Comparative analysis of cladoceran microfossils in the Don and Scarborough Formations,Toronto, Canada

Pleistocene deposits at Toronto, consisting of Don Formation (considered to be of Sangamonian interglacial age) and Scarborough Formation (interpreted to be Early Wisconsinan, >50 000 years B.P.) were examined at three sites: Don Valley Brickyard, Leaside, and at the south end of Brimley Road at the foot of the Scarborough Bluffs. Comparison of the cladoceran microfossil assemblages described from these sites has enabled reconstruction of the lacustrine environment of the region.Cladoceran microfossil evidence from each site confirmed the disparity in community composition and structure, and in environmental conditions that existed during deposition of the Don and Scarborough Formations. Cladocera community composition averaged 40–45% remains of littoral species in the warmer Don interval at all three sites. The Scarborough Formation contained a more homogeneous cladoceran assemblage, with higher community similarity across sites than observed in the Don Formation. However, there was greater variation in the littoral: planktonic ratio among sites, ranging from >0.90 at Leaside to <0.10 at Brimley Road.Stratigraphically constrained cluster analysis of cladoceran microfossil assemblages clearly separated the communities in the Don Formation from those in the Scarborough Formation at each site. During the interglacial, the Don Brickyard site appears to have been a shallow, protected embayment on the lake shore, whereas the other sites are more distinctly lacustrine. The Scarborough assemblage at each site is representative of deeper, oligotrophic, subarctic lakes.     

湖北潜江凹陷北部古近系孔隙卤水矿床特征及成因

深层卤水是我国重要的液体矿产资源,其中含有钾、锂、铷、铯、溴、碘、硼等高价值元素,具有广阔的综合利用开发前景。通过研究江汉盆地潜江凹陷北部地区潜江组卤水矿床的储层以及水化学特征,对该地区卤水成因及其成藏条件进行了分析。深层卤水赋存于潜江凹陷古近系潜江组砂岩中,水化学类型以硫酸钠亚型为主,其次为碳酸盐型、氯化钙型和硫酸镁亚型。总矿化度在221.3~323.5 g/L之间,平均值为274.08 g/L,酸碱度为4.5~6.5。潜江组卤水浓缩程度不高,变质程度低,体系较为开放。结合卤水矿床的水化学和储层特征,盆地卤水来源主要有火山—地热水的补给、基性火山岩的水—岩反应和蒸发岩的地下溶解。位于潜江凹陷北缘的钟西地区砂岩厚度大,具有巨大的储集空间,在构造—岩相作用下可能储藏了来自潜江凹陷南部古盐湖的卤水,因此潜江凹陷北部钟西地区砂岩具有较好的成藏条件。     

Magnetostratigraphic investigations of the Middle Triassic Badong Formation in South China

Magnetostratigraphic sampling of the Middle Triassic Badong Formation in South China was conducted at three sections. A dual-polarity characteristic remanent magnetization (ChRM) resolved from most samples by thermal demagnetization is shown to have been acquired prior to folding. The primary nature of the ChRM is corroborated by the discovery of the same magnetic polarity at equivalent stratigraphic levels in more than one section. The relative sample VGP (virtual geomagnetic pole) latitudes define nine magnetozones for the three major constituent members of the formation. Comparison with the Mid-Triassic magnetic polarity sequence observed from the western Tethyan region appears to indicate that the bulk of the Badong Formation is Anisian in age and that Ladinian sediments are largely missing. This agrees with palaeontological and stratigraphic evidence in the region and supports the view that Ladinian regression is a major event in the geological evolution of South China, which may signal the onset of amalgamation of the Yangtze Block (YB) with the North China Block (NCB).     

