各向异性饱和粘土的比电导模型

本文研讨可适用于各向异性饱和粘土的比电导模型。根据T=T_s或T≠T_s的假定可分别得到两种不同的模型。拟定了求定模型参数的方法和步骤,研究了参数随方向变化的规律。并介绍了若干试验研究实例。     

Estimation of petrophysical parameters using seismic inversion and neural network modeling in Upper Assam basin,India

Estimation of petrophysical parameters is an important issue of any reservoirs. Porosity, volume of shale and water saturation has been evaluated for reservoirs of Upper Assam basin, located in northeastern India from well log and seismic data. Absolute acoustic impedance (AAI) and relative acoustic impedance (RAI) are generated from model based inversion of 2-D post-stack seismic data. The top of geological formation, sand reservoirs, shale layers and discontinuities at faults are detected in RAI section under the study area. Tipam Sandstone (TS) and Barail Arenaceous Sandstone (BAS) are the main reservoirs, delineated from the logs of available wells and RAI section. Porosity section is obtained using porosity wavelet and porosity reflectivity from post-stack seismic data. Two multilayered feed forward neural network (MLFN) models are created with inputs: AAI, porosity, density and shear impedance and outputs: volume of shale and water saturation with single hidden layer. The estimated average porosity in TS and BAS reservoir varies from 30% to 36% and 18% to 30% respectively. The volume of shale and water saturation ranges from 10% to 30% and 20% to 60% in TS reservoir and 28% to 30% and 23% to 55% in BAS reservoir respectively.     

Anisotropic UH model for soils based on a simple transformed stress method

A simple method called anisotropic transformed stress (ATS) method is proposed to develop failure criteria and constitutive models for anisotropic soils. In this method, stress components in different directions are modified differently in order to reflect the effect of anisotropy. It includes two steps of mapping of stress. First, a modified stress tensor is introduced, which is a symmetric multiplication of stress tensor and fabric tensor. In the modified stress space, anisotropic soils can be treated to be isotropic. Second, a TS tensor is derived from the modified stress tensor for the convenience of developing anisotropic constitutive models to account for the effect of intermediate principal stress. By replacing the ordinary stress tensor with the TS tensor directly, the unified hardening model is extended to model the anisotropic deformation of soils. Anisotropic Lade's criterion is adopted for shear yield and shear failure in the model. The form of the original model formulations remains unchanged, and the model parameters are independent of the loading direction. Good agreement between the experimental results and predictions of the anisotropic unified hardening model is observed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

龙门山造山带晚三叠世构造隆升的分段性及层序充填响应

川西类前陆盆地与龙门山造山带为一个典型的盆—山系统。从川西地区的层序充填特征出发,分析了龙门山造山带晚三叠世隆升作用与川西类前陆盆地充填过程的耦合关系。认为盆内充填的由砂砾岩组成的类磨拉石建造和三个结构明显的构造层序,反映了龙门山晚三叠世隆升强度的幕次变化;同时盆地北部、中部和南部地区层序结构的差异性揭示了龙门山造山带...     

晚三叠世中扬子北缘前陆盆地层序地层特征及沉积演化

应用沉积学和层序地层学的基本原理和方法,对中扬子北缘上三叠统4 条实测露头剖面和1 条测井剖面进行了详细的沉积相分析和层序地层划分,同时阐述了沉积相迁移规律、层序界面类型、层序发育特征及其控制因素。研究结果表明,该地区上三叠统可以划分为4 个三级层序（TS1,TS2,TS3 和TS4）,进一步归为1 个二级构造层序。荆门—当阳盆地上三叠统沉积厚度约为1 200 m,4 个层序发育完整;向东至汉川、鄂州一带地层变薄不足40 m,向西越过黄陵背斜至秭归、利川一带层厚100~300 m,后两者保存残留不全的上三叠统只能归为1 个三级层序。层序界面类型主要有不整合面、河流冲刷侵蚀作用面和岩性岩相转换面等。在露头剖面和测井剖面层序地层划分的基础上建立的层序地层格架表明,中扬子北缘晚三叠世从TS1-TS2 到TS3-TS4 沉积组构发生了由低能到高能的转变。在构造、古地理背景和气候因素共同控制层序发育样式的背景下,研究区经历了从湖沼体系到冲积体系的转变,体现了晚三叠世中扬子北缘前陆盆地发育早期的沉积特征。     

Do increasing horizontal resolution and downscaling approaches produce a skillful thunderstorm forecast?

