岩体中节理面、软弱夹层等的力学性质和模拟分析方法(一)

岩体中的软弱结构面、特别是软弱夹层和软弱的节理面以及基岩和建筑物的结合面或称界面(以下对这些面简称为弱面)对于水工建筑物的抗滑稳定,天然或人工岩石边坡和地下洞库的稳定性常常起控制作用.     

The Mechanical. Behaviors and Analog Analytical Method of Joints and Weak Intercalations in Rock Mass (Continued)

In this paper, the mechanical behaviors of rock joints and internationals etc. are described. According to the filed results of the shear tests, several basic types of shear displacement are discussed and classified。 based on the nonlinear properties of these weak plants ,the analytical models and methods suggested in this paper, the influence of normal stress on the shear deformation may be considered .It also can be applied to the complicated conditions of loading-unloading-reloadings. The non-linear and the problems of the weak plane’s reclosing after opening can be handled simultaneously. The same analytical method is also acceptable to the shear deformation properties of various types only by choosing different parameters. Wish this analytical method, analogic calculations for the in-situ weak-plane shear tests are made and results are well checked by curves .This method has been used in some practical engineering problems .     

岩体中节理面、软弱夹层等的力学性质和模拟分析方法(续)

六、滑移条件的实验依据和节理单元的塑性变形问题采用关联流动理论来推导节理单元的弹塑性物性矩阵可以明显看出它将使处于继续加载状态的单元的新应力点将落在残余强度线上,也就是说是满足“滑移条件”的,但这与实验结果是否接近呢? 现在我们列举一九七○年在某矿区所作的野外剪切“单点法”试验结果以资说明.     

不同含水率软弱结构面剪切蠕变试验及模型研究

软弱结构面的蠕变特性是岩体重要力学特性之一,其蠕变特性常控制着岩体的蠕变变形和长期强度。软弱结构面中充填物的含水率是影响其蠕变特性的重要因素之一,通过开展不同含水率砂岩软弱结构面剪切蠕变试验,得到了具不同含水率的砂岩软弱结构面剪切蠕变试验曲线。基于得到的剪切蠕变试验曲线,分析了含水率对软弱结构面剪切蠕变特性及长期抗剪强度的影响规律。最后通过模型辨识,采用改进的粘弹塑性模型来描述考虑含水率变化的砂岩软弱结构面蠕变特性。     

Rheological and kinematical responses to flow of two-phase rocks

Numerical simulations have been performed to investigate the strain-dependent behaviour of rheological and kinematical responses to flow of two-phase rocks using the commercial finite-difference program FLAC2D. It was assumed that the two phases have Maxwell rheology. Plane strain and velocity boundary condition, which produces a simple shear deformation, were also assumed. Two types of geometries were considered: strong phase supported (SPS) and weak phase supported (WPS). We calculated strain-dependent variations of effective viscosity and partitioning of strain rate, vorticity and kinematic vorticity number during deformation in both SPS and WPS structure models.The results show that the strain-dependent behaviour is largely influenced by the geometry of the composite. SPS models show both strain hardening and strain softening during the simulations, with strain hardening preceding strain softening. A critical shear strain is necessary to begin the strain softening behaviour. Strain hardening and strain softening are accompanied by a reduction and an increase of the partition of strain rate into the weak phase, respectively. On the other hand, WPS models show only weak strain hardening and strain softening, being the strain-dependent behaviour close to a steady state flow. In addition, the following results are obtained on vorticity and kinematic vorticity number; (1) in both SPS and WPS models the partition of vorticity into weak phase increases with progressive shear strain, i.e. the strong phase becomes less rotational, (2) in SPS models weak inclusions changes from sub-simple shear to super-simple shear with progressive strain, whereas the strong matrix changes from super-simple shear to sub-simple shear, (3) in WPS models the strong inclusions with high viscosity contrasts are less rotational but can be in super-simple shear condition to high strains.The observed strain-dependent behaviours have been compared with previous proposed analytical models. The degree of agreement is variable. Balshin and Ryshkewitch–Duckworth models are only applicable to SPS models. Ji-generalized mixture rule model is applicable to both models.The results suggest that polyphase rocks with SPS structure during ductile shear deformation respond as strain softening materials, after an initial strain hardening stage that may drive to the strain localization into the material.     

