粘土的压密状态及其力学性质

本文首先较详细一讨论了一般粘土(“结构强度”的影响可以忽路)和有“结构强度”粘土的压密状态.区分先期固结压力和结构屈服压力不同的物理实质,澄清二者之间的差别并指出混淆这种差别可能引起对土的压密状态的分析和力学性质的估计的错误.其次,讨论了土的结构强度,压密状态和压密性质之间的关系.最后,讨论了土的结构强度、压密状态和抗剪强度的关系.揭示了孔隙水压力变化的规律.     

海积软土前期固结压力与结构强度的关系及成因分析

通过对不同地区海积软土的大量试验，对原状土样和重塑土样的压缩曲线确定了海积软土前期固结压力和结构强度，并研究了海积软土前期固结压力及结构强度的关系。由于考虑了土的结构强度，对结构性土根据超固结比(OCR)对土的压密状态的判断与实际结果更加相符。为了定量地反映海积软土的结构强弱，首次引入反映海积软土结构性及其对扰动敏感程度的结构稳定系数，反映了海积软土结构性的稳定程度。初步分析了海积软土结构强度的成因。     

海相沉积软黏土的弹塑性本构模型研究

在深入探讨海相沉积原状软黏土压缩、变形等力学特性和详细分析加载屈服面随荷载情况变化的基础上,确认了海相沉积原状软黏土的强度、变形特性与结构屈服应力密切相关。即当固结压力小于结构屈服应力时,其力学特性与超固结重塑土的力学特性类似;当固结压力大于结构屈服应力时,其力学特性与正常固结重塑土的力学特性类似。为描述海相沉积原状软黏土的上述力学特性,将姚仰平等提出的超固结重塑土本构模型引入到海相沉积软黏土弹塑性本构模型的构建中。在本构模型构建过程中,考虑了海相沉积原状软黏土具有的抗拉强度及其演化规律,软黏土强度包线的特点及其进一步修正的表达式,使模型更符合海相原状软黏土的强度、变形特性。最后,将3种不同海相沉积软黏土固结排水剪切试验得到的应力-应变-体变曲线与模型预测结果进行对比。比较结果显示,本文提出的弹塑性本构模型能很好地描述海相沉积原状软黏土的剪缩硬化、剪胀软化以及变形的应力水平依存性等力学特性。     

深部土高压卸载变形结构性量化参数确定及本构模型

用取自山东巨野矿区埋深300～600m的深部粘土样,在三轴伺服仪上进行原状和重塑土的高压三轴卸载试验,对比分析其变形特点;提出一种描述深部土高压卸载变形与强度连续变化的土结构性参数的方法,并根据三轴卸载试验结果,确定了巨野矿区深部土高压卸载变形结构性参数,建立了描述巨野矿区深部土高压卸载结构性本构模型。     

软土结构性对次固结系数的影响

天然沉积的软土普遍具有结构性,常规计算软土次固结变形的方法并没有反映结构性的影响。通过对漳州与青岛地区原状软土与重塑土进行次固结试验,研究软土结构性对次固结系数 的影响。结果表明,软土的 随压力 增大而增大,在 接近结构屈服压力 时达到最大值,此后逐渐减小,受 影响减弱,最后与重塑土的 趋于一致;重塑土的 受压力影响很小,可视为常数。根据次固结系数与压缩指数比值 确定 可能存在一定误差。由于结构性的影响,正常固结软土表现出“假超固结”现象,采用超固结角度对结构性软土 变化规律进行说明并不合适,而根据不同压力下软土结构破损的情况可以很好解释这一现象。     

Hypoplastic and viscohypoplastic models for soft clays with strength anisotropy

This paper presents a new viscohypoplastic model for soft clays accounting for their typical features—strength anisotropy and rate dependency. The model is based on the hypoplastic model for clays enhanced by the anisotropic shape of the asymptotic state boundary surface. It has been shown that if the surface is skewed, the model predicts different ultimate strength in compression and in extension. Additional enhancement makes the tensor L bilinear in the strain rate, which more realistically predicts the stress paths of K₀ consolidated samples. The new model has been evaluated by simulating laboratory experiments on soft marine clays (Singapore and Bangkok clays). The model can be easily calibrated using only undrained triaxial and odometer tests. The model is subsequently enhanced by the rate effects. The resulting viscohypoplastic model has been evaluated using experiments of remolded kaolin clay and St. Herblain clay. It is shown that the enhanced model can predict important features of soil viscous behavior, such as rate dependency of strength and preconsolidation pressure, relaxation, and creep.     

