共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 921 毫秒
1.
While extensively occurring natural resources play a fundamental role in the survival and recovery of postwar populations,
their management is not presently part of the operational priorities in a peace process. Dependence on naturally occurring
food, fuel, water, secure locations, and products that can be obtained and sold quickly for dislocated, war-weary populations
is a primary approach to postwar livelihoods. The peace process, however, focuses on the logistical and institutional aspects
of security, demobilization, reintegration and humanitarian efforts. The result is profound degradation of the spatially extensive
resources necessary for longer-term recovery. The primary reason for the inattention to resource degradation in a peace process
is that conventional conservation approaches do not fit with the priorities of a peace process or attend to the immediate
needs of a postwar population; designed as they are for stable, peaceful settings. This article focuses on the need to derive
postwar natural resource management approaches which can work with the in-place priorities of a peace process. Four such approaches
are suggested, with successful examples from specific countries.
相似文献
Jon UnruhEmail: |
2.
Development of a conjunctive use model to evaluate alternative management options for surface and groundwater resources 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
A conjunctive use model has been developed to evaluate alternative management options for surface and groundwater resources. A simple water balance approach was used to estimate net recharge to the aquifer. The groundwater model FEFLOW takes net recharge as an input for the water balance calculation and simulates flow in the groundwater under all boundary stresses. The developed model was applied to an irrigated area in the Indus Basin, Pakistan, to predict groundwater levels up to 2010 in response to the possible need for intervention in irrigation and/or agricultural practices. A geographical information system (GIS) was used to assemble various types of spatial data. The study revealed that an increase in pumpage from the present rate would further strain the scarce water resources. Lining of watercourses and adjustment in cropping pattern could be adopted as alternatives for better management of surface and groundwater resources.
相似文献
Helmut EggersEmail: |
3.
Is self-regulation a myth? Case study on Spanish groundwater user associations and the role of higher-level authorities 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Self-regulation of groundwater users offers tremendous potential for effective groundwater management. The attributes of higher-level authorities that are more likely to facilitate the beneficial management of groundwater in economic, social and environmental terms are discussed. For this purpose, eight groundwater user associations in Spain have been compared. Factors that support institutional change were analyzed, namely: salience, common understanding, trust and reciprocity, autonomy, prior organizational experience and local leadership. These factors are complemented by features that strengthen actions by higher-level authorities that oversee self-regulation by water users (clear boundaries, legitimate recognition of appropriators, facilitating roles, trust in cross-scale linkages, clear division of responsibilities, institutional culture and co-management model choices). Self-regulation includes the creation of reflexive organizations that are capable of learning, provided first, the administration itself is modernized to meet the challenges of self-regulation, and second, that ‘regulatory capture’ is avoided by external organizations, ensuring that the regulator and the regulated are not so close in their relationship as to be detrimental to effectiveness.
相似文献
E. Lopez-GunnEmail: |
4.
The aim of this paper is to use an economic framework to derive decision making rules for river basin management with a focus on groundwater resources. Using an example from northern Nigeria, the paper provides an example of how decision making for sustainable water resources management may be facilitated by comparing net benefits and costs across a river basin. It is argued that economic tools can be used to assess the value of water resources in different uses, identify and analyze management scenarios, and provide decision rules for the sustainable use and management of surface and ground water resources in the region.
相似文献
Gayatri AcharyaEmail: |
5.
The evolution of groundwater rights and groundwater management in New Mexico and the western United States 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Historically, rights in water originated as public property and only later became individualized rights to utilize the public resource, in a manner consistent with the public welfare needs of society, but protected by principles of property law. Five basic regulatory systems for rights in groundwater in the United States have evolved to date. The problems raised by the hydrologic differences between groundwater hydraulically connected to stream systems and groundwater in non-replenished aquifers have been resolved to some extent by a couple of leading court cases. Numerical modeling and other technical methodologies have also evolved to evaluate the scientific issues raised by the different hydrologic conditions, but these are not immune from criticism. The current role of aquifers is evolving into that of storage facilities for recycled water, and their utilization in this manner may be expanded even further in the future. The policy implications of the choices relating to joint management of ground and surface water cannot be overstated. As this paper demonstrates, proactive administration of future groundwater depletions that affect stream systems is essential to the ultimate ability to plan for exploitation, management and utilization of water resources in a rational way that coordinates present and future demand with the reality of scarcity of supply. The examples utilized in this paper demonstrate the need for capacity building, not just to develop good measurement techniques, or to train talented lawyers and judges to write good laws, but also for practical professional water managers to keep the process on a rational course, avoiding limitless exploitation of the resource as well as conservative protectionism that forever precludes its use.
