岩溶古地震遗迹的初步研究

笔者 1999— 2 0 0 3年在华北太行山区和北京地区多次进行洞穴调查 ,发现很多古地震遗迹。文中论述了岩溶古地震研究的原理与依据 ,以及岩溶古地震遗迹的主要特征与岩溶古地震标志 ,对辨别洞穴正常岩溶现象与岩溶古地震遗迹的问题提出了新的方法 ,指出了在岩溶古地震调查时应注意的问题     

广西的水库与地震

广西的水力资源十分丰富。目前正在兴建和拟将兴建许多大型水利水电工程。同时广西又是我国著名的岩溶区。水库地震常常与岩溶的发育有关。我国目前已知的13个水库地震的实例中,有11个与岩溶的发育有关。另外,据统计,高坝大水库蓄水后诱发地震的概率较高。因此,今后在广西兴建大型水利水电工程是否可能诱发地震,乃是地震和工程部门普遍关心的一个问题。     

塔里木盆地轮东1井奥陶系洞穴沉积物的发现与意义

轮东1井位于塔里木盆地塔河-轮南古隆起东翼围斜部位.该井在6800～6825m井段上奥陶统发育一高约25m的大型溶洞.第3筒芯取自洞穴顶部.通过对洞穴充填沉积序列及其古生物分析与元素地球化学研究,获以下关键结论:(1)洞穴沉积物中含较多腕足类、腹足类、棘皮类、介形虫和疑源类化石,明显分为洞穴原地生态和异地生屑(洞穴崩塌角砾经溶蚀残存与潜流搬运而来)两类,指示洞穴形成于前石炭纪,并在石炭纪再次沉降时被半充填和埋藏;(2)元素地球化学揭示,洞穴充填泥为钙质古土壤和风化壳残留物,形成于循环不畅的咸水环境;(3)洞穴形成与演化共经历了3期:晚奥陶世良里塔格组沉积后、桑塔木组沉积后和志留系沉积后,其中后两期主要发育顺层承压深潜流岩溶作用.基于洞穴形成历史恢复,可对古岩溶有利区进行预测评价.此外,对古地理学与古岩溶学研究也具有重要意义.     

广西岩溶区烈度异常地震

广西是我国著名的岩溶区,岩溶现象非常普遍。根据广西台网记录和宏观考察,近几年来,广西岩溶区接连出现烈度异常地震(构造地震),尽管这些地震强度不大,但二、三级地震却也能造成相当程度的破坏,给群众的生产和生活带来很大的影响。     

广西岩溶区地震地质灾害及工程场地处理

地震在广西造成的地质灾害相对严重,这与其特殊的岩溶地质条件密切相关。本文讨论了广西岩溶发育成带性特点,分析总结了主要的地震地质灾害类型,介绍了相应的岩溶工程场地处理方法。并结合目前我国岩溶工程的研究现状,展望了未来岩溶场地处理技术的发展方向。     

“长寿之乡”罕见大天坑待开发

正相信许多人都看过法国著名作家凡尔纳一部著名小说《地心游记》,其中描述了几个冒险家经过地下洞穴到达了地球核心的探险经历,其实在我们的地球上除了天空、海洋、陆地以外,还真的有着一个精彩的地下世界——天坑与洞穴系统。3月4日,中法首届广西东兰长寿地质国际科考探险活动结束。此次活动历时8天,由广西东兰县人民政府、中法洞穴探险协会、法国青年洞穴协会、桂林岩溶地质研究所等联合开展。     

广西特殊地震研究

本文把发生在广西岩溶区的小震级(Ms≤3.0)高烈度(Ⅰ≥Ⅳ)的地震称之为特殊地震。列举了大量特殊地震的震害。根据岩溶区介质的特性,对地震波的传播作了分析;对岩溶区和非岩溶区台站记录到同等震级的地方震的波形做了最大熵谱分析。结果认为:广西岩溶区之所以产生特殊地震,其一、岩溶区饱含水的介质层对地震波具有放大作用。其二、岩溶区的地震波的卓越周期大于外岩溶区的卓越周期,这一卓越周期更接近地面3层以下的楼房的固有周期。由于这些原因,造成烈度偏高。     

