冰晶性质对卷云辐射特征影响的模拟研究

介绍了SBDART辐射模式和libRadtran程序包，并利用这两个模式模拟分析了当卷云内冰晶性质如有效半径、冰晶含量以及形状变化时，卷云反照率的变化。模拟分析表明，在相同条件下，不同形状冰晶构成的卷云反照率有所不同，同种冰晶构成的卷云在不同波长的反照率也不同。总的来说，不论是由何种形状冰晶构成的卷云，随着卷云内冰晶含量增大，有效半径减小，卷云反照率增大。这些工作将有助于增进对lib Radtran程序包和卷云性质的了解。     

Effects of horizontal orientation on the radiative properties of ice clouds

Transfer of radiation through cirrus consisting of non-sphericalice crystals randomly oriented in a plane (2D model) is solved by using the discrete-ordinates method. The model is employed to determine the radiative flux properties and the intensity distribution of cirrus for both solar and thermal infrared ra-diation. Comparison of the 2D cloud model with the conventional 3D cloud model, i.e., randomly oriented in a three- dimensional space, shows that the preferential orientation of ice crystals has a substantial effect on the cloud solar albedo. The difference in the cloud albedo computed from the two models can be as large as 8% for a cirrus of 2 km thickness. On the thermal infrared side, although the flux emission for cirrus is less affected by the orientation of ice crystals, the difference in the upward radiance using 2D and 3D models is also significant.     

基于CloudSat资料对中国低纬度陆地区域卷云物理特征的研究

利用2008年9月—2016年8月的CloudSat卫星资料对发生在我国低纬度陆地区域(5°～36.5°N, 78°～124°E)的卷云物理特征进行统计分析,并分别讨论东部沿海、中部、西部3个子区域的卷云物理特征的季节变化。结果表明：卷云的整层发生率西部地区整体低于中部与东部沿海地区。3个子区域整层发生率均在夏季最高、冬季最低。卷云的主要发生高度在5.04～18.71 km,垂直分布中卷云发生率的最大值出现在春季中部地区,为15.34%,高度为9.83 km。冰水路径最大值出现在夏季的东部沿海,液水路径最大值在秋季的西部地区。冰水含量、冰粒数浓度、冰粒有效半径的主要分布高度与卷云的发生高度一致,液水含量、液滴数浓度、液滴有效半径的主要分布高度在5.04～9.35 km。3个子区域卷云冰水含量、冰粒数浓度、冰粒有效半径垂直分布中大多集中在中上部;液水含量垂直分布主要集中在分布高度的中下部。四季卷云雷达反射率因子的最大值在-19.89～-16.78 dBZ,分布高度在7.19～10.55 km。     

Satellite remote sensing of the optical depth and mean crystal size of thin cirrus and contrails

Summary Crystal size and optical depth of optically thin cirrus clouds and contrails over the North Sea and Adriatic Sea on the 18^th of October 1989 are retrieved by comparison of NOAA AVHRR/2 brightness temperatures of channel 4 (9.97 µm–11.56 µm) and channel 5 (11.075 µm–12.76 µm) with one dimensional radiative transfer calculations. Measured brightness temperatures in all three infrared channels and their differences show higher values for contrails than for cirrus. The radiative properties of young contrails are consistent only, if smaller crystal size than those given for natural cirrus are adopted for the calculations. However, there is a continuous transition in radiative parameters between clouds classified as natural cirrus or contrails. For the test areas ice clouds are classified with respect to optical depth and mean crystal size. Finally infrared fluxes and heating rates in the spectral range 4 µm–40 µm are calculated for an atmosphere with a 500 m thick contrail or cirrus uncinus. At given ice content a far stronger atmospheric warming is found for a contrail with relatively small ice crystals: up to 80 K/day at cloud base for an ice content of 0.05 gm^–3 compared to 10 K/day for a cirrus uncinus with large crystals.With 11 Figures     

Sensitivity Study of Anthropogenic Aerosol Indirect Forcing through Cirrus Clouds with CAM5 Using Three Ice Nucleation Parameterizations