相似文献
Charles T. DuMarsEmail: Phone: +1-505-3460998Fax: +1-505-3460997 |
6.
Karen G. Villholth 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(3):330-339
The present and predicted increase in groundwater’s share of human freshwater withdrawals, its unprecedented importance for human activities globally, and the emerging threats from escalated and unplanned use and degradation, especially in the developing countries, point to the need for intensified efforts to cope with the imbalances. Despite these facts, there is little intervention by governments in developing countries. Sufficient knowledge, awareness and understanding of the groundwater resources and their proper management are missing in these countries, as well as in the international community. Links and trends are described, which highlight problem areas, such as water contamination, urbanization, and socio-economic factors related to groundwater management practices. Globalization provides novel opportunities for facilitating the process of acquiring and applying the necessary knowledge and can, and should, be further explored and developed. The likely benefits of this are: increase in convergence of understanding and approaches; the sharing of knowledge; and potentially wide-reaching, lasting, and scale-crossing networks. The international development and research community is in a particularly fortunate position to promote and facilitate such a process, which should go hand in hand with well focused and coordinated “on the ground” tasks, such as local networking, field investigations, capacity building, and advocacy activities.
相似文献
Karen G. VillholthEmail: Phone: +94-11-278-7404Fax: +94-11-278-6854 |
7.
Indigenous people often exclusively depend on the natural resources available within the ecosystems where they live, and commonly
manage their resources sustainably. They have developed, and continue to develop indigenous knowledge systems which encompass
sustainable management of natural resources. This study compares indigenous knowledge of natural resource management developed
by two different communities in two different environments—Maori in the temperate environment in New Zealand and Dusun in
the tropical environment in Brunei Darussalam, and comparatively evaluates the role of indigenous knowledge in sustainable
resource management in three categories of knowledge such as spatial and seasonal distribution of natural resources, sustainable
harvesting, and habitat management. The comparison reveals that despite the differences in environment and the great geographical
distance between the two communities, there are remarkable similarities between the two knowledge systems in concepts, principles,
strategies and technologies used in natural resource management.
相似文献
Rohana UlluwishewaEmail: |
8.
Drilling-intensive aquifer characterization techniques have been used to obtain depth-discrete water samples from a thick,
hydrogeologically continuous unconfined aquifer system; groundwater results indicate that carbon tetrachloride contamination
is widespread and extends deeper and at concentrations much higher than detected in monitoring networks at the water table.
Carbon tetrachloride, a legacy waste, was used in the plutonium extraction process at the Hanford site in south-central Washington
State. Vertical, depth-discrete groundwater samples were collected during well drilling throughout a 28-km2 region to determine the concentration of carbon tetrachloride present as a dissolved phase in the aquifer. Results indicate
that high concentrations of carbon tetrachloride, three orders of magnitude above the allowable regulatory limit, are present
at depths greater than 25 m beneath the water table. In support of future efforts to remediate the carbon tetrachloride contamination,
it is imperative to locate the remaining chemical inventory, determine the vertical as well as the lateral distribution of
this contaminant and its physical form. Depth-discrete aquifer characterization throughout the uppermost-unconfined aquifer
system is providing this information and improving the understanding of the contaminant distribution and the hydrogeologic
framework through which it moves.
相似文献
Bruce A. WilliamsEmail: |
9.
Henry Darcy in his own words 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Patricia Bobeck 《Hydrogeology Journal》2006,14(6):998-1004
A recently published English translation of the Les Fontaines publiques de la ville de Dijon
1 provides access to Henry Darcy's own words on the importance of water for public sanitation and on questions engineers face in building water supply systems. Written near the end of Darcy's life, the book is a compendium of the water knowledge he had gained over decades and his opinions on these topics reveal his personality. In the 1840s, Darcy built a water supply system to provide water to 120 street fountains for domestic purposes, street washing and firefighting. Surrounded by poverty, Darcy insisted on free water for the poor and on sharing the spring water with towns located along the aqueduct that brought it to Dijon. In the preface to the book, Darcy introduces his experiment on water flow through sand with the modest words “to my knowledge, no one has experimentally demonstrated the laws of water flow through sand.” This article provides a sampling of the book's insights into the personality of this remarkable man.