爆炸挤淤作用对海相软黏土压缩特性的影响

浙江漩门三期围垦项目中采用爆炸挤淤置换法进行筑堤工程,为了对爆炸置换后海堤的固结沉降预测及稳定性评价提供可靠的试验参数,取爆炸前后地基范围内的海相软黏土,进行一维压缩和各向等压固结试验,并对该地区软土的压缩变形与结构特性进行初步研究。试验结果表明,海相软黏土存在一定的结构特性,表现出与其重塑土不同的性质;通过引入孔隙指数的概念,研究该地区软黏土的结构性,证实土体结构性的存在是其压缩特性不同于重塑样压缩曲线的内在原因,在高压力范围内其压缩曲线趋近于固有压缩曲线。爆炸挤淤作用对海相软黏土产生较强的扰动效应,也对其基本物理性质与压缩特性均产生重要影响;扰动效应造成软黏土的结构屈服应力降低,结构强度下降,采用新定义的结构破坏比来定量评估爆炸挤淤作用对海相软黏土结构性的破坏程度,可为爆炸挤淤置换法处理软基的海堤工程提供一定的理论基础。     

Undrained Triaxial Behavior of Cement Treated Marine Clay

Clays treated with lower cement contents often exhibit behaviour similar to stiff clays with planar failure surface under triaxial compression. In the present work the behaviour of a marine clay treated with 5 % cement, subjected to undrained triaxial compression tests is studied. The pre-consolidation pressure of the cemented clay due to the cementation bonding is observed to be very high. It is attempted to model the behaviour of cement treated clay using a bounding surface plasticity formulation as the plastic behaviour of the cemented clays within the yield surface has to be considered. The effect of cementation is included in the model as the pre-consolidation pressure obtained from consolidation tests. The tensile strength due to cementation bonds is included in the equation of the bounding surface. Simulations of the undrained triaxial compression tests on cemented clays are carried out and the results are validated with the experimental results.     

软黏土加载速率效应特性试验研究:进展与趋势

大量的室内和现场试验都表明,软黏土的强度与变形速率相关。为了更深入地认识软黏土的加载速率效应特性,首先分析了一维应力条件下先期固结压力和三轴应力条件下不排水抗剪强度的加载速率效应及应力-应变关系的归一化,探讨了一维和三轴条件下的5个速率方程(2个指数形式和3个对数形式)在拟合黏土先期固结压力和不排水强度加载速率效应上的适用性;使用5个速率方程估计了一维和三轴条件下的加载速率参数,以及拟合了加载速率参数与液塑限的关系,并且分析了复杂应力(十字板剪切和旁压条件)下的非理想土单元体的黏土加载速率效应特性等;讨论了黏土加载速率效应特性在一维和三维、压缩与伸长、不同超固结比(OCR)条件下的统一性;最后,从香港黏土压缩与伸长和不同OCR条件下的剪缩、剪胀特性方面更深入地探讨了软黏土加载速率效应特性,并讨论了典型的剪缩、剪胀方程在黏土的力学特性模拟中的有效性。结果表明,为更好地描述黏土的应力剪胀特性,现有典型的剪胀关系需要更一步改进。     

含盐量对水泥土强度影响的室内试验研究

通过含盐量对非有机质土加固强度影响的试验研究,得到了含盐量对水泥土强度的提高或减小的阈值为3.5%。当盐渍土的含盐量低于这个阈值时,盐渍土的加固强度会因可溶性盐的结晶膨胀作用,提高水泥土的强度;相反当盐渍土的含盐量高于该阈值时,盐渍土的强度会因可溶性盐的过多的结晶膨胀作用,使水泥土的结构遭到破坏,从而使水泥土的强度大大降低。同时分析了可溶性硫酸盐、镁盐和氯盐对水泥土的浸蚀性作用,并从盐类对水泥土强度的影响从机理上进行了阐释,提出了高含盐量对水泥土破坏作用的对策。     