地质雷达探测岩溶洞穴物理模拟研究

岩溶分布十分广泛,地下岩溶洞穴严重威胁着工程建设和人民的生命安全.了解岩溶地区的地质构造和岩溶发育规律,准确勘查地下岩溶洞穴,为各部门的工程设计与施工处理提供可靠的依据显得十分重要.地质雷达是采用高频电磁波、宽频带短脉冲和高速采样技术的一种新型的物探方法.由于该方法具有工作效率高、分辨率高和异常图象直观等突出优点,因此,该方法广泛应用于工程勘察中.多年来,在中国的铁路、公路、电站和机场等工程建设中,我们应用地质雷达方法作了大量的试验研究和生产工作,采集到了一些具有代表性的地下溶洞、溶缝和岩溶破碎的雷达图象,也积累了地质雷达探测地下岩溶洞穴的一些重要经验.本文从地质雷达探测地下岩溶洞穴的基本原理出发,从理论上对溶洞、溶缝和破碎带等的雷达图象进行模拟计算,提出了常见的地下岩溶异常的基本雷达图象特征,再结合典型的地质雷达图象实例,阐述了地下溶洞的埋深、规模、空间分布形态等判识方法.     

基于小波包分形和神经网络的地震与岩溶塌陷识别

本文以近年来广西地震台网中心记录的天然地震和岩溶塌陷为例,尝试利用基于小波包的分形和径向基函数神经网络技术对这两类事件的波形进行识别,以期有效地识别地震与岩溶塌陷。结果表明,基于小波包分形与神经网络相结合的事件识别方法对天然地震和岩溶塌陷事件的识别率高达89.5%,可作为识别天然地震与岩溶塌陷的一个有效方法。      

利用EQIM软件建设和拓展广西地震速报系统

介绍在全国EQIM软件基础上,结合广西地震台网速报工作的需要,开发适用于广西区域台网内部使用的广西地震速报系统,其基本功能包括:地震速报、信息共享、手机短信发布、Web互联网查询数据资料、数据汇集等多个方面.广西地震速报系统的建立可提高地震速报信息向各级部门的快速传递能力,并为分析预报人员提供及时的地震数据服务.     

Reconstructing fluvial incision rates based on palaeo-water tables in chalk karst networks along the Seine valley (Normandy,France)

Quantifying rates of river incision and continental uplift over Quaternary timescales offer the potential for modelling landscape change due to tectonic and climatic forcing. In many areas, river terraces form datable archives that help constrain the timing and rate of valley incision. However, old river terraces, with high-level deposits, are prone to weathering and often lack datable material. Where valleys are incised through karst areas, caves and sediments can be used to reconstruct the landscape evolution because they can record the elevation of palaeo-water tables and contain preserved datable material. In Normandy (N. France), the Seine River is entrenched into an extensive karstic chalk plateau. Previous estimates of valley incision were hampered by the lack of preserved datable fluvial terraces. A stack of abandoned phreatic cave passages preserved in the sides of the Seine valley can be used to reconstruct the landscape evolution of the region. Combining geomorphological observations, palaeomagnetic and U/Th dating of speleothem and sediments in eight caves along the Lower Seine valley, we have constructed a new age model for cave development and valley incision. Six identified cave levels up to ∼100 m a.s.l. were formed during the last ~1 Ma, coeval with the incision of the Seine River. Passage morphologies indicate that the caves formed in a shallow phreatic/epiphreatic setting, modified by sediment influxes. The valley's maximum age is constrained by the occurrence of late Pliocene marine sand. Palaeomagnetic dating of cave infills indicates that the highest-level caves were being infilled prior to 1.1 Ma. The evidence from the studied caves, complemented by fluvial terrace sequences, indicates that rapid river incision occurred during marine isotope stage (MIS) 28 to 20 (0.8–1 Ma), with maximal rates of ~0.30 m ka⁻¹, dropping to ~0.08 m ka⁻¹ between MIS 20–11 (0.8–0.4 Ma) and 0.05 m ka⁻¹ from MIS 5 to the present time. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Speleoseismology: A critical perspective