Quantifying the radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions especially through cirrus clouds remains challenging because of our limited understanding of aerosol and cloud processes. In this study, we investigate the anthropogenic aerosol indirect forcing (AIF) through cirrus clouds using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) with a state-of-the-art treatment of ice nucleation. We adopt a new approach to isolate anthropogenic AIF through cirrus clouds in which ice nucleation parameterization is driven by prescribed pre-industrial (PI) and presentday (PD) aerosols, respectively. Sensitivities of anthropogenic ice AIF (i.e., anthropogenic AIF through cirrus clouds) to different ice nucleation parameterizations, homogeneous freezing occurrence, and uncertainties in the cloud microphysics scheme are investigated. Results of sensitivity experiments show that the change (PD minus PI) in global annual mean longwave cloud forcing (i.e., longwave anthropogenic ice AIF) ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 W m^–2, the change in global annual mean shortwave cloud forcing (i.e., shortwave anthropogenic ice AIF) from–0.47 to–0.20 W m^–2, and the change in net cloud forcing from–0.12 to 0.05 W m^–2. Our results suggest that different ice nucleation parameterizations are an important factor for the large uncertainty of anthropogenic ice AIF. Furthermore, improved understanding of the spatial and temporal occurrence characteristics of homogeneous freezing events and the mean states of cirrus cloud properties are also important for constraining anthropogenic ice AIF.     

Lidar remote sounding of cirrus clouds and comparison of simulated fluxes with surface and METEOSAT observations

Three cirrus cloud cases have been remotely sounded near Paris by a ground-based backscatter lidar and broadband radiometers. Some cirrus properties (optical depth, emissivity, height) are derived from these measurements and used to compare radiative transfer calculations to surface and METEOSAT observations of broadband irradiances.For a useful comparison, the three cirrus cases were selected to have different morphologies and optical properties: June 29, 1993—thin cirrus cloud (thickness 1.5 km, optical depth 0.22); September 6, 1993—thick cirrus cloud (thickness 5 km, optical depth 2.7); and November 16, 1993—inhomogeneous and geometrically thick cirrus cloud (thickness 3.5–6.5 km) but optically thin (optical depth 0.82).At surface, the differences between measurements and model range from 1.5 to 4 Wm⁻² for longwave fluxes, and from 20 to 70 Wm⁻² for shortwave fluxes.At the top of the atmosphere, the differences between METEOSAT measurements and model are in fair agreement for longwave fluxes (up to 50 Wm⁻²). However, unexpected high differences are found for shortwave fluxes (up to 144 Wm⁻²) due to cirrus clouds heterogeneities and uncertainties in their microphysical properties and especially the occurrence of high reflectivity due to horizontally oriented ice crystals at the cloud top, which are not taken into account by the Model presently.     

从紫外到中红外谱区冰的光学常数与温度关系的研究

本文简要地讨论了冰的结构及其光学特性,并应用经典的极化理论研究了冰的光学常数与频谱和温度的关系,计算了从紫外到中红外谱区、在地球大气温度范围内冰的光学常数。对计算结果的分析表明,在高空卷云的散射和辐射传输的理论计算中,温度对云中冰晶光学常数的影响必须考虑。     

热带深对流云砧数值模拟及云凝结核数浓度对其影响的初步试验

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所发展的三维强风暴模式,对Egrett Microphysics Experiment with Radiation Lidar and Dynamics（EMERALD）试验期间的一次长寿命热带深对流个例进行对流产生、发展、消亡过程以及云砧的数值模拟,并与实测资料［包括C波段双线偏振雷达图像资料、机载云粒子成像仪（CPI）探测的云砧卷云微物理特性以及激光雷达探测的云砧宏观特性资料］进行了细致的对比,然后通过改变模式中最大云滴数浓度进行有关云凝结核数浓度影响云砧卷云冰晶含水量和数浓度的敏感性试验。模式较好地模拟出系统的一些重要宏观特征,如爆发性增长阶段、各高度雷达水平反射率因子的最大值、对流云主体移动方向、云砧底部和顶部高度。对云砧冰相粒子含水量、数浓度以及平均直径等微观特征的模拟结果与实测也比较接近。对于本文个例而言,异质核化为冰晶形成的最主要方式,其次为过冷云滴的均质核化。敏感性试验结果表明:当云凝结核数浓度增加时,爆发性增长阶段的垂直速度减小,使得对流云从中低层向高层的水物质输送量减少,从而使云砧卷云冰晶的数量减少。     