冲击荷载作用下结构性软黏土力学特性试验研究

冲击荷载作用对土体力学特性影响较大,为了研究此特性,基于天津滨海结构性软黏土,以空心圆柱扭剪仪模拟冲击荷载作用,并在冲击荷载作用前后对土体进行不固结不排水三轴试验,对比研究不同试验条件下结构性软黏土力学特性。试验结果表明:低围压常规三轴剪切试验状态下,土体表现出弱应变软化现象,且土体抗剪强度包线不能用直线表示,而是可由两条直线近似拟合而成;冲击荷载作用时,在一定应力范围内,冲击荷载越大,土体轴向应变、孔隙压力以及主应力差峰值也越大;冲击荷载作用后三轴剪切试验各围压下土体都呈应变硬化型,主应力差峰值均大幅减小,且土体抗剪强度包线均可用直线表示,c、φ值也远小于未受冲击荷载时三轴剪切试验相应数值。最后,总结分析冲击荷载作用对软黏土强度的影响,并拟合得到强度折减与围压、冲击荷载的关系,为实际工程中承受冲击荷载的结构性软黏土强度确定提供参考。     

武（汉）广（州）客专武汉韶关段红黏土工程特性研究

通过对武（汉）广（州）客运专线武汉韶关段红黏土的工程特性研究,认为该地区红黏土液塑限高,饱和度和孔隙比大;具有较好的力学性能,压实性较低;先期固结压力远大于上覆土层自重压力,具有超固结性,具有固而不密特征;红黏土呈现出特殊的上硬下软的工程特性,超固结比和先期固结压力随深度增加而减小。这些研究成果为客运专线实体工程的修建提供了重要的指导和依据。     

干湿循环作用下压实黏土力学特性与微观机制研究

针对干湿循环作用下填埋场封场覆盖系统压实黏土防渗结构损伤等问题,系统开展了干湿循环作用下（室内模拟填埋场气候环境）压实黏土力学特性及微观结构特征试验研究,从微观层次揭示了压实黏土在干湿循环作用下变形特性和强度衰减内在本质。研究结果表明：随着干湿循环次数的增加,压实黏土初始变形段区间割线模量增加,末段区间割线模量大幅度降低,变化幅度随初始压实度的增加而增加;同时,压实黏土剪切强度呈减小趋势,但减小幅度随初始压实度和围压的增加而减小。经过3次干湿循环后,压实黏土发生不可逆的体积收缩,体积收缩比例随压实度的增加而减小,低压实黏土和高压实黏土的体积收缩20.5%和11.5%。同时,低压实黏土和高压实黏土的大孔体积增加25.7%和53.9%,微裂隙体积增加3.1%和41.7%,增加幅度随初始压实度的增加而增加。压实黏土不可逆的体积收缩致使土体更加密实,从而导致压实黏土初始切线模量和强度增加。同时,大孔体积增多和微裂隙的发育,导致压实黏土剪切强度和末端切线模量降低,干湿循环对不同压实度黏土力学特性影响是二者的综合表现。     

Shear resistance of fissured Neogene clays

Two types of fissured Neogene clays (SM and WB) were tested in the laboratory using undisturbed and reconstituted specimens. Although of similar age, the clays differ in their geological history: SM clays were deposited in a marine environment, WB are lacustrine clays with a complex tectonic history.

The index properties of both clays are similar and, accordingly, their strength parameters are mutually close. Test results of the more compact and less wet clay (WB) are affected by the sampling and trimming procedures, especially for 38 mm diameter specimens.

Although the behaviour is similar, the origin of fissures is different. For the SM clays, weathering is the main cause and fissuring reaches a depth of about 20 m. WB clays are dissected by macro- and microfissures originating as the result of tectonic processes and volumetric changes (effect of the coal formation underneath the investigated massif).

Cementation of some samples was found and the transition from clays through cemented clays to claystones (soft rocks) is speculated.     