发泡塑料颗粒轻质土的强度、变形特性研究

发泡颗粒轻质土是一种比较新颖的土工材料,具有质量轻、强度高等特点。在道路、桥梁、建筑等领域有着广泛的应用前景。为了探讨轻质土的工程特性,利用室内试验及理论分析的方法对发泡颗粒轻质土的强度、变形特性以及影响因素进行了分析。根据分析探讨的结果,利用轻质土的构成特征所建立的两相体计算模型可以比较合理、可靠地分析轻质土的应力-应变特性,并在此基础上可方便地应用计算模型分析时间、轻质填充料含有率等因素对轻质土的强度、变形特性的影响,为轻质土的工程应用提供必要的理论依据。     

一种基于弹性应变能的裂隙岩体等效弹性模量评价方法

基于线弹性断裂力学裂隙面张开位移及剪切位移理论公式,考虑裂隙存在常法向和常切向刚度情况,研究了含单个裂隙岩体加载过程中由于裂隙存在而附加的弹性应变能。基于应变能等效方法并假设两种裂隙变形模型--非均匀变形模型和均匀变形模型,研究了二维非贯通裂隙岩体的等效杨氏模量和等效剪切模量解析表达式。研究结果表明,对于贯通裂隙规则分布情况,均匀变形模型得到的解析解与Amadei等的结果一致;对于非贯通裂隙正态分布情况,考虑裂隙相互作用的非均匀变形模型解明显低估裂隙岩体的等效杨氏模量和等效剪切模量,而考虑裂隙相互作用的均匀变形模型解与有限元数值解的偏差在10%以内。得到的解析表达式在一定条件下可以作为裂隙岩体等效弹性模量评价方法之一。     

软弱结构面剪切蠕变特性与含水率关系研究

软弱结构面往往控制着岩体的蠕变变形,含水率又是影响软弱结构面蠕变特性的重要因素,通过开展不同含水率条件下砂岩软弱结构面剪切蠕变试验,得到了不同含水率条件下剪切蠕变曲线,并考虑加载历史对试验曲线进行了修正。在此基础上,通过模型辨识选取Burgers模型描述砂岩软弱结构面蠕变的黏弹性特性。分析了含水率对砂岩软弱结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响,并对含水率影响软弱结构面剪切蠕变特性的机制进行了探讨。     

A physical and numerical investigation of the failure mechanism of weak rocks surrounding tunnels

The large-scale construction of railway tunnels in China is hindered by several challenges, including large depths, large tunnel cross-sections, and fragile geological conditions. In this paper, we explored a new physical and numerical simulation method that improves upon the currently used methods to investigate the deformation and failure modes of weak rocks surrounding a tunnel. We also compared the results from physical tests and numerical simulations with the field measurements to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed numerical simulation method. In the physical model test, an artificial speckle field was developed by staining quartz sand particles and mixing the particles with barite powder and petroleum jelly in preset proportions. The artificial speckle field was employed in the digital speckle correlation method (DSCM) to monitor the evolution of the strain field on the surface of the plain strain model for tunneling during loading. A secondary strain-softening constitutive model using the numerical modeling code FLAC^3D was developed (degradation constitutive model) by considering the deformation modulus degradation in the numerical simulation. The failure mode of weak rocks surrounding a tunnel in the physical model test was examined using the developed degradation constitutive model. Both the physical and numerical results revealed that the least stable area was the shear wedge along the minimum principal stress, which was confirmed in the damage zone of the surrounding rocks. The results were consistent with previous research findings. The results of the DSCM in the physical model test indicated that the shear wedge in the middle part of the tunnel and the cracks around the arch of the tunnel were induced by shear strain, whereas the collapse of the arch was attributed to a combination of tensile strain and shear strain. A comparison of the physical and numerical simulation results demonstrated that the degradation constitutive model can be used to describe the extent and depth of the excavation damage zone of tunneling. A comparison of the displacements from the numerical simulation and field measurements indicated that the degradation model can be used to capture the displacement of weak rocks surrounding tunnels.     

