海带多酚的产生与抗褐藻酸降解菌感染的相关性

利用生物化学的方法探讨了褐藻酸降解菌感染过程中海带体内多酚含量的变化 ,并分析了多酚含量的高低与海带对褐藻酸降解菌感染抗性的相关性。研究结果表明 :褐藻酸降解菌感染下海带体内多酚含量急剧上升 ,并且这种变化具有普遍性 ;多酚含量的急剧上升只发生在褐藻酸降解菌感染的初期阶段 ;海带体内多酚含量的高低与海带对褐藻酸降解菌的抗性具有明显的相关性。表明多酚类化合物在海带抵抗褐藻酸降解菌的感染中起重要作用     

褐藻酸降解菌感染海带过程中几种酶的作用比较

采用植物单细胞和原生质体游离的方法,研究了5株褐藻酸降解菌感染过程中海带细胞壁的组成成分——褐藻酸的变化。结果表明,海带在5株褐藻酸降解菌感染的初期(前3 d),褐藻酸酶对其单细胞和原生质体的游离率均显著降低,而且随着感染时间的延长,游离率的下降越加明显。3 d过后,随着感染的继续进行,单细胞和原生质体的游离率变化不再明显。表明海带细胞壁组成对褐藻酸降解菌感染发生了响应性变化,而这种变化仅仅发生在褐藻酸降解菌感染的早期阶段。研究结果进一步显示,褐藻酸降解菌感染过程中海带细胞壁组成的变化主要体现在褐藻酸的变化上。     

海带对褐藻酸降解菌的抗性与其SOD活性的相关性

运用生物化学的方法测试了2个品系的海带对褐藻酸降解菌抗性的差异性，并对其SOD活性的高低进行了研究。结果表明，海带荣成1号（简称NO.1）对褐藻酸降解菌的抗性远远高于海带901（简称901）；海带荣成1号细胞内超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性明显高于海带901，二者显著正相关。说明海带SOD活性的高低与其对褐藻酸降解菌的抗性大小有一定的相关性。     

坛紫菜应答高光强胁迫的生理指标分析

以坛紫菜(Pyropia haitanensis)叶状体为材料,测定了其在不同光强强度胁迫下细胞内超氧阴离子自由基(O~-_2·)、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)、羟自由基(·OH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的变化.结果表明,在光强为200μmol/(m~2·s)即检测到了O~-_2·含量的显著上升,而当光强继续升高至500μmol/(m~2·s)以上时,O~-_2·含量开始显著减少,H_2O_2和·OH含量开始显著上升;SOD和CAT的酶活伴随光强升高而呈现为逐渐下降的趋势,GSH的含量在光强超过500μmol/(m~2·s)时显著下降,只有APX酶活在整个高光强胁迫过程中呈现为活性逐渐增强的趋势.这些结果说明,坛紫菜细胞内存在着一套应答高光强胁迫的活性氧清除机制,APX在其中发挥重要作用.但当光强超过500μmol/(m~2·s)以上时,坛紫菜细胞内的活性氧清除机制难以满足活性氧清除的需要,氧化性更强的·OH迅速积累,引起细胞膜脂的严重损伤.     

褐藻酸降解菌引起海带病烂的组织学研究

多年来 ,科技工作者为解决海带 (Ｌａｍｉｎａｒｉａｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ)病烂［１］问题作了大量的工作,从中不难看出 ,海带的病烂是由多方面引起的 ,致病的原因也非常复杂 ,其中微生物作用是不可忽视的重要因素之一。陈等１９８１ ,１９８４年通过一系列研究表明 ,褐藻酸降解菌是海带藻体上的主要附生细菌 ,而且在特定条件下参与海带的腐烂过程 ,导致烂苗或掉苗。本实验用褐藻酸降解菌对正常海带进行人为感染 ,通过组织显微切片观察 ,比较感染海带各组织内细胞结构的变化 ,以及感染菌存在的位置、菌量的多少等 ,褐藻酸降解菌对海带组织的…     