加荷比对结构性软土沉降特性的影响

软土一般具有结构性,试验表明,加荷比会对结构性软土压缩特性有很大的影响,加荷比增加土体剪切趋势,降低土体结构强度,使土体的结构屈服应力值和压缩指数降低。在试验的基础上,给出了考虑加荷比影响的结构性软土地基的沉降计算方法。工程算例表明,在加载终值相同的情况下,如果加荷比过大,就会增大结构性软土地基沉降产生附加沉降,为了减小对软土结构性的破坏而影响土体压缩特性,建议对结构性软土的加荷比不宜采用为1:1以上,宜采用1:0.25或1:0.5。     

Shear strength of a compacted scaly clay in variable saturation conditions

Scaly clays are stiff and highly fissured clays often used as construction materials. This paper presents the results of triaxial compression tests carried out on saturated and unsaturated samples of a compacted scaly clay. Complementary investigation on the microstructural features and their evolution with the amount of water stored into the material are also presented in order to shed light on the evolution of the micro- and macroporosity with suction. The water retention behaviour of the compacted scaly clay is also addressed. The results from the controlled suction triaxial tests are used to discuss the applicability of a single-shear strength criterion to compacted double-structured clays when the effective stress concept for unsaturated soils is used. The choice of the degree of saturation to be included in the effective stress definition for obtaining a satisfactory representation of the shear strength is addressed. It is shown that the best results are obtained when the macropore degree of saturation is considered along with its evolution during the applied stress path.     

黏土岩温度-渗流-应力耦合特性试验与本构模型研究进展

高放废物处置库、垃圾填埋场等工程中常常涉及到温度场（T）、渗流场（H）和应力场（M）的耦合作用的问题。从试验和理论模型两个角度综述国内外黏土岩温度-渗流-应力耦合特性的研究进展,主要包括其传热特性、温度影响下的渗流特性、变形、强度、蠕变特性。在此基础上,重点分析了黏土岩水-热迁移模型以及热-力耦合本构模型的适应性。基于上述认识,通过试验研究了比利时Boom clay在温度作用下的强度、渗透性、蠕变性等特征。结果表明：随着温度升高,Boom clay的强度有所降低,渗透性显著增强,蠕变速率明显加快。提出了适用于Boom clay的THM耦合弹塑性损伤模型,计算结果验证了模型能合理反映温度的影响。最后,探讨了黏土岩THM耦合机理研究的不足和今后的研究方向。     

Neogene clay and its relation to landslides in the southwestern Loess Plateau,China

Loess occurs widely in Northwestern China, covering Neogene clay and other sedimentary units that overlie the bedrock. The Neogene clays of the Baoji Region of Shaanxi Province, north China, including the eolian Hipparion and paleo-Sanmen Lake fluvial deposits, are typical clays of the southern Chinese Loess Plateau. These clays are also sensitive key strata controlling the development of large-scale landslides along the slope of the loess tableland surrounding the Guanzhong Basin. To investigate the Neogene clay types and landslides in the region, soil samples were tested and the macro- and micro-structures of the clay strata were analyzed. Comprehensive analysis methods, including the pipette method and fine X-ray diffraction, were applied to quantitatively analyze the sample composition and determine the clay mineral types. The Neogene clays are mainly composed of illite and montmorillonite mixed-layer minerals. On the Williams’ discrimination diagram of swelling potential, both types of clay are medium to strongly expansive soil. Two case studies illustrate that rainfall reduces the shear strength of the Neogene clay and raises the groundwater level. Rainfall has gradually destroyed the structure of the Neogene clay, transforming it to sliding belt soil. The sliding belt lies mainly within the Neogene clay layers, significantly affecting the occurrence and characteristics of landslides in Baoji. The rise in groundwater level and weakening of the shear strength of the Neogene clay are important factors in the occurrence of landslides. The long-term strength is a key factor affecting the development of loess landslides along the loess tableland in Baoji.     

氯盐对水泥固化土应力应变特性影响分析

以人工制备的方法配制了不同氯盐含量的土样,并掺入不同含量的普通硅酸盐水泥对其进行固化处理。采用无侧限抗压强度试验对氯盐含量对水泥固化土的应力应变特征影响规律进行分析。试验结果表明:随着氯盐含量的增加,水泥固化土的无侧限抗压强度和变形模量降低,破坏应变随之增大,应力-应变关系曲线由脆性破坏向塑性破坏转化; 增加水泥用量可以减缓氯盐对水泥固化土的不良影响; 但水泥固化土变形模量与无侧限抗压强度的比值与氯盐含盐量大小无明显关系。