ISSUES ON CHINA＇S ENERGY SECURITY

For many years, China has made great strides in constructing a sizeable and stable energy supply system rooted mainly in domestic coal supply. That system, however, is subject to immense strain as a result of rapid economic growth, rising living standard, widespread environmental degradation, limited oil reserves and uneven resources distribution. Industrialization and urbanization since the early 1980s have imposed structural constraints on its traditional coal-based energy supply model. Eventually, China became a net oil-importer in 1993 when ten million tons of crude oil and petroleum products from abroad fed into the local economies of the coastal areas. Such a change meant that energy security has become an increasingly sensitive issue to the central government of China. This paper argues that China could benefit from a more open energy supply by striking to a balance of both domestic and international sources, rather than the traditional mode emphasized on a highly self-sufficiency rate.     

Living in a High Mountain Border Region： the Case of the ＇Bhotiyas＇ of the Indo-Chinese Border Region

This article introduces one of South Asia＇s most important border regions into academic discourse, namely, the Central Himalayan mountain rim separating India and the Tibetan Autonomous Region （People＇s Republic of China）. What makes this border region so interesting is a tangled interplay of changing environmental, cultural, and political forms to which the local populations constantly have to adapt in order to make a living there. We focused on the so-called ＇Bhotiyas＇ of Uttarakhand, former trans- Himalayan traders whose ethnicity and livelihood was traditionally associated with the Indo-Chinese border that was sealed as a result of the India-China war in 1962. Drawing on the work of borderland scholarship, we identified the key processes and developments that changed the perspective of this area. Competing political aspirations as well as the ＇Bhotiyas＇ countervailing strategies were considered equally important for understanding local livelihoods and identities within the dynamics of a ＇high mountain border region＇. Through an exemplary analysis of historical differences of power in one ＇Bhotiya＇ valley, we further explored the ways in which shifting socio-spatial constellations are creatively re-interpreted by the borderlanders.     

In the Mountain＇s Shadow： Japan＇s Silk Reelers Blazed an Asian Path of Economic Development

Exploring the history of the silk-reeling industry in Chichibu, Japan, this paper challenges the prevalent representation of mountain communities as marginal economic peripheries of the metropolitan center or as reservoirs of poverty and backwardness. Mountain districts were the cradle of an Asian “industrious” revolution that led to Japan‘s modernization. The highland-based silk-reeling producers pioneered an autonomous Asian model of industrial development, which competed successfully against the capital-intensive system introduced from the West into coastal cities. The export strength of silk-producing households in upland villages overturns the claim that Japan‘s economic miracle was based on the introduction of Western technology and administrative systems. To the contrary, the Asian-style management practices and labor standards developed by the silk producers were transferred to a succession of other industries. These indigenous practices account for the rise of Japanese industry in world markets. The clash between the two opposing models of modernization resulted in modern Japan‘s first major civil conflict, the Chichibu Rebellion of 1884, a legacy that has major implications for today‘s recession-mired Japan as well as for developing countries striving for an alternative path to economic development.     

Non-coordination in China＇s Urbanization： Assessment and Affecting Factors

Urbanization is a comprehensive concept, a trinity process that population urbanization, economic urbanization and space urbanization, is based on the interactions and mutual influences among the in which, people are the central and leading players in this process, while economic activities serve as the driving force and space is the carrier-the physical or material setting as well as the product. So the coordination among these processes is crucial for a country or region＇s sustainable development. China is experiencing rapid growth of cities and a surge in urban population, with the basic national condition of many people and little land, which calls for a systematic study of the issue of coordinated urbanization from theoretical, methodological and practical perspectives. Based on the concept of urbanization and non-coordination of urbanization, this article built a quantitative method to identify and evaluate the urbanization and non-coordination of urbanization, and made an empirical analysis in China between 2000 and 2008. The results show that the non-coordination overall level of China＇s urbanization declined during the study period, because population urbanization, economic urbanization, and space urbanization exhibited different trajectories of change. This study also reveals that performance assessment system, household registration system, and urban land expropriation system, etc., are the main affecting factors. At the end, we put forward some suggestions to achieve sustainable development of China＇s urbanization from the aspects of improving the local government＇s obiective function, imolementing the urban plalming svstem, enforcing public particination asnects and so on.     

＇2006中国科学院地理信息技术自主创新论坛金秋九月即将召开

创新是时代发展的要求，创新是民族进步的灵魂，创新是国家兴旺发达的不竭动力。今天，科技进步和创新已成为经济经济发展的第一推动力，成为综合国力竞争的关键环节。地理信息技术是我国国民经济建设和国防建设的重要基础性技术，其发展与技术自主创新备受关注。     

Empirical Analysis of Xinjiang＇s Bilateral Trade： Gravity Model Approach

Based on the basic trade gravity model and Xinjiang＇s practical situation, new explanatory variables （GDP, GDPpc and SCO） are introduced to build an extended trade gravity model fitting for Xinjiang＇s bilateral trade. From the empirical analysis of this model, it is proposed that those three variables affect the Xinjiang＇s bilateral trade positively. Whereas, geographic distance is found to be a significant factor influencing Xinjiang＇s bilateral trade negatively. Then, by the extended trade gravity model, this article analyzes the present trade situation between Xinjiang and its main trade partners quantitatively in 2004. The results indicate that Xinjiang cooperates with its most trade partners successfully in terms of present economic scale and developing level. Xinjiang has established successfully trade part- nership with Central Asia, Central Europe and Eastern Europe, Western Europe, East Asia and South Asia. However, the foreign trade development with West Asia is much slower. Finally, some suggestions on developing Xinjiang＇s foreign trade are put forward.     