The timely prediction of thunderstorms (TS) is always a challenging task for operational and research community. The present study is aimed to address the credibility of the high grid-spacing and downscaling approach for improved simulation of TS. Fourteen TS are simulated with different domain configurations using weather research and forecasting (WRF) model. Two nested domains with 9–3 km (known as DD3), and 6–2 km (DD2), and 3 km single domain (SD3) are considered for simulations. Results indicate that the high-resolution DD2 has improved 2-m temperature (T2), 2-m relative humidity (RH2), and 10-m wind speed (WS10) at different stages of TS. The average mean error of T2 and RH2 in the DD2 experiment is 0.7 °C, ??6% during the mature stage, and 0.2 °C, ??4% at dissipating stage. The error in SD3 and DD3 is relatively higher (9–17% for T2 and 20–60% for RH2). Better horizontal and vertical representation of thermodynamic variables in DD2 run reinforces the atmosphere to initiate and intensify the convection in the right place. The DD2 could show slightly higher instability (convective available potential energy, CAPE, 3188 J kg^?1) as compared with DD3 (3164 J kg^?1) and SD3 (3020 J kg^?1). The model is biased to simulate early TS activity. DD2 run could simulate the formation, mature and dissipation stages with fewer timing errors (??1.35 h, ??1.5 h, and ??2.6 h, respectively) than other experiments. The critical success index of the DD2 run is higher for all the rainfall thresholds; however, it is more than 0.2 up to 2.5 mm h^?1. The results highlight that high resolution nested configuration yields better simulation skills than the single domain configuration.

     

两种智能算法在求解地下水管理模型中的对比

分别将禁忌搜索和遗传算法与地下水流模型MODFLOW和地下水溶质运移模型MT3DMS相耦合,并将其应用于求解地下水资源优化管理模型。在概述两种智能算法基本原理和地下水管理模型组成的基础上,结合两个理想的应用实例,从优化结果和计算效率两个方面对禁忌搜索和遗传算法进行了对比分析。在两个实例中,禁忌搜索分别以高于遗传算法10倍和27倍的计算效率得到了减少抽水流量约160 m³/d和节约治理成本约47万元的治理方案。结果表明,禁忌搜索在求解地下水管理模型中具有较好的应用前景。     

Artificial neural network model for prediction of rock properties from sound level produced during drilling

In many rock engineering applications such as foundations, slopes and tunnels, the intact rock properties are not actually determined by laboratory tests, due to the requirements of high quality core samples and sophisticated test equipments. Thus, predicting the rock properties by using empirical equations has been an attractive research topic relating to rock engineering practice for many years. Soft computing techniques are now being used as alternative statistical tools. In this study, artificial neural network models were developed to predict the rock properties of the intact rock, by using sound level produced during rock drilling. A database of 832 datasets, including drill bit diameter, drill bit speed, penetration rate of the drill bit and equivalent sound level (L_eq) produced during drilling for input parameters, and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Schmidt rebound number (SRN), dry density (ρ), P-wave velocity (V_p), tensile strength (TS), modulus of elasticity (E) and percentage porosity (n) of intact rock for output, was established. The constructed models were checked using various prediction performance indices. Goodness of the fit measures revealed that recommended ANN model fitted the data as accurately as experimental results, indicating the usefulness of artificial neural networks in predicting rock properties.     