褐藻酸降解酶特性的初步研究

对从海带(Laminaria japonica)病烂处分离出的2株别单胞菌属的褐藻酸降解菌(简称菌株A1,A2)进行了褐藻酸钠降解能力及胞外产物中褐藻酸酶特性的初步分析。结果表明,2株褐藻酸降解菌中,菌株A2表现出较强的对褐藻酸钠的降解能力;同时菌株A2所分泌的褐藻酸酶在pH 6.0~8.0相对稳定,30℃以下酶不易失活。在较低离子浓度时,Mn2 ,Ba2 对反应有较强的促进作用,Ag 和Pb2 则有明显的抑制作用。     

褐藻酸降解菌在海带绿烂病发生中的作用

从海带幼苗上病烂明显处分离得到 2 3株褐藻酸降解菌 ,并对其菌落形态、细胞形态及革兰氏染色反应等进行了观察。通过对褐藻酸钠的降解实验 ,筛选出 4株具较高降解能力的菌株。感染实验表明 ,分离到的褐藻酸降解菌为海带幼苗病烂的主要病原菌。     

褐藻酸降解菌在海带(Laminaria japonica)幼苗藻体表面数量分布特点及其对海带回染的初步研究

在威海泊于、崮山及荣成 3家海带育苗场 ,采用回染实验方法对采集的海带藻体表面褐藻酸降解菌数量分布及特点进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,采自荣成的病烂海带幼苗上 ,其总异养细菌数量 ( 1 2 2× 1 0 8cfu/g)比威海两家育苗场的正常海带幼苗上总异养细菌数量 (崮山 :1 1 5× 1 0 6cfu/g及泊于 :1 1 1× 1 0 6cfu/g)高 1 0 0多倍 ,其褐藻酸降解菌的数量 ( 4 88× 1 0 7cfu/g)比后两家 (崮山 :8 0× 1 0 4 cfu/g及泊于 :4 3× 1 0 5cfu/g)的高 1 0 0— 5 0 0倍。与正常海带幼苗相比 ,烂苗脱落后的总异养细菌数量较高 ( 2 42× 1 0 7∶1 1 1× 1 0 6) ,而褐藻酸降解菌的数量相对更高 ( 1 5 0× 1 0 7∶4 3× 1 0 5) ;其中 ,脱落烂苗上的褐藻酸降解菌数量约占其总异养细菌数量的61 98%。将分离、纯化的部分褐藻酸降解菌对海带孢子体组织块进行回染实验 ,能引起海带组织产生绿烂现象 ,证明褐藻酸降解菌是海带烂苗的条件致病菌。     

褐藻酸降解菌的生长条件及其对海带的生理效应

为更好地了解海带病烂的发生机制,针对褐藻酸降解菌埃氏交替单胞菌（Altermonas espejiana）菌株A1的生长及产酶条件进行了初步研究,并用不同浓度的菌液对健康海带进行了感染试验,测定了其体内可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖含量的变化。结果表明,该菌株生长和产酶的最适条件为：20℃,0．5％～0．6％褐藻酸钠,pH=7,5,氮源为（NH4）2S04,培养时间72h。此外,感染菌株A1后,海带体内可溶性蛋白质和可溶性糖的含量均增加,且随着感染菌液浓度的升高,海带体内可溶性蛋白质含量升高,而可溶性糖含量先升高后降低。     

褐藻酸降解酶的制备及其性质研究

通过培养褐藻酸降解菌交替单胞菌(Alteromonas sp．)菌株H-1使其产酶，研究了该酶的性质。结果表明，该菌在25℃培养72h时产酶量最高。褐藻酸酶作用的最适底物质量分数为1％～2％。最适pH值为7．5，最适反应温度为40℃，温度升高酶活力急剧下降。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.