ方程的弹性波传播数值模拟

Biot流动和喷射流动是含流体多孔隙介质中流体流动的两种重要力学机制. 近年来，利用同时处理这两种力学机制的BISQ(Biot-Squirt)模型，弹性波衰减和频散的问题已被广泛研究；然而基于BISQ方程的波场数值模拟尚未见到公开的报道．本文从BISQ方程出发，利用交错网格方法对横向各向同性孔隙介质中不同频率和相界情况，以及双层介质中的弹性波传播进行数值模拟，研究了在同时考虑两种流动机制作用情况下地震波和声波的传播特性及传播过程中出现的各种波动现象．      

地震槽波的数学-物理模拟初探

针对地震槽波在低速层的传播特性,开展了煤层内地震槽波勘探的数值模拟和物理模拟研究的初探工作.在数值模拟研究方面,采用交错网格有限差分法对煤层中的地震槽波进行三分量全波场模拟.基于波场快照和人工合成地震记录研究了不同模型中的波场特征和各种波型的传播规律.在物理模拟方面,通过选用不同配比的环氧树脂和硅橡胶类材料构建地震槽波物理模型,利用透射法和反射法观测系统获得了清晰的地震槽波记录以研究槽波的地震学特征.研究表明,在煤层内槽波的地震波场中,Love型槽波的能量小于Rayleigh型槽波的SV分量,大于Rayleigh型槽波的SH分量.相对于Love型槽波和Rayleigh型槽波的SH分量,Rayleigh型槽波的SV分量在围岩中的泄露能量较强.在煤层界面附近的围岩中,地震波仍以槽波形式传播,随着距离的增加能量逐渐衰减.随着煤层变薄,煤层槽波主频向高频方向移动,频散现象增强,传播速度增大.     

Comparison of perfectly matched layer and multi-transmitting formula artificial boundary condition based on hybrid finite element formulation

The theory of perfectly matched layer (PML) artificial boundary condition (ABC), which is characterized by absorption any wave motions with arbitrary frequency and arbitrarily incident angle, is introduced. The construc- tion process of PML boundary based on elastodynamic partial differential equation (PDE) system is developed. Combining with velocity-stress hybrid finite element formulation, the applicability of PML boundary is investi- gated and the numerical reflection of PML boundary is estimated. The reflectivity of PML and multi-transmitting formula (MTF) boundary is then compared based on body wave and surface wave simulations. The results show that although PML boundary yields some reflection, its absorption performance is superior to MTF boundary in the numerical simulations of near-fault wave propagation, especially in corner and large angle grazing incidence situations. The PML boundary does not arise any unstable phenomenon and the stability of PML boundary is better than MTF boundary in hybrid finite element method. For a specified problem and analysis tolerance, the computa- tional efficiency of PML boundary is only a little lower than MTF boundary.     

基于PML边界条件的二阶电磁波动方程GPR时域有限元模拟

完全匹配层(PML)作为一种稳定高效的吸收边界条件,广泛应用于基于一阶电磁波动方程的探地雷达(GPR)数值模拟中.为解决基于二阶电磁波动方程的GPR数值模拟的吸收边界问题,本文借鉴二阶弹性波动方程的PML边界条件构建思想,提出了一种适合二阶电磁波动方程GPR时域有限元模拟的PML边界条件.从二阶电磁波动方程出发,基于复拉伸坐标变换,推导了PML算法的频域表达式;通过合理构造辅助微分方程,得到了PML算法的时域表达式,并以变分形式(弱形式)加载到GPR时域有限元方程中,实现了PML边界条件在二阶电磁波动方程GPR时域有限元模拟中的应用.在此基础上,对比了无边界条件、Sarma边界条件和PML边界条件下均匀模型的波场快照、单道波形、时域反射误差和能量衰减曲线,结果表明:PML边界条件的吸收效果要远优于Sarma边界条件,具有近似零反射系数.一个复杂介质模型的正演模拟验证了PML边界条件在非均匀地电结构中电磁波传播模拟的良好吸收效果.     

Pure acoustic wave propagation in transversely isotropic media by the pseudospectral method

Seismic wave propagation in transversely isotropic (TI) media is commonly described by a set of coupled partial differential equations, derived from the acoustic approximation. These equations produce pure P‐wave responses in elliptically anisotropic media but generate undesired shear‐wave components for more general TI anisotropy. Furthermore, these equations suffer from instabilities when the anisotropy parameter ε is less than δ. One solution to both problems is to use pure acoustic anisotropic wave equations, which can produce pure P‐waves without any shear‐wave contaminations in both elliptical and anelliptical TI media. In this paper, we propose a new pure acoustic transversely isotropic wave equation, which can be conveniently solved using the pseudospectral method. Like most other pure acoustic anisotropic wave equations, our equation involves complicated pseudo‐differential operators in space which are difficult to handle using the finite difference method. The advantage of our equation is that all of its model parameters are separable from the spatial differential and pseudo‐differential operators; therefore, the pseudospectral method can be directly applied. We use phase velocity analysis to show that our equation, expressed in a summation form, can be properly truncated to achieve the desired accuracy according to anisotropy strength. This flexibility allows us to save computational time by choosing the right number of summation terms for a given model. We use numerical examples to demonstrate that this new pure acoustic wave equation can produce highly accurate results, completely free from shear‐wave artefacts. This equation can be straightforwardly generalized to tilted TI media.     

交错网格与旋转交错网格对VTI介质波场分离的影响分析

利用交错网格有限差分和旋转交错网格有限差分进行各向异性介质弹性波场数值模拟时, 质点振动速度分量与应力张量的网格节点定义方式均不相同, 从而对各向异性波场分离效果产生不同的影响. 针对这一问题, 本文以具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性(VTI)介质的波场分离为例, 首先分析了两种网格的参数定义方式以及VTI介质波场的分离过程; 其次, 详细研究和分析了这两种网格的参数定义方式对各向异性介质波场分离的影响, 并依据波前面连续性以及波场分离效果等方面, 通过数值模拟实验对该影响进行分析验证. 结果表明, 旋转交错网格的参数定义方式更有利于进行各向异性介质波场数值模拟和波场分离.      

多人工波速优化透射边界在谱元法地震波动模拟中的应用

将作者最近发展的多人工波速优化透射边界(记为ca j-MTF)应用于高精度谱元法的地震波动模拟中,并与经典的廖氏透射(MTF)边界、完美匹配层(PML)边界、黏弹性边界以及一阶旁轴近似边界进行了比较分析.结果显示:①ca j-MTF边界与MTF边界在形式上非常接近,它继承了后者公式简单、易于实现、精度可控、计算量低以及...