天山北麓灌溉绿洲的形成和发展

17世纪以前，天山北麓是以牧为主地区，由“兵屯”建立的古代绿洲仅在交通要道呈星、点分布，且屡兴屡废。18－20世纪中叶，由清朝到民国，大力发展屯田，使社会发展进入半农半牧时期，这里形成的旧绿洲，呈断续岛状小片。1949年以后，由大规模农垦建立的新绿洲群，把分散小片旧绿洲联结在一起，形成与天山相平行绿洲带。本区绿洲形成特点是由屯垦和内地移民发展起来，起步虽晚，但发展很快；而且古绿洲、旧绿洲和新绿洲之间有延续性，不象塔里大盆地的很多古代绿洲已沦为沙漠、戈壁或风蚀地。     

从川南低矿化度气田水中提碘研究

提出了絮凝沉淀分离低矿化度气田水中有机杂质，降低耗酸量和氧化剂用量，稳定了氧化电位。利用７１７阴离子交换树脂提取碘，碘交换吸附率达９６％以上，总收率达８５％。     

Palaeomagnetic evidence for unification of the North and West Australian cratons by ca.1.7 Ga: new results from the Kimberley Basin of northwestern Australia

A palaeomagnetic study of the Elgee Formation red siltstones and shales in the Palaeoproterozoic Kimberley Basin of northwestern Australia has been carried out. All seven sampling sites revealed an extremely stable magnetic remanence carried by haematite. The age of the formation is confined by precise SHRIMP U–Pb ages of early diagenetic xenotime from rocks both above and below it to be 1704 + 7/−14 Ma, but this may represent a minimum age. The youngest detrital zircon grains in the underlying formation provide a maximum age of 1786 ± 14 Ma for the formation. The extreme stability of the remanence, the dissimilarity of the remanent direction from expected younger palaeomagnetic directions, and the lack of regional overprint in the 1790 ± 4 Ma Hart Dolerite just north of the study region support a primary origin for the remanence. A marginally positive fold test also supports a primary origin. The mean direction of D = 92.2°, I = 14.9°, α ₉₅ = 6.4° gives a palaeopole at 4.4°S, 210.0°E with dp = 3.3°, dm = 6.5°. This pole, a previously reported palaeopole from the Hart Dolerite and ca. 1700 Ma overprint poles from the Pilbara Craton all agree with palaeopoles of similar ages from the McArthur Basin of northern Australia. Palaeomagnetic results thus suggest that the North and West Australian cratons were possibly joined together by approximately 1.7 Ga.     

从文化地理的角度透视中西古典园林艺术特征

文章从文化地理的视角,在园林类型、园林规模、造园艺术、园林与建筑的关系、美学风格、艺术渊源、审美情趣方面对中西方古典园林的艺术特征进行了比较,对中西方古典园林艺术特征差异形成的原因进行了分析．指出东西方园林艺术融合对中国城市绿化具有借鉴意义。     

论旅游资源中石灰华景观的形态建成过程--以四川九寨沟和贵州黄果树等地石灰华群为例

在众多风景旅游资源中,石灰华景观以其独特壮丽的形态为世人所瞩目,并引发出一系列对其成因的解释。本文通过对四川九寨沟和贵州黄果树等旅游地区的石灰华景观进行考察和研究,认为,石灰华景观的形态建成过程主要是受生物、地形和水文的共同控制。其中,生物的控制作用处于十分重要或中心地位,生物(蓝藻、绿藻等低等生物)通过与沉积物颗粒紧密结合形成的藻席的成层加积和侧向延伸生长,与地形、水文等因素一起共同引导和控制着石灰华景观的形成和发育规模。文中提出了旅游资源中瀑华和坝华等主要石灰华景观的形态建成过程模式,为石灰华景观旅游资源的科学保护提出理论依据。     

根据临汾盆地的演化过程分析“丁村组”的年代

自1954年发现“丁村人”化石至今,“丁村组”的年代长期存在很大争论。通过对S₅以来临汾盆地地貌沉积演化过程的研究,揭示出“丁村组”的堆积是在S₁早期的一次区域构造抬升引起盆地湖退后才开始发生的,时间距今大约13万年。结合上覆“丁村组”的黄土古土壤分析,发现其堆积结束于距今约5.2万年。“丁村组”的堆积与气下S₁古土壤的发育和L₁黄土下半段的堆积几乎是同期的,其形成时代横跨了中、晚更新世。     