Estimation of effective hydrogeological parameters by considering varying heterogeneity and pumping rates

Darcy’s law and pumping tests, Tabu searches (TS) integrated with the Adjoint State Method (ASM), are two upscaling approaches used to transform local hydrogeological parameters at the scale of measurement into effective parameters on larger scales. This study proposed the above methods in order to estimate the effective parameters of heterogeneous and anisotropic aquifers at different degrees of heterogeneity (variances and correlation lengths). The results revealed three important principles: (1) the means of the effective transmissivities by Darcy’s law under different Dirichlet boundary conditions are used as the real ones in this study, because the optimal values under different Dirichlet boundary conditions are very close to each other at the same level of heterogeneity; (2) the estimations by TS integrated with ASM at low degrees of heterogeneity are much closer to the means of optimums by Darcy’s law than the estimations at high degrees of heterogeneity. Regardless of the pumping rate, the optimum at high degrees of heterogeneity is not good enough to represent the total study field. In considering the estimations at low degrees of heterogeneity, the drawdown caused by a low pumping rate is not sufficient to identify the effective parameters, while the drawdown caused by a higher pumping rate is useful for estimating the effective parameters. This suggests that the range of pumping rates influences the results estimated by TS and ASM, and the effective parameters identified using the effective range of pumping drawdown are more than enough to represent the whole study aquifer. With a larger variance of heterogeneity, the range of the pumping rate becomes smaller, leading to results closest to those estimated by Darcy’s law; (3) the estimations are influenced by the variances of heterogeneity more than the correlation lengths of heterogeneity.     

灌区实时灌溉供水模型研究

研究了灌溉系统供水计算模型.将灌区内作物概化为水稻和旱作物两种,分别以水量平衡原理和土壤水分模拟理论为基础建立稻田和旱作物灌溉供水计算模型.模型中所需要的参数如水文气象、土壤和作物参数均可通过分析历史资料或实测得到.模型系统可进行实时计算操作,并可预测下次灌溉方案,并在取得实测资料后对原预报方案进行实时修正,从而编制实时灌溉方案.模型还可研究灌溉系统内各子系统的优化供水流量和优化轮灌方案.     

Buckling behaviour of single pile and pile bent in the Scotch Road Bridge

The buckling behaviour of the 360 × 152 steel H-piles supporting the integral abutments of the Scotch Road Bridge, located in Trenton, New Jersey, has been studied for the cases of single pile and pile bent. Three-dimensional finite-element models for single pile and pile bent have been developed to study the behaviour of these fully embedded piles under axial and lateral loading. An iterative analysis based on extracting the eigenvalues and eigenvectors (mode shapes) that correspond to the pile(s) critical buckling loads has been adopted. The pile(s) and the surrounding sand were modelled using solid continuum elements in the finite-element model. Material non-linearity is accounted for in both the piles and the soil in the base state of the model. A parametric study has been utilized to determine the effect of the geometric and material properties of the pile and the surrounding sand on the predicted critical buckling loads of the piles. The effects of four parameters have been studied: soil stiffness, pile length, type of connection, and combining vertical and lateral loads. The results from the parametric study showed that the variation of the percentage change in the sand stiffness, pile length, and combining vertical and lateral loads with the critical buckling loads of the 360 × 152 H-piles is nonlinear. Furthermore, the parameters studied are more influential in affecting the critical buckling load of a single pile than a pile bent, with the exception of the ‘type of connection’ parameter.     

总硫总有机碳比（TS/TOC）对长江三角洲南部平原沉积环境的指示意义*

根据长江三角洲南部平原12个柱状样（各柱样长2.5m）沉积物中总硫（TS）、总有机碳（TOC）含量、Cl^-浓度及pH值,计算湖沼平原、三角洲平原和现代潮滩3个沉积地貌区TS/TOC散点回归线的斜率,并分析长江口硫元素分布的主要影响因素,检验TS/TOC在研究区识别咸水、淡水沉积环境的可行性。研究结果显示,三角洲平原的 7个剖面（H2～H8）TS/TOC平均值0.026～0.044,TS与 TOC具有良好的相关性,回归线斜率0.027;湖沼平原区的3个剖面（H10～H12）TS/TOC平均值为0.029～0.032,TS与TOC回归线斜率为0.037。而位于杭州湾现代潮滩的H9剖面TS/TOC呈现显著高值,平均值为0.130,回归线斜率达到最大值0.117;崇明岛现代潮滩的H1剖面TS/TOC平均值为0.055,回归线斜率为0.054,明显高于前述淡水环境,反映了海水对TS的影响,也显示了TS/TOC指标可能是该区比较有效的咸淡水环境判别工具。另外,长江口的TS/TOC比值和TS-TOC散点回归斜率明显低于世界其他半咸水海岸带沉积,指示了大河口淡水径流作用强烈的区域性特征。     