Speleoseismology is the investigation of earthquake records in caves. Traces can be seen in broken speleothems, growth anomalies in speleothems, cave sediment deformation structures, displacements along fractures and bedding plane slip, incasion (rock fall) and co-seismic fault displacements. Where earthquake origins can be proven, these traces constitute important archives of local and even regional earthquake activity. However, other processes that can generate the same or very similar deformation features have to be excluded before cave damage can be interpreted as earthquake induced. Most sensitive and therefore most valuable for the tracing of strong earthquake shocks in caves are long and slender speleothems, such as soda straws, and deposits of well-bedded, water-saturated silty sand infillings, particularly in caves close to the earth's surface. Less easily proven is a co-seismic origin of an incasion and other forms of cave damage. The loads and creep movements of sediment and ice fillings in caves can cause severe damage to speleothems which have been frequently misinterpreted as evidence of earthquakes. For the dating of events in geological archives, it is important to demonstrate that such events happened at approximately the same time, i.e. within the error bars of the dating methods. A robust earthquake explanation for cave damage can only be achieved by the adoption of appropriate methods of direct dating of deformation events in cave archives combined with correlation of events in other geological archives outside caves, such as the deformation of lake and flood-plain deposits, locations of rock falls and active fault displacements.     

Water and air dynamics within a deep vadose zone of a karst massif: Observations from the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system (−1,431 m) in Dinaric karst (Croatia)

Extreme heterogeneity of karst systems makes them very challenging to study. Various processes within the system affect its global response, usually measured at karst springs. Research conducted in caves provides a unique opportunity for in situ analysis of separate processes in karst underground. The aim of the present study was to research the water and air dynamics within a deep karst system. Air and water basic physical parameters across the Lukina jama–Trojama cave system (?1,431 m) were continuously monitored during a 1‐year period. Recorded hydrograph of the siphon lake at the bottom of the cave was used to interpret the characteristics of an unexplored phreatic/epiphreatic conduit network. Water origin in the siphon was determined based on temperature and electrical conductivity. Air temperature and humidity monitoring revealed a strong inflow of air of sub‐zero temperature into the upper portion of the cave during winter. Cave passage morphology was interpreted as the main determinant of air dynamics, which caused ice to accumulate extensively in the upper portions of the cave and caused the temperature on the top of the homothermic zone to be significantly below the mean outside temperature. Air dynamics also lowered the temperature of water flowing through the cave vadose zone and feeding the phreatic zone of the massif. The pronounced temperature difference between the phreatic zone and the top of the homothermic zone probably contributed to the thermal gradient observed in the cave, which is steeper than in ice‐free caves in the area. Our results enabled the development of a conceptual model that describes coupling between air and water dynamics in the cave system and its surroundings.     

From subsurface to surface: a multidisciplinary approach to decoding uplift histories in tectonically-active karst landscapes

We present an integrated study of subsurface and surficial karst landforms to unravel the uplift history of karst landscape in a tectonically-active area. To this end, we apply a multidisciplinary approach by combining cave geomorphology and Th/U dating of speleothems with remote sensing plus geophysical imaging of surface landforms. We use as an example Mt. Menikio in northern Greece where four caves share well-defined epiphreatic/shallow phreatic characteristics that are related to the distribution of surface and buried doline fields and provide evidence for three distinct water table stillstands (e.g. expressed as cave levels) now lying at ~130 m, ~800 m and ~1600 m a.m.s.l. Our dating constraints delimit the age of the lower water table stillstand prior to 77 ka ago and imply a maximum rate of relative base level drop of 0.45 mma^-1, which is consistent with relative tectonic uplift rate estimates along currently active normal faults. We interpret the elevation of the higher water table stillstands to reflect earlier phases of uplift related to the regional tectonic events associated with the development of the North Anatolian Fault and the Northern Aegean area. Our analysis shows that the combined study of epiphreatic/shallow phreatic caves and surficial karst landforms together, is a robust way to investigate the uplift history of a karst landscape in a tectonically-active setting. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

广西岩溶区工程地质灾害及场地处理

为减小岩溶区地质灾害带来的损失,以广西岩溶区为例,分析了广西岩溶地质的分布特点,对广西岩溶区的工程地质灾害进行研究分类,对岩溶区工程场地处理方法进行研究,综述了地表封闭防渗法、地面下加固处理法、结构物跨越法三大方法的原理、实施效果和实用性。研究发现:由于降雨和地下岩石类别差异等因素,广西的岩溶分布类型具有强烈的地域特性,形成了三大岩溶地貌特征;产生岩溶区地质灾害最主要的诱因是地下水的变化,重要工程中定时定点监控地下水变化十分重要;广西的岩溶区溶洞和土洞塌陷主要是人为因素造成的。     

Carbon dioxide concentration in temperate climate caves and parent soils over an altitudinal gradient and its influence on speleothem growth and fabrics