相似文献
Patricia BobeckEmail: |
10.
An increasingly utilized strategy for expanding conservation in the developing world has been the promotion of protected areas
that supersede national borders. Alternatively known as transfrontier biosphere reserves, transfrontier or transboundary conservation
areas, or Peace Parks, these protected areas are aggressively advanced by conservation agencies for their purported ecological
and economic benefits. This article provides a comparative assessment of two case studies to understand the various impacts
of transboundary conservation. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, which unites protected areas in South Africa, Mozambique
and Zimbabwe, is contrasted with efforts to protect jaguars along the United States–Mexico border. We argue that while these
cases are promising for the purposes of biodiversity protection, they demonstrate that transboundary conservation can minimize
political context, contributes to the hegemony of international conservation agendas, and remains closely linked to economic
neoliberalism and decentralization in the developing world.
相似文献
Brian KingEmail: |
11.
This article explores the impacts of floods on the economy, environment, and society and tries to clarify the rural community’s
coping mechanism to flood disasters in Central Viet Nam. It focuses on the social aspects of flood risk perception that shapes
the responses to floods. The research findings revealed that flooding is an essential element for a coastal population, whose
livelihood depend on productive functions of cyclical floods. The findings also revealed that floods, causing losses and damages,
often inhibited economic development. The surveyed communities appeared to have evolved coping mechanisms to reduce the negative
impacts of the floods, yet these coping mechanisms are under pressure due to environmental degradation. Integrated flood risk
management is considered as a suitable paradigm for coping with flood disasters.
相似文献
Phong TranEmail: |
12.
Consideration of natural hazards in the design and risk management of industrial facilities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent chemical accidents precipitated by natural disasters have prompted governments in the United States, Japan, and Europe,
among other countries, to re-evaluate current practices in the design and risk management of industrial facilities. This paper
presents an overview of natural hazard design considerations and external events risk management requirements in the industrial
sector, with particular emphasis on industrial practices in the United States, Japan, and Europe. The analysis shows that
although regulations exist to ensure industrial plant structures are built to resist natural hazards (up to the design level),
there are few laws to address the performance of non-structural elements and safety and emergency response measures during
a natural disaster. Laws usually also refer to natural hazards only indirectly, and provisions to prevent or respond to simultaneous
disasters from single or multiple sources concurrent with the natural disaster are usually not present.
相似文献
Ana Maria CruzEmail: |
13.
Said Ettazarini 《Environmental Geology》2006,50(6):919-929
This study takes the groundwater of the Moroccan limestone aquifer of Oum Er-Rabia as an example of statistical and cartographical approaches in water resources management. Statistical analyses based on frequency distribution and PCA methods revealed the homogeneity of waters with the existence of abnormal points and have helped to assess correlations between the studied variables. The mapping approach illustrated that waters are influenced by the lithology of the surrounding rocks and are of Ca–Mg–HCO3, Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4, and mixed types according to the Piper classification. The quality of water is of high to medium, north of the basin, but it is of medium to bad, NE and south, due to excessive contents of chloride, sulfate and nitrate. According to the US Salinity Laboratory classification, water used for irrigation in the eastern and the southern parts of the basin should take into consideration the drainage conditions, the nature of plants and the addition of gypsum doses.
相似文献
Said EttazariniEmail: Phone: +212-66-407610 |
14.
The advent of the Virtual Observatory has begun an evolution in the space physics data environment. A number of nascent and
discipline specific Virtual Observatories have started to emerge with an emphasis on data search and retrieval. As this new
data environment takes shape an emphasis will be placed on interdisciplinary communication in attempts to address large scale
and global problems. To this end we formulate the development of a query language to facilitate Virtual Observatory to Virtual
Observatory communication. Furthermore, we outline the goals of such a language, how it would work and how existing community
efforts can be leveraged to speed the development of this query language.
相似文献
T.W. NarockEmail: |
15.