焙烧-湿法预脱硅工艺处理高硫低铝硅比铝土矿石的试验研究及效果——以贵州务川大竹园铝土矿区矿石为例

DS1试样主要化学成分为Al2O3 64.31%,SiO2 8.92%,A/S 7.11,TS 0.30%;该试样经焙烧-湿法预脱硅处理后,A/S由7.11提高到26.37,Al2O3由63.41%升高到78.53%,TS从0.30%降低到0.11%;焙砂在温度280℃,时间60 min,配料比αk 1.45,碱浓度为220 g/l,石灰添加量4%的最佳溶出条件下,Al2O3的绝对溶出率为95.52%,相对溶出率99.59%;Ga的溶出率91.63%,溶出物在1100℃下锻烧2 h,可获得Al2O3>99%,其他各项指标均优于YS/T274-1998AO-1行业标准的氧化铝产品。     

Performance of multi-model ensembles for the simulation of temperature variability over Ontario,Canada

Climate ensembles utilize outputs from multiple climate models to estimate future climate patterns. These multi-model ensembles generally outperform individual climate models. In this paper, the performance of seven global climate model and regional climate model combinations were evaluated for Ontario, Canada. Two multi-model ensembles were developed and tested, one based on the mean of the seven combinations and the other based on the median of the same seven models. The performance of the multi-model ensembles were evaluated on 12 meteorological stations, as well as for the entire domain of Ontario, using three temperature variables (average surface temperature, maximum surface temperature, and minimum surface temperature). Climate data for developing and validating the multi-model ensembles were collected from three major sources: the North American Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment, the Digital Archive of Canadian Climatological Data, and the Climactic Research Unit’s TS v4.00 dataset. The results showed that the climate ensemble based on the mean generally outperformed the one based on the median, as well as each of the individual models. Future predictions under the Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) scenario were generated using the multi-model ensemble based on the mean. This study provides credible and useful information for climate change mitigation and adaption in Ontario.     

基于EI-Fatti弹性波阻抗反演的流体识别

通过EI-Fatti弹性波阻抗反演直接得到了纵波阻抗、横波阻抗和密度数据,并以三类AVO模型进行反射系数试算,满足了流体识别对反演精度较高的要求.同时,采用基于EI-Fatti弹性波阻抗的两个流体识别因子对三类AVO模型进行对比分析,表明两种流体识别因子对于不同类型的AVO模型的流体识别效果是不同的.在实际资料中,利用弹性波阻抗反演产生较多弹性参数的优势,将这些弹性参数与储层参数进行交会和相关分析,分别定性和定量地对储层进行流体识别,从而达到了有效区分高饱含气和低饱含气储层的目的.     

钻井液流变参数计算方法的分析及流变模式的优选

钻井液流变模式的合理选择和流变参数的准确计算是钻井液优化设计的前提。针对目前比较常用的5种钻井液流变模式，分析了流变参数的常规计算方法并指出了其不足；利用回归分析的数学方法，对5种流变模式下流变参数进行了数据处理；开发了计算机软件，对流变参数的2种计算方法进行了比较和分析，充分体现线性回归的先进性和准确性。通过计算机软件计算流变参数，输出各流变模式的流变曲线，从而实现流变模式优选。     

复杂砂岩储层基于相控建模的渗透率计算方法

渗透率是油气储层评价的主要参数之一,复杂砂岩的储层岩性复杂,非均质性强,应用常规方法建立渗透率模型精度低,不能满足开发后期的需要。鉴于岩性对渗透率的影响作用,采用相控建模方法来计算渗透率,以能够反映岩性特征的测井参数作为划相参数。应用K~均值聚类法,进行测井相分析,依据岩性建立不同的渗透率模型,其相关性明显高于常规方法建立的渗透率解释模型,经计算得到的渗透率更接近于岩心分析数据。通过实际资料处理结果表明,经相控建模计算的渗透率方法,有效提高了渗透率计算精确度。     