FRACTAL ANALYSIS APPLIED TO SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF CHINA＇S VEGETATION

Based on the fractal theory, the spatial structure of China＇s vegetation has been analyzed quantitatively in this paper. Some conclusions are drawn as the following. 1） The relationships between size and frequency of patch area and patch shape index exist objectively for China＇s vegetation. 2） The relationships between perimeter and area exist objectively for China＇s vegetation. 3） The fractal dimension of evergreen needleleaf forests on mountains in subtropical and tropical zones is the largest, while the smallest for deciduous broadleafand evergreen needleleaf mixed forests in temperate zone, reflecting the most complex spatial structure for evergreen needleleaf forests on mountains in subtropical and tropical zones and the simplest for deciduous broadleaf and evergreen needleleaf mixed forests in temperate zone. 4） The fractal dimensions of China＇s vegetation types tend to decrease from thc subtropics to both sides. 5） The stability of spatial structure of deciduous broadleaf and evergreen needleleaf mixed forests in temperate zone is the largest, while the smallest for double-cropping rice, or double-cropping rice and temperate-like grain, and tropical evergreen economic tree plantations and orchards, reflecting the steadiest for deciduous broadleaf and evergreen needleleaf mixed forests in temperate zone and the most unstable for double-cropping rice, or double-cropping rice and temperate-like grain, and tropical evergreen economic tree plantations and orchards in spatial structure. 6） The stability of spatial structure of China＇s vegetation tends to decrease from the temperate zone to both sides, it is significantly pertinent to understand the formation, evolution, dynamics and complexity rule of ecosystem of vegetation.     

Geochemical characteristics of Early Cretaceous source rocks in Boli Basin

The Early Cretaceous deposits are composed of important source rocks in Boli Basin. The types of the source rocks include black mudstones and coal (with carbonaceous mudstone). By the organic geochemical analysis methods, the authors discussed the organic petrological characters, abundance of organic matter, degree of maturity and the type of source rocks. The main micro-component of black mudstone is exinite or vitrinite, and the content of vitrinite is high in coal. The weathering of the outcrop is very serious. The abundance of organic matter in source rock reaches the poor to better rank. The major kerogens in mudstone are type-Ⅲ, type-Ⅱ2 and some type-Ⅱ1; the organic type of coal is type-Ⅲ. The thermal evolution of the source rocks in every structural unit is very different, from low-maturity to over-maturity. The depositional environment is reductive, which is good for the preservation of organic matter. The organic matter in source rocks is mainly from aquatic organisms and terrigenous input.     

北秦岭早古生代海相火山岩

本文对北秦岭早古生代海相火山岩的分布、时代进行了简介，对火山岩的层序及成分进行了讨论，确定了火山岩的系列、类型、名称及组合，分析了火山岩产出的构造环境及演化过程，估算了开合作用的距离、时间和速度，探讨了原始岩浆成分、岩浆来源和岩浆房深度及地幔类型，研究了岩浆的结晶温度及结晶顺序。     

AN ANALYSIS OF THREE ELEMENTS OF WATER BALANCE IN THE CHANGJIANG RIVER BASIN

The general trend of three elements (precipitation, runoff and evaporation) of the water balance of the Changjiang River Basin is discussed from the regional distribution of the mean annual values of view, i.e. isogram. The distribution of precipitation is non-uniform. The distribution of runoff mainly supplied from precipitation is more uniform than that of precipitation. The distribution of the evaporation from land is much more uniform than that of precipitation and runoff. Time distribution of these three elements shows the characteristics of comparatively distinct yearly variation and few variation between years. The relationship between precipitation and runoff, and between precipitation and evaporation in the humid region in the Changjiang River is analyzed. The slopes of their straight line correlation are nearly equal. The internal relationship between variables should be paid attention to, otherwise, a pseudo correlation may be resulted in. The paper provides the method of quantitative computa     

典型地物波谱库的数据体系与波谱模拟

本文讨论典型地物波谱知识库的数据体系与地物波谱模拟的相关问题 ,并给出波谱知识库支持的农业定量遥感应用示例。波谱知识库的数据体系强调波谱参数与环境参数的配套 ,波谱数据测量是在相关规范的支持下完成的 ,质量控制贯穿于数据采集的全过程。波谱模拟通过遥感物理模型完成 ,模拟波谱计算包括地表参数的时间、空间扩展与遥感物理模型运算。最后以作物生长模型结合植被组分光谱模型和冠层遥感模型为核心 ,构造了定量遥感的农业示例。     

乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)精子的超微结构

利用透射电子显微镜观察乌苏里拟鲿(Pseudobagrus ussuriensis)精子的超微结构。结果表明,乌苏里拟鲿精子由头部、中段和尾部组成。头部呈球形或椭圆球形,核前端无顶体,后端有植入窝。中段包括中心粒复合体和袖套。植入窝从细胞核的后端陷入核中。中心粒复合体位于植入窝内,包括近端中心粒和远端中心粒。袖套与细胞核后端相连,袖套中含有丰富的线粒体。尾部主要结构是轴丝,为典型的"9+2"结构,轴丝外两侧为细胞质膜形成的对称性鳍样结构。尾部内无囊泡及其他细胞器。     

基于活塞作用下的管内气流脉动特性

【目的】研究气流管路中活塞运动对气流的扰动机理,探讨机械能转化成脉动能的转化规律及效率。【方法】建立活塞对管内气流作用的物理与数学模型,运用数值模拟方法研究不同工况下的活塞运动对匀速气流的扰动特性,分析不同进口气流速度、活塞运动振幅及频率对匀速气流的扰动规律。【结果与结论】活塞往复运动能有效使管路内匀速气流产生脉动。管路内气流脉动振幅及频率不受其进口速度的影响。活塞运动振幅与气流脉动振幅呈线性关系,随着活塞振幅的增加脉动传导效率逐渐下降,脉动传导效率均在80%以上,效率最高可达99.20%。气流脉动与活塞运动同频率变化。     

光裸星虫不同组织同工酶谱分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺梯度凝胶垂直平板电泳对湛江地区的光裸星虫(Sipunculus nudus)3种组织(肠组织、体腔液和体壁肌肉)12种同工酶(SOD、EST、MDH、LDH、ALP、AMY、ME、ACP、G6PDH、SDH、ADH、GPI)进行检测分析。结果表明:检测的12种同工酶中的7种酶(SOD、EST、MDH、LDH、ALP、AMY、ME)具有明显的组织特异性;GPI在组织中表达不稳定,未检测到其他4种同工酶(ACP、G6PDH、SDH、ADH)的活性;光裸星虫酶谱带数目少,酶谱构型单一。并说明了对其种群内遗传生化特性进行系统研究的必要性。     

珠江口西岸土地利用景观格局变化及驱动力分析

通过目视解译获取了珠海市沿海区域1995、2000和2003年的土地利用数据。利用ArcGIS软件获取了各种土地利用类型的面积变化数据,以及由模型运算得到不同时期研究区的土地利用分维度、分离度、破碎度、多样性等景观指数,对不同时期的土地利用面积变化,以及各景观指数的变化机理进行了分析。结果表明,珠江口西岸的土地利用变化主要表现为耕地面积不断减少,尤其2000年以后减少的更为剧烈;而林地、建设用地、水域的面积相应的有不同程度的增长。土地利用格局的变化,致使景观指数的变化,诸如,2003年的分离度、分维度等都高于前两个时期,而土地利用多样性指数也逐年增长。造成这些变化的主要驱动力有人口的增长,对土地经济效益的追求,政府政策的影响以及海岸带的区位优势等。     

珠母小核果螺形态结构的系统观察

对珠母小核果螺 [Drupella margariticola （Broderip）] 的外部形态和内部结构进行系统观察.结果表明：珠母小核果螺壳高12.92 - 31.74 mm,平均26.17±4.31 mm,壳宽8.10 - 18.46 mm,平均15.34±2.48 mm,螺体质量0.36- 5.30 g,平均2.99±1.14 g;消化系统由口、吻、嗉囊、食道、胃、肠、直肠及肛门等消化道,以及唾液腺、食道腺和肝脏等消化腺组成;成螺肉食性,摄食时将吻伸出,吻管内有齿舌,齿舌上有齿3 列,每列有齿3 枚,对称排列,齿式1.1.1,齿舌在齿舌软骨表面产生运动,切刮食物;雌雄异体,外形上难以区别,雄性生殖系统由精巢、前列腺、储精囊、输精管和阴茎组成,雌性生殖系统由卵巢、输卵管、蛋白腺、缠卵腺、交接囊和阴道组成.     

鲁西太古代徂徠山杂岩体花岗质岩石成因探讨

鲁西太古代徂徕山杂岩体主要由片麻状花岗岩和钾长花岗岩构成,此外尚发育少量小规模的中粗粒、细粒闪长岩。本文着重讨论花岗质岩石的成因。徂徕山杂岩体岩石地球化学研究表明,片麻状花岗岩为深源(下地壳)花岗质岩浆侵位结晶的产物;钾长花岗岩是片麻状花岗岩在区域变质作用过程中部分熔融形成的,两者具有密切的成因联系。