Fibre-reinforcement of granular materials: DEM visualisation and analysis

Mechanical properties of granular materials can be significantly improved by the inclusion of small amounts of short synthetic fibres. This phenomenon has been experimentally studied before by many researchers who have found that the shear strength of a granular material can be significantly improved. This study presents a visualisation of the phenomenon using discrete element method (DEM) simulations of direct shear tests conducted on mixtures of an idealised granular material and randomly oriented fibres. Snapshots showing the deformation of the samples, the velocity vectors of the particles and the force chains produced inside the samples are presented at different stages of the tests. Changes in shear strength and porosity are also illustrated. It was found that the reinforcement produced depends mostly on the rigidity of the fibres.     

广州地区花岗岩残积土力学特性试验及参数研究

花岗岩残积土属区域性特殊土,一般具有较强的结构性,准确获得其力学参数是进行基坑等工程设计的前提条件。针对广州地区花岗岩残积土,开展系列力学特性试验研究,包括压板载荷试验、标贯试验以及室内侧限压缩、直剪等常规试验,基于试验结果得到工程中常用的花岗岩残积土力学参数,并进行对比分析及验证。结果表明,由花岗岩残积土室内直剪试验强度参数（黏聚力c、内摩擦角 ）计算得到的地基极限承载力以及由室内侧限压缩试验得到的花岗岩残积土变形参数均明显小于实测值;由压板载荷试验反算得到的花岗岩残积土c、 和变形模量E50计算p-s曲线结果与实测结果较为吻合;由标贯试验结果得到的花岗岩残积土E50则与由压板载荷试验得到的E50结果接近,说明压板载荷试验、标贯试验可作为花岗岩残积土力学参数的合理确定方法之一。     

柔性基础下群桩复合地基荷载传递规律及计算

复合地基沉降及荷载传递规律的研究是复合地基理论中一项非常重要的研究内容,然而对群桩复合地基的沉降及荷载传递规律的研究,在理论上很不成熟。在采用文[1]推荐的竖向变形模式及文[2]推荐的径向变形模式的基础上,利用弹性理论及桩-土位移协调条件建立了桩及桩周土的控制微分方程,并由此推导出了柔性基础下群桩复合地基加固区内桩及桩周土压缩量计算的解析式,同时得出了桩、桩周土中竖向应力及桩侧剪应力计算的解析式。通过算例将该方法所得结果与有限元结果进行了对比,同时也与模型实验结果进行了比较。算例及模型实验结果均表明：该方法对分析柔性基础下群桩复合地基的荷载传递规律及加固区的变形具有足够的精度,且该法计算工作量小,便于工程应用。     

天福庙拱坝坝肩抗滑稳定性研究

本文介绍了天福庙拱坝坝肩岩体稳定性研究,并提出了相应加固措施的建议。即在详尽的工程地质水文地质调查的基础上分析出各种可能的失稳机制,并组合出各种滑移边界条件;通过现场和室内岩体力学试验,测出构成边界条件的各种地质结构面的抗剪强度和变形常数;通过三维有限元弹性分析计算,得到应力应变和破损区的分布,检验了失稳机制和边界条件的合理性;通过刚体极限平衡法,计算出各种荷载和边界条件组合情况下的抗滑稳定安全系数;尔后针对最不稳定边界条件及其控制稳定性的主要因素,提出有效的加固措施的建议。文中还讨论了岩体和各种软弱结构面抗剪强度的取值原则、试验值的使用原则以及非均质结构面和组合结构面的综合抗剪强度问题。     