Stress integration approach to evaluate damping ratio in torsional tests

The complexity of determining strain associated with shear modulus and damping ratio in torsional tests has been resolved by means of several approaches. The stress integration approach is adequate when generating the plots of equivalent radius ratio versus strain more effectively over any range of strains in resonant column and torsional shear (RC/TS) tests. The stress integration approach was applied for hyperbolic, modified hyperbolic, and Ramberg–Osgood models in evaluating damping ratio. This study showed that using a single value of equivalent radius ratio in evaluating damping ratio is not appropriate. The combined hysteretic‐nonviscous damping model was developed and employed to consider the increased damping behavior at small strains using the stress integration approach. The results suggest that adding viscous behavior has no significant effect strain calculations in RC/TS testing. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于高光谱的土壤养分含量反演模型研究

为实现土壤养分（有机质SOM、全氮TN、全磷TP、全硫TS）含量的快速测定,以建三江创业农场为例,对土壤原始反射率进行了一阶微分（FD）、倒数对数（RL）、倒数一阶微分（FDR）、多元散射校正（MSC）和连续统去除（CR）变换,分析6种光谱变量与土壤养分的相关性,将在α=0.01水平上显著相关的波段作为特征波段,运用多元逐步回归（SMLR）、偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）和BP神经网络（BPNN）三种分析方法分别建立有机质、全氮、全磷和全硫的高光谱预测模型,并利用决定系数（R²）、均方根误差（RMSE）和相对分析误差（RPD）对预测模型进行评价.结果显示,PLSR和BPNN建立的土壤养分含量预测模型均优于SMLR,能极好地预测有机质和全氮含量,同时具有粗略估算全硫含量的能力.三种方法中仅有CR-BPNN能对全磷含量进行粗略估算.对有机质、全氮、全磷和全硫预测效果最佳的模型及其验证集决定系数分别为：MSC-PLSR （0.86）、MSC-PLSR （0.75）、CR-BPNN （0.56）、FDR-BPNN （0.67）.     

川西前陆盆地侏罗纪构造层序地层格架内沉积充填特征

为了研究侏罗纪龙门山造山带与川西前陆盆地盆山关系,以侏罗系3个构造层序(TS1~TS3)体系域(BE, BW)为研究的基本单元,通过对川西前陆盆地构造层序充填特征的研究发现:龙门山造山带构造运动与沉积盆地的构造层序充填特征吻合较好,并且龙门山造山带北段,中段,南段在各期次构造活动中活动情况具有差异。TS1BE期,川西前陆盆地北部和南部地区都发育有冲积扇-扇三角洲沉积,中部地区为三角洲沉积,显示该期龙门山造山带北段和南段构造活动可能较为剧烈,中段相对较平缓。TS1BW期,川西前陆盆地北部和南部地区都以湖泊沉积为特征,仅在川西前陆盆地中部地区发育有三角洲沉积,显示本期龙门山造山带构造活动不发育,较为平稳。TS2BE期,川西前陆盆地北部和南部地区自西而东为冲积扇,三角洲—滨湖、浅湖沉积环境,中部地区为三角洲沉积,显示龙门山造山带又一次剧烈隆升,且北段和南段活动较为剧烈,中段相对较弱。TS2BW期,层序充填结构表明龙门山造山带北段和中段活动情况再次趋缓,但南段构造活动仍然较为活跃。TS3BE期,川西前陆盆地北部和南部地区发育有冲积扇沉积,中部则以三角洲-湖泊沉积为特征,显示该期龙门山造山带北段和南段都发生了较为剧烈的构造隆升运动,龙门山造山带中段,构造活动相对较为平缓。TS3BW期,龙门山造山带北段和中段构造活动减弱,南段活动持续加剧,于芦山两河口地区沉积有巨厚的冲积扇沉积物。