Two-moment bulk stratiform cloud microphysics in the grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG (GAMIL)

A two-moment bulk stratiform microphysics scheme, including recently developed physically-based droplet activation/ice nucleation parameterizations has been implemented into the Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG (GAMIL) as an effort to enhance the model’s capability to simulate aerosol indirect effects. Unlike the previous one-moment cloud microphysics scheme, the new scheme produces a reasonable representation of cloud particle size and number concentration. This scheme captures the observed spatial variations in cloud droplet number concentrations. Simulated ice crystal number concentrations in cirrus clouds qualitatively agree with in situ observations. The longwave and shortwave cloud forcings are in better agreement with observations. Sensitivity tests show that the column cloud droplet number concentrations calculated from two different droplet activation parameterizations are similar. However, ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phased clouds is sensitive to different heterogeneous ice nucleation formulations. The simulation with high ice crystal number concentration in mixed-phase clouds has less liquid water path and weaker cloud forcing. Furthermore, ice crystal number concentration in cirrus clouds is sensitive to different ice nucleation parameterizations. Sensitivity tests also suggest that the impact of pre-existing ice crystals on homogeneous freezing in old clouds should be taken into account.     

卷云与水云的短波透射与反射特性

利用矩阵算法计算了对不同太阳天顶角下不同光学厚度的卷云与水云,在4π空间内0～360o的不同方位与0～90o不同天顶角下的波长为1.39 μm太阳短波波段的透射与反射,其天顶角间隔为5.6o,方位角间隔为5.0o。可以看出两种云透射和反射辐射的差别及它们随着光学厚度变化而变化的情况。同时,将其与波长为0.55 μm的可见光波段的透射和反射进行了比较。     

Calculation on the light scattering function of hexagonal ice crystals

Hexagonal ice crystal is a basic form of the particles in cirrus. The emphasis in this paper is on discussing the computational results of scattering phase matrices for infrared absorptive band by making use of the model developed by the authors. Comparisons have been made between infrared and visible light as well as between hexagonal columns and plates and equivalent spheriods and spheres. It is found that the effects of light absorption on phase function may cause the decreases of scattering energy in side direction and the directions near backscattering, and weaken halo and rainbow peaks which are induced by the refractions and internal reflections. There is a general agreement in the phase functions for ice crystals with different shapes. However, the scattering intensity in side direction for spheres and in backward and backside directions for spheroids is weaker as compared with hexagons. It is believed that these features would, doubtless, have influences on the detection of cirrus by laser and radiation transfer in the atmosphere.     

Ice microphysics and climatic temperature feedback

The potential effects of ice microphysics involving ice crystal size distribution and ice water path (IWP) on climatic temperature perturbations are investigated by using a one-dimensional radiative-turbulent climate model. We define a mean effective size, denoting the width of ice crystals weighted by the geometric cross section area, to represent ice crystal size distribution. Based on aircraft measurements, both the mean effective size and IWP are related to temperature and may be parameterized as functions of temperature. The radiative properties of cirrus clouds are further parameterized in terms of these two basic cloud physics parameters. Using CO₂ doubling as the radiative forcing, feedbacks among temperature, the mean effective size and IWP, and the radiative properties of clouds are analyzed from the model results. We show that overall, a positive feedback associated with ice microphysics and the coupled radiative transfer is produced by temperature increase.     