Summary The question of alternative technologies for high-speed Internet access lies at the heart of rural development problems. In
this paper, we focus on one of those technologies, the system combining satellite technologies and Wi-Fi. Based on an empirical
study carried out in three rural areas, we analyze the dynamics of the use and appropriation of that technology by the companies
and organizations participating in the experiment. Considered both from a technical and social standpoint, the technology
‘in use’ appears here in its structuring dimensions.
相似文献
Valérie FautreroEmail: |
16.
Recharge to a saline, unconfined shallow-water-table aquifer is normally considered as an irrecoverable loss of water, but
such thinking could be reviewed empirically. The use of an appropriate groundwater harvesting system does not only provide
an opportunity to recover this lost water, but can also help in catchment salinity management and improvement. Agricultural-based
land-drainage systems such as those that use serial biological concentration (SBC) of salts, provide examples of such harvesting
methods. The impact of groundwater harvesting has been assessed on the hydro-salinity of a saline catchment in southeastern
Australia through modeling. For both the below average rainfall and very wet years, the “do nothing” scenario resulted in
increasing salinization in the catchment. However, after introducing a SBC system, groundwater salinity showed a decreasing
trend while hydraulic heads tended to stabilize around the depth of subsurface collector wells. However, for a successful
groundwater harvesting system, proper understanding of the groundwater flows and salt mobilization associated with a catchment
is necessary. The outcomes of this modelling study have the potential to address similar issues (salinization) and/or needs
(water harvesting) existing elsewhere in the world, particularly in semi-arid regions.
相似文献
Muhammad Nadeem AsgharEmail: |
17.
The present state-of-the-art for natech risk and management is discussed. Examples of recent natechs include catastrophic
oil spills associated with Hurricane Katrina and hazardous chemical releases in Europe during the heavy floods of 2002. Natechs
create difficult challenges for emergency responders due to the geographical extent of the natural disaster, the likelihood
of simultaneous releases, emergency personnel being preoccupied with response to the natural disaster, mitigation measures
failing due to the effects of the natural disaster, and others. Recovery from natechs may be much more difficult than for
“normal” chemical accidents, as the economic and social conditions of the industrial facility and the surrounding community
may have been drastically altered by the natural disaster. Potential safeguards against natechs include adoption of stricter
design criteria, chemical process safeguards, community land use planning, disaster mitigation and response planning, and
sustainable industrial processes, but these safeguards are only sporadically applied. Ultimately, the public must engage in
a comprehensive discussion of acceptable risks for natechs.
相似文献
Ana Maria CruzEmail: |
18.
Melt inclusion formation mechanisms and compositional effects in high-An feldspar and high-Fo olivine in anhydrous mafic silicate liquids 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Important aspects of melt inclusion formation and potential compositions effects have been addressed through a series of experiments using anorthite/fosterite saturated anhydrous mafic liquids. Experimental charges were cooled from 1,300 to 1,230 and 1,210°C at rates of 1–10°/min followed by 0–24 h isothermal periods. Hopper and skeletal crystal morphologies with variable degrees of completeness developed during the cooling period. Planar overgrowth of these textures during isothermal periods led to the formation of inclusions, the majority of which formed after 6 h of isothermal run time. We suggest that the change in morphologies is related to a decrease in growth rates and changes in dominant growth mechanisms. In general, inclusion compositions were uniform and similar to the host glass, indicating that with the isothermal times required for most inclusions to form, a boundary layer was not entrapped that could be detected within the limits of our analyses.
相似文献
Edward KohutEmail: Phone: +1-541-7373023Fax: +1-541-7371200 |
Roger L. NielsenEmail: Phone: +1-541-7371235 |
19.
Spatial and temporal knowledge representation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Antony Galton 《Earth Science Informatics》2009,2(3):169-187
Knowledge Representation (KR) originated as a discipline within Artificial Intelligence, and is concerned with the representation
of knowledge in symbolic form so that it can be stored and manipulated on a computer. This article surveys that part of KR
that is concerned with the representation of space and time, with particular reference to the use of such representations
in geographical information science.
相似文献
Antony GaltonEmail: |
20.
Dorian Speakman 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(1):111-127
A vulnerability index for the Fire Service in the UK has been designed to identify vulnerable locations during episodes of
severe floods. Taking recent case studies with the UK Fire Service, the patterns of vulnerability, in terms of demand on time
and resources, can be explained by investigating the environmental causes and their interaction with the adaptive capacity
of the response agencies.
相似文献
Dorian SpeakmanEmail: |