锦屏二级水电站大理岩复杂加卸载应力路径力学特性研究

地下洞室开挖围岩经历典型径向卸载、环向加载应力路径,由此引起的岩体强度、变形特征和破坏机制也不尽相同。针对锦屏二级水电站高地应力赋存环境,对施工排水洞大理岩开展常规单轴全应变、三轴压缩、卸围压、卸围压-加载轴压等4种不同应力路径力学试验,得到应力-应变全过程曲线、变形破坏特征和极限储能变化规律。试验研究结果表明, （1）锦屏二级水电站大理岩破坏时轴向应变一般较小,为硬脆性材料,卸荷应力路径下该脆性特征更为明显;（2）卸围压同时加载轴压试验峰值强度对应轴向应变、环向应变及体积应变值一般高于单纯的卸围压值,而对应峰值强度则一般低于卸围压值;（3）卸荷速率较大时,变形模量越大,大理岩峰值强度越低。加载速率越大,变形模量越小,峰值强度越高。初始围压越高,变形模量值越低,峰值强度越高;（4）无侧限作用时试件主要为张拉破坏,低侧限作用时为剪切破坏为主,局部存在张拉破坏,较高侧限时,剪切面为典型X或Y型;（5）岩石试件具有极限储能值,该值受多种因素的影响。一般情况下试件破坏对应围压越高,极限储能值越高,卸载速率越大,极限储能值越小。研究结果对于岩爆孕育发生机制解释以及工程实际问题的解决均有参考价值。     

非规则砂岩节理剪切变形本构关系试验研究

岩石节理剪切变形对岩体工程的安全性和稳定性具有重要影响。为研究常法向应力下岩石节理剪切变形本构关系,采用RDS-200型岩石直剪仪对非规则砂岩节理进行了不同法向应力下的直剪试验。根据岩石节理剪切应力?位移全程曲线形状特征,将其依次划分为峰前压密阶段、线性阶段、屈服阶段和峰后软化阶段;根据剪切应力在峰后软化阶段降低幅度和速率大小,将岩石节理剪切应力?位移曲线划分为3种类型：峰后平台型、峰后缓降型和峰后跌落型。基于岩石节理剪切应力?位移曲线各阶段剪切变形特征,采用分段函数建立了岩石节理剪切变形本构模型。与其他模型相比,新提出的岩石节理剪切变形本构模型对试验数据拟合精度更高,更好地描述了岩石节理剪切应力?位移全程曲线。另外,在通过岩石节理直剪试验由经验公式确定模型参数之后,所提出本构模型可在不同法向应力下实现对不同粗糙度岩石节理剪切应力?位移曲线的预测。研究结果对岩石节理剪切变形的数值模拟和工程估计具有一定的实用价值。     

Conceptual data model and method of settlement calculation for deformation and water release from saturated soft soil

Research on the seepage deformation of saturated soft soil has resulted in many achievements based, mainly, on existing seepage-deformation control equations. In reality, however, these control equations and related parameters suffer from many problems. The conductivity coefficient in the seepage control equation and the consolidation coefficient in the consolidation equation clearly resemble each other in form. However, in existing regulations and practice, soil deformation is rarely calculated by substituting the conductivity coefficient obtained from field hydrogeological experiments for the consolidation coefficient. Similarly, seepage is seldom calculated by substituting the conductivity coefficient with the consolidation coefficient obtained from consolidation experiments. This can be attributed to the fact that the two coefficients have some obvious differences. Moreover, the settlement deformation of soil calculated using the existing seepage and consolidation models does not agree very well with the measured deformation. Also, the values calculated using different models usually deviate markedly. Research indicates that these problems derive from the fact that the seepage and consolidation equations are based on different concepts of elementary volume. This study proposes using two separate elementary volume concepts: deformation elementary volume and control elementary volume. The concepts are adopted for saturated soft soil and the results used to analyze the relationships and differences between the two concepts. Moreover, we developed a conceptual data model (CDM) for the water released from and the deformation of the saturated soil. The model discloses the differences between the consolidation and conductivity coefficients both in their physical significances and magnitudes. The inter-relationship between the two coefficients is also revealed. An analytical solution for the deformation and water released from saturated soft soil is deduced based on the CDM model and the relationship between the hydrogeological and consolidation deformation parameters is established. A physical test model for saturated soft soil under certain conditions is also designed to verify the analytical solution using a method of curve fitting. Seepage and deformation tests and case studies show that the parameters calculated using the consolidation model are in agreement with those obtained from the CDM seepage model based on the measured data for flux and settlement vs. time. Furthermore, the relationship between conductivity and consolidation coefficients is verified. The method suggested in this paper is generally applicable to problems involving the consolidation coefficient, volume compressibility, conductivity coefficient, hydraulic conductivity, and specific storage of saturated soft soil, etc. Thus, its potential applications are numerous.     