FY-3D MERSI-II云顶产品算法及精度检验

云顶温度和云顶高度作为基本的云参数,在云的热辐射强迫估计,航空气象保障,数值天气预报,天气气候研究等方面具有十分重要的意义。FY-3D/MERSI-II云顶温度产品基于云在红外波段的发射率假设,利用两个红外分裂窗通道(11.0 μm、12.0 μm)结合一维变分方法寻找最优云顶温度层,再利用数值天气预报廓线产品插值反演对应的云顶高度和压强。利用AQUA/MODIS所提供的云产品数据对FY-3D/MERSI-II云顶温度、云顶高度、云顶压强产品进行精度检验,结果表明:FY-3D/MERSI-II水云云顶温度精度为-1.2±4.6 K,云顶高度精度为1.4±1.8 km,云顶压强精度为-140.9±114.5 hPa;厚冰云云顶温度精度为7.0±6.0 K,云顶高度精度为-1.0±0.9 km,云顶压强精度为37.1±36.0 hPa;混合云云顶温度精度为1.5±8.5 K,云顶高度精度为0.8±2.2 km,云顶压强精度为-87.4±157.8 hPa,单层卷云和多层云的反演偏差较大。辐射传输模式在云顶性质反演中有十分关键的作用,但目前对冰云特别是卷云的性质认识不足,因此如何精确描述冰晶辐射特性,提高冰云特别是卷云辐射传输的模拟精度将是下一步的工作重点。      

Impact of primary ice nucleation parameterizations on the formation and maintenance of cirrus

Different ice nucleation algorithms are implemented in a cloud microphysical scheme and numerical simulations of clouds are performed using a three-dimensional mesoscale model. The predicted ice crystal fields are found to be sensitive to the different modes of calculation of the number of deposition/ condensation freezing nuclei and contact freezing nuclei. Also a time and supercooling dependence of this sensitivity is established.The general features of the cirrus clouds observed by the research aircraft Falcon during the 1989 (International Cirrus Experiment) mission ICE212 are compared to those of the cirrus clouds generated by the model. The cloud top height, the cloud ice content and the ice number concentrations seem to be reproduced well.     

A case study of cirrus layers with variable 3.74 µm reflection properties in the first FIRE experiment, 2 November 1986

Summary Remotely sensed scanning radiometer and lidar data on cirrus clouds were obtained during the cirrus FIRE IFO experiment in November 1986 from the ER-2 aircraft plat-form.Data were examined particularly on 2 November for an area in the vicinity of Wausau, Wisconsin where unusual effects were noticed in bispectral histograms from various channels in the scanner data.After calibration of the data in spectral channels of both the Scan Cloud Radiometer (SCR) and Multichannel Cloud Radiometer (MCR) instruments, including direct comparison between compatible channels in the two instruments, it was found that the 0.856 µm SCR channel gave good data, whereas the 0.665 µm and 0.74 µm SCR channels gave large offsets, when compared with the MCR 0.754 µm data. The latter channel was found to compare well in a second comparison with coincident AVHRR channel satellite data. Similarly, the SCR 11.17 µm data gave consistent results and the SCR 3.74 µm data were carefully calibrated.Bispectral histograms formed between 0.856 µm, 3.74 µm and 11.17 µm SCR channel data indicated that some coherent layers of cirrus clouds were giving enhanced solar reflectance at 3.74 µm, indicative of small (~ <25 µm radius) particles, whereas other neighbouring layers gave little reflectance.A comparison of 0.856 µm reflections with 11.17 µm absorption optical depth indicated that the small particles where probably ice crystals. A comparison of 3.74 µm solar albedo and 11.17 µm absorption optical depths of these layers with theoretical calculations for ice spheres indicated a mode radius of about 8 µm for the cloud particle size distribution. An estimate from similar recent calculations on hexagonal ice crystals indicated that the retrieved effective radius would be increased to 25 µm. The difference between the two retrieved radii was a measure of the uncertainty in the retrievals, considering also differences in the assumed size distributions.Qualitative comparison with ER-2 lidar data gave a tentative identification of the reflecting layers.The results demonstrate the power of the 3.74 µm channel for identification of small-particle layers in cirrus.With 9 Figures     