萨拉乌苏河流域萨拉乌苏组沙丘砂沉积特征

萨拉乌苏河流域米浪沟湾剖面萨拉乌苏组含7层古流动沙丘砂、4层古固定-半固定沙丘砂.对这些沙丘砂的沉积构造观察以及粒度、扫描电镜和常量化学元素分析结果表明：（1）这些沙丘砂具有与现代沙丘砂相似的风成沉积构造特征;（2）粒度及其参数——Mz、σ、Sk和Kg,以及主要化学组分SiO2、Al2O3和TOFE也与现代沙丘砂相近;（3）Mz-σ、SiO2-Al2O3＋TOFE散点图和概率累积曲线显示这些沙丘砂与萨拉乌苏组中的河湖相、古土壤差别明显,而与现代沙丘砂一致;（4）石英砂颗粒具有良好的磨圆以及碟形坑、新月形坑、麻坑、上翻解理薄片、硅质沉淀和硅质裂纹等表面结构特征,反映其曾受持久的风力搬运作用.沉积构造、粒度、石英砂颗粒表面结构和化学元素等多个方面具备了与现代沙丘砂类似的风成特征,证明这些沙丘砂的成因是风成的.     

Giant sublacustrine landslide in the Cretaceous Songliao Basin,NE China

Mass failure deposits in lacustrine settings are some of the most understudied facies associations in the ancient or modern rock record. We integrated seismic data and well logs to investigate the external morphology, internal architecture and deformation and reservoir distribution of the sublacustrine landslides in the Cretaceous Nengjiang Formation of the Songliao Basin (SLB). A large‐scale sublacustrine landslide, named the Qi‐Jia sublacustrine landslide (QJSL), has been identified in the Nengjiang Formation of the SLB. The QJSL is currently the largest known sublacustrine landslide in the world. This landslide covers an area that exceeds 300 km², with an estimated volume of 30 km³. Seismic imaging and mapping reveal that the QJSL can be recognized by several distinguishing seismic characteristics: discontinuous and internal chaotic seismic facies, compressional structures in the downslope region, irregular top and basal surfaces and erosional grooves in basal shear surfaces. The QJSL is 20–200 m thick, and is composed of a succession of fine‐grained deposits. Sandy layers are present but sparse and thinner than 16 m, and form reservoirs of the petroleum discoveries in this area. Our analyses show that the mechanism that triggered the collapse of the QJSL is attributed to rapid deposition and deltaic progradation. This study demonstrates that sand‐rich sublacustrine landslides formed at delta front slope can serve as conventional reservoirs in the lake centre, and provide a new target for subaqueous hydrocarbon exploration and development.     

A comparison of ancient deltaic shoreline progradation with modern deltaic progradation rates: Unravelling the temporal structure of the shallow-marine Blackhawk Formation,Upper Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway,USA

Understanding how sedimentary rocks represent time is one of the significant challenges in sedimentology. Sedimentation rates retrieved from vertical sections are strongly timescale dependent, which means that we cannot use empirical rate data derived from vertical sections in modern environments to interpret the temporal structure of ancient sedimentary deposits. We use the Lower to Middle Campanian Blackhawk Formation deposits in eastern Utah and western Colorado as a natural laboratory to test a source-to-sink methodology circumventing this timescale dependence by relating modern progradation rates to the deltaic shoreline progradation of ancient siliciclastic rocks. Our objective is to quantify how much time is needed to account for the observed cumulative deltaic shoreline progradation recorded by the shallow-marine sandstone bodies of the Blackhawk Formation in terms of progradation rates derived from comparable modern deltaic systems. By making the simplifying assumption that the Blackhawk Formation rocks were deposited along a linear coastline that only grew by aggradation and progradation, it is possible to argue that the stratigraphic completeness of two-dimensional dip-oriented stratigraphic cross-sections through these deposits should be high. Furthermore, we hypothesise that delta progradation estimates capture a significant portion of the biostratigraphically and radiometrically constrained duration of the succession. By comparing the recorded progradation with modern progradation rates, we estimate that we need ca. 20% (median value, with minimum and maximum estimates of 2% and 300%) of the time available from biostratigraphic and radiometric dating to account for the progradation recorded by the sedimentary deposits. This indicates that long-term progradation rates averaged over the entire duration of the Blackhawk Formation were only a factor of five times slower than the modern progradation rates derived from observations over periods that are five to six orders of magnitude shorter. We conclude that a significant amount of time is represented by prograding deltaic shoreline deposits and that by considering the cumulative shoreline progradation, we could limit the effects of timescale dependence on the rate estimates used in our analysis.     