INVESTIGATION OF IMPACT STRESSES INDUCED IN LABORATORY DYNAMIC COMPACTION OF SOFT SOILS

The majority of currently available analytical tools to predict ground stresses due to impact are based on linear spring-dashpot dynamic models. Although these simple models adequately represent stiff ground possessing linear visco-elastic behaviour, they suffer from two striking limitations when applied to relatively softer ground; (1) the inability to account for the permanent deformation resulting from impact, (2) failure to incorporate stiffness changes of softer soil within the impact duration. In this paper, the authors present an improved analytical approach formulated on the basis of a series of laboratory impact tests, to address the shortcomings of the current dynamic models in relation to soft soils. In this procedure, the impact zone is modelled as three distinct zones; (1) a zone beneath the falling weight undergoing non-linear axial deformation while being in vertical motion, (2) an inner zone immediately surrounding zone 1 with non-linear shear deformation, and (3) an outer zone undergoing a relatively lower degree of (linear) shear deformation. The soil constitutive parameters pertinent to the model are obtained from a modified dynamic compression test that simulates the impact conditions. It is shown that analytical predictions of the impact stress history and penetration are in agreement with test results. The findings are useful in the exploration of dynamic compaction techniques that will be effective in soft soil improvement.     

构造物理模拟和PIV有限应变分析对构造裂缝预测的启示

油气储层中构造裂缝发育与有限应变状态关系密切,为了探索有限应变分析与构造裂缝预测的新技术方法,此次研究设计完成了一组单侧挤压收敛模型的物理模拟实验,并引入粒子图像测速(PIV,Particle Image Velocimetry)技术对实验过程进行了定量化分析。实验模型在垂向上为含粘性层的多层结构,实验结果形成了一个肉眼可见的箱状褶皱。通过PIV技术可以获取实验模型变形演化过程中各阶段的位移场数据,计算出各阶段的增量应变,实现从初始状态到褶皱形成之后整个变形过程的有限应变分析,探讨构造裂缝成因机制和分布规律,进行定量化裂缝预测。挤压变形过程初期,应变分布范围很广,有限应变较弱(约4%~8%),在挤压方向上的线应变表现为弱压应变,在垂向上的线应变表现为弱张应变,这种现象是褶皱和断层产生前平行层缩短和层增厚的纯剪变形结果,也是区域型张裂缝和剪裂缝形成的主要机制。褶皱和断层即将发育之时至发育之后,应变局限在断层发育的剪切带及附近区域,有限应变表现为较强(达20%)的剪切应变和剪切张应变,是断层面附近简单剪切变形作用的结果,也是局部型剪裂缝和张剪裂缝形成的主要机制。     

磁化率各向异性与剪切带

岩石组构记录了地壳形成与演化的关键信息,提取这些信息对分析和恢复地球动力学过程具有重要意义.磁化率各向异性(AMS)是一种重要的岩石组构方法,可以有效地揭示岩石的应变特征,分析其地球动力学过程,是研究构造变形性质以及应力作用方式的有效手段.本文在梳理AMS的研究历史、主要成果和最新进展的基础上,系统阐述了AMS的基本原...