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentrations in caves and parent soils in the Italian Alps have been studied along a 2100 m altitudinal range – corresponding to a mean annual temperature (MAT) range of 12°C – in order to investigate the relationship between MAT, soil pCO₂ and cave air pCO₂, and to test the influence of soil pCO₂ on speleothem growth and fabric to ultimately gain insight into their palaeoclimatic significance in temperate climate settings. Our findings indicate that soil CO₂ is linearly correlated to MAT and its mean annual concentration is described by the equation: soil CO₂ (ppmv) = 1112 + 460 MAT. Soil pCO₂ can also be exponentially correlated to actual evapotranspiration. The pCO₂ in the aquifer is linearly correlated to MAT at the infiltration site and is more influenced by summer soil pCO₂. Cave air CO₂ in the innermost part of the caves exhibits a similar seasonal pattern, and commonly reaches concentrations of about 15% to 35%, with respect to the corresponding soil values, and is exponentially correlated to the MAT at the infiltration site. The combination of these parameters (soil pCO₂, dripwater pCO₂ and cave air pCO₂) results in speleothem growth and controls their fabrics which are typical of four MAT/elevation belts broadly corresponding to the present‐day vegetation zones. In the lower montane zone [100–800 m above sea level (a.s.l.)] speleothems mostly consist of columnar fabric, in the upper montane zone (800–1600 m a.s.l.) both columnar and dendritic fabrics are common, the Subalpine zone (1600–2200 m a.s.l.) is characterized mostly by moonmilk deposits, whereas in the Alpine zone (above 2200 m a.s.l.) no speleothems are forming today. Therefore, fabric changes in fossil speleothem can potentially be used to reconstruct MAT changes in temperate climate karst areas. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

碳酸盐岩溶洞成像要素分析与研究

碳酸盐岩油气藏储集空间以裂缝和溶洞为主,在地震剖面上主要表现为“串珠状”。为了研究溶洞成像规律,本文通过大量的数值模拟,分析溶洞的成像分辨率,探讨溶洞成像与上覆地层、信噪比(SNR)、覆盖次数、偏移速度和偏移方法之间的定量关系。研究认为:①无论是溶洞的纵向分辨率还是横向分辨率,均满足1/4波长调谐规律,可以将薄层机理转用至溶洞分辨率解释;②溶洞的存在会对上覆地层产生下拉效应,使溶洞在地震剖面上呈塌陷等“非串珠状”特征;③高覆盖和小道距(面元)可提高串珠能量,压制偏移附带的背景噪声;④叠前偏移能改善资料的SNR,提高成像精度,特别是低SNR资料;⑤偏移速度偏小,串珠边缘下拉,反之会上翘,速度偏大带来的成像质量变差的程度要大于速度偏小;⑥不同偏移方法对缝洞成像效果存在差异,对于低SNR资料,溶洞成像拟选取频率域或频波域方法。     

长江三峡库区秭归杨林桥镇震群成因

对三峡数字地震台网记录的2016年3—6月三峡工程库区秭归库段杨林桥镇小震群进行双差精定位,通过Snoke方法计算该震群中较大地震的震源机制解,并结合野外宏观调查等方法,分析震源参数的时空变化特征。结果表明:杨林桥镇小震群密集分布在2 km×3 km矩形范围内,有较明显的展布方向,但与邻近的仙女山断裂、九畹溪断裂和天阳坪断裂走向不一致;震群距长江干流超过10 km,与三峡水库无水利联系,无相关性;震群展布方向上有岩溶洞分布,且降雨丰富,初步判断成因类型为岩溶塌陷型。     

窑洞外形特征对结构抗震性能影响研究

调查发现山西北部农村地区农居窑洞多是独立式土坯窑洞,结构主要受力体系是土坯砌体砌筑拱结构,其建造无统一标准,外形样式存在差异。由于拱结构的内力分布对外形尺寸变化比较敏感,为研究窑洞外形特征对结构抗震性能影响,建立相应的有限元模型进行计算分析,对比不同外形特征窑洞在地震作用下的损伤情况,并结合历史震害,指出窑洞结构的薄弱位置。研究结果表明覆土较厚的窑洞容易损伤,连拱孔数较多窑洞的两侧位置更容易发生破坏,拱的曲线形状对结构抗震性能有一定影响,合理拱曲线窑洞的抗震性能优于一般形状窑洞。