金沙江虎跳峡成因及形成时代探讨

虎跳峡是金沙江峡谷的典型代表,其成因及形成时代涉及金沙江-长江水系发育及其环境效应问题。文中分析研究了虎跳峡附近发育的夷平面、剥蚀面、阶地等区域性的层状地貌,并认为虎跳峡上下游河谷发育历史具有一致性;从地质构造上的分析表明,虎跳峡两侧的玉龙雪山、哈巴雪山为一相对完整的地块,不存在虎跳峡大断裂,因而虎跳峡峡谷是在区域地壳抬升、先成河深切作用下而形成的。根据相关盆地沉积物、玉龙雪山的冰川发育状况、前人在附近发现的哺乳动物化石等,初步认为虎跳峡峡谷形成于中更新世。     

惠州城市的形成与发展

从历史地理的角度研究惠州城市和形成和发展,重点考察了腹地和职能的演化,基于动力学分析,认为惠州城市未来发展的动力主要来自石化,电子等行业的工业化和以惠州港为中心的交通枢纽地位。     

撒哈拉沙漠东北部苏丹境内东西断面粒度分布特征及其成因与环境

对撒哈拉沙漠东北部苏丹境内东西方向３６个样品粒度分析结果表明：其粒度组成可分为１０种不同的类型；粒度参数具以下特征值：ＭＺ＝１．３４～２．４３；标准偏差δＩ＝０．５１～１．４３；偏度ＳＫＩ有正有负，变化于－０．３～０．４７；峰态ＫＧ＝０．６６～１．０４。同时显示，绝大多数样品的频率曲线为多峰态，具有典型河流沙的粒度特征；不同样品及粒度分布形式在地域上无明显规律性。分析结果说明非洲撒哈拉沙漠东北部沙漠砂的形成与河流作用有关。     

Fossil Taiwannia from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning,Northeast China and its phytogeography significance

Fossil Taiwania was discovered from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of Lingyuan City, western Liaoning Province, Northeast China. It is identified as a new species, Taiwania lingyuanensis sp. nov.. The present specimen is preserved as impressions with well defined leaf shoots system and reproductive structures. Leaves are dimorphic, spirally and imbricately arranged. They are scale-like on the main and cone-bearing branchlets, and subulate to falcate-subulate on the juvenile or sterile shoots. The seed cones are singly elliptic, ovate or elongate-ovate and terminally borne on ultimate shoots, bearing 22–24 scale-bracts complexes imbricately and helically arranged around the cone axis, the bracts are broadovate, rhomboidal or hexagonal with entire margins. Both the leafy shoots morphology and reproductive structures are similar to extant Taiwania. Furthermore, geological distribution and molecular biological evidences support that Taiwania is probably originated from the eastern Asia at least in the Early Cretaceous and widely distributed in the North Hemisphere thereafter.     

Sedimentary characteristics of paleo-aeolian dune sands of Salawusu Formation in the Salawusu River Valley

The Salawusu Formation of Milanggouwan section in Salawusu River Valley in-cludes 7 layers of paleo-mobile dune sands, and 4 layers of paleo-fixed and semi-fixed dune sands. Their structures have been observed and their grain size, surface textural features and several main chemical elements have been analyzed. The results showed that: 1) Some of the aeolian structural characteristics of these dune sands are similar to that of the recent dune sands. 2) They are also similar to the recent dune sands in grain size components, and parameters of Mz, σ, Sk and Kg, as well as in several main chemical components. 3) The scattergrams of Mz-σ and SiO2–Al2O3+TOFE and the probability curves of grain size showed that these paleo-dune sands are different from paleosols and fluvio-lacustrine facies, but are consistency with recent dune sands. 4) Quartz sands have well roundness and surface textural features such as dish-shaped pits, crescent-shaped pits, pockmarked pits, upturned cleavage plates, siliceous precipitates and siliceous crevasses, indicating that they had been carried for a long time by the wind. As the 11 layers of paleo-dune sands possess the aeolian characteristics in structure, grain size, surface textural features and chemical elements, the origin of their formation should be attributed to eolation.