CPR雷达探测北半球夏季多层云系结构统计特征分析

利用2007~2010年北半球夏季（6~8月）CloudSat卫星搭载的云廓线雷达（Cloud Profile Radar,CPR）探测结果对0°~60°N区域单层、双层和三层云系的水平分布、垂直结构特征及各云层云类组成、云水路径等物理量分布进行分析。云量的统计结果表明CPR探测的单层、双层和三层云系的云量分别为36.63%、8.26%和1.40%,云量的水平分布表明其高值区主要位于对流旺盛区域,且高值区的云层云顶高、厚度大,而低值区则多位于副热带高压区域。对不同云类的出现频率统计分析结果表明,单层云系中各云类的出现频率相近;多层云系的上层以卷云为主,下层以层积云为主。对比海陆差异发现洋面卷云和层积云的出现频率显著高于陆面,但高层云和高积云的出现频率低于陆面。云水路径分析表明,单层云系的冰水路径和液水路径均最大,而在多层云系中云层越高、厚度越大、冰水路径越大,液水路径则随着云层的降低增大。     

Average ice crystal size and bulk short-wave single-scattering properties of cirrus clouds

The bulk single-scattering properties of cirrus clouds required for driving the radiation scheme in large-scale climate models are computed with respect to various size distributions and ice crystal shapes. It is shown that the average ice crystal size, defined as the ratio of total volume to the total projected area, can well-characterize the effect of various size distributions in determining the bulk radiative properties of cirrus clouds. Details of the size distributions are not significant in specifying the radiative properties of these clouds if the effective average size is thus defined. Therefore, the ratio of the total volume to the total projected area is an ideal parameter for describing the bulk single-scattering properties. The effect of ice crystal shape is not critical in the parameterization of the extinction coefficient and single-scattering albedo. However, the various crystal habits must be accounted for in the parameterization of the asymmetry parameter. The resulting parameterization is intended for radiative transfer calculations involving cirrus clouds in large-scale models.     

Particle size truncation effect on the inference of effective particle diameter

The effective ice crystal particle diameter (De) of cirrus clouds can be inferred by comparing the measured radar / lidar backscattering ratio with the theoretically calculated one. The calculated ratios are based upon assump-tions of ice crystal particle density and size distribution, and it will be affected by the artificially assumed particle size ranges. This size truncation effect on the inference of effective particle diameter will be investigated theoretically by assuming the cirrus ice particle spherical and particle density of 0.9g / cm3. Results show that the truncation at large particle end has very small effect on the inference of De , but the truncation at the small particle end will have some ef-fect on the inference of De.     

Cirrus Cloud Macrophysical and Optical Properties over North China from CALIOP Measurements

Two years of mid-latitude cirrus cloud macrophysical and optical properties over North China are described from Earth-orbiting Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization(CALIOP) satellite measurements. Global cloud climatological studies based on active remote sensing data sets benefit from more accurate resolution of vertical structure and more reliable detection of optically thin layers.The mean values for cirrus cases over North China are 0.19±0.18 for infrared emittance,0.41±0.68 for visible optical depth, 0.26±0.12 for integrated depolarization ratio,and 0.72±0.22 for integrated color ratio.When studied using reasonable assumptions for the relationship between extinction and ice crystal backscatter coefficients,our results show that most of the cirrus clouds profiled using the 0.532μm channel data stream correspond with an optical depth of less than 1.0.The dependence of cirrus cloud properties on cirrus cloud mid-cloud temperature and geometry thickness are generally similar to the results derived from the ground-based lidar, which are mainly impacted by the adiabatic process on the ice cloud content.However,the differences in macrophysical parameter variability indicate the limits of spaceborne-lidar and dissimilarities in regional climate variability and the nature and source of cloud nuclei in different geographical regions.     

四川春季一次层状云宏微观特征和降水机制

用机载粒子测量系统（FSSP-100、2D-C、2D-P）和其他云物理测量仪器，对四川春季一次冷锋前层状云降水进行了探测。探测结果是:春季层状云降雨并不都是由高层卷云、高积云自然引晶激发而成的，它可以是由层状云（As op），特别是层状云中对流云群产生的针状、鞘状、棱柱状冰雪晶的聚并体和凇附形成的霰粒自身激发降水的。这些降水胚元长大成雨滴，其质量增长主要在负温层；初始直径D0=600微米的霰粒胚元，在负温层中增长的质量占总的增长质量的70%以上。