鲍的杂交育种高产技术研究

鲍的人工育苗与养殖,在我国已有近２０ａ的历史。由于多年来忽视种质改良,始终采用我国自繁自养的鲍做亲鲍,使亲缘关系越来越近,易造成种质退化,其后代抗逆性较差,剥离后大量死亡。结果,导致许多鲍育苗单位连年出现亏损或倒闭。为此,作者于１９９８年引进日本的虾夷盘鲍(Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓｇｉｇａｎｔｅａｄｉｓｃｕｓ)与中国的皱纹盘鲍(Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓｄｉｓｃｕｓｄｉｓｃｕｓｈａｎａｉ)进行杂交育种技术研究,并取得了较好效果。１材料１．１育苗主要设施山东寻山水产集团公司育苗场位于桑沟湾北畔。共有鲍育苗池２００个,共１４００ｍ…     

荣成市鲍鱼育苗、养殖实现工厂化

荣成市采用工厂化鲍鱼育苗、养殖,建成了鲍鱼育苗、中间育成、商品鲍养成的配套体系,育苗水体5000m~2,养殖。 工厂化养鲍,使鲍鱼养殖摆脱了自然条件中不利因素,提高了成活率,缩短了养成期。     

鲍育苗生物学中饵料硅藻的相关研究进展

底栖硅藻是鲍育苗阶段不可缺少的饵料,也是诱导鲍浮游幼体附着和变态的重要物质,硅藻的种类、营养价值、生态状况等对幼体的附着变态及其后以微藻为饵料阶段的生长率和成活率都有至关重要的影响。总结近10a国内外与饵料硅藻相关的研究概况,包括硅藻对鲍附着变态、生长率和成活率的影响;鲍幼苗饵料转化与消化器官发育的关系;影响硅藻营养的生理生化因子;与鲍幼苗掉板死亡相关的藻类研究等,为鲍育苗生物学的研究提供借鉴和参考。     

南澳在初夏育出杂色鲍幼苗

广东省南澳县汕澳海珍品养殖公司、汕头市农业物资发展总公司、南澳县海洋与水产局联合开展的“杂色鲍初夏育苗试验”项目,于1996年11月16日通过专家鉴定验收,确认该项目的试验成功填补了我国杂色鲍初夏人工育苗技术的空白,其促进亲鲍性腺提前成熟,技术达到省内领先水平。     

臭氧化消毒技术将在鲍鱼育苗中得到应用

山东省长岛县科委关于臭氧化消毒技术在鲍鱼育苗中应用已申报山东省科委立项。这一应用研究课题旨在通过探索臭氧消毒海水对鲍鱼育苗的作用机理,研究不同臭氧浓度处理海水对稚鲍成活率及生长速度的关系,总结出一套利用臭氧消毒海水清除病害的困扰、提高稚鲍成活率的育苗生产新工艺,推动鲍鱼育苗生产走上高效低耗、科学健康发展的轨道。 臭氧化消毒技术是利用其臭氧的强氧化     

长岛皱纹盘鲍育苗用水中的有害元素分析

随着养殖规模的扩大,鲍的育苗、养成和工厂化蓄养发生严重的异常现象,造成大面积减产。１９９５年１月,受长岛县政府和有关部门委托,我们承担皱纹盘鲍病因和病害防治研究项目。本文着重讨论养鲍用水的水质状况及水质处理技术。１材料与方法１．１样品的采集采样地点和时间。１９９５年７月１３日取长岛鲍鱼育苗厂附近海水、育苗用沙滤水和排放的育苗废水;１９９５年７月１６日取青岛第一海水浴场码头涨潮水。１．２样品的处理和分析步骤取自长岛的水样,沉淀后取上清液,使用原子吸收分光光度法分析。因需分析元素总量,所以未经过滤。…     

利用电厂冷却海水进行鲍参混养室内越冬的研究

鲍以其营养价值和口味鲜美名列“海八珍”之首。现在我国鲍的增养殖业已在迅速崛起,人工育苗和养成技术也日臻成熟。作为一种产业当前矛盾主要集中在如何缩短养殖周期和提高经济效益上。鉴于鲍养殖业是一种高投入、高产出的行业,养殖周期长就意味着风险大、投     

杂色鲍种苗用试验配合饵料

随着鲍的人工育苗数量的不断增多,以及幼鲍从室内培养池移入海区的养殖阶段,直到成为种苗的规格(壳长1—1.5厘米),其饵料仍然是养殖成败的关键之一。福建南部海区杂色鲍(Haliotis diversicolor Reeve)的种苗培育阶段,正值夏季水温升高,采集天然海藻比较困难,鲍的饵料发生短缺;而且为了进一步弥补和提高鲍的饵料中所含蛋白质等营养成分,以提高幼鲍和种苗鲍存活率,加快生长速度,除积极开发利用天然海藻资源外,必须广开饵料新途径,因而研制种苗鲍用试验配合饵料,适当增加能促     

杂色鲍鲍苗“掉板症”病因的探讨

针对目前杂色鲍育苗过程中出现的大规模死亡进行了流行病学调查,结果显示,在整个育苗周期内,病害均可发生,死亡率达100%,监测了水质理化因子、原生动物、寄生虫及病原微生物,水质理化因子、原生动物等与鲍苗死亡有一定关系,但不是主要原因;在鲍苗体内分离到的细菌及感染试验结果验证细菌是引起杂色鲍幼苗死亡的主要原因.     

几种诱导物质对皱纹盘鲍幼虫变态的相互作用

本文研究用不同浓度的氯化钾（ＫＣｌ）、γ－氨基丁酸（ＧＡＢＡ）和足粘液相结合对皱纹盘鲍幼虫变态的影响，从中找出皱纹盘鲍幼虫诱导变态的最佳条件，为人工育苗提供科学依据。     

Studies on the Technology for Mass Production of Abalone Breeding

Based on the traditional way of abalone breeding, the technological process of industrial abalone breeding suitable for the coastal areas of southern China has been developed. The process is simple and easy to handle, and results in a high yield of young abalones after being applied.     

中国北方筏式养鲍技术研究

本文对筏式养鲍的海区条件、苗种饵料选择、病害防治、养殖技术及管理措施等方面进行了初步研究。本实验共筏养10万头鲍鱼,经三年养成,成活率达80％以上,年亩纯益达四万元,明显高于其他海水养殖品种。     

鲍高效养殖模式的研究

本研究采取苗种强化培育、坑道培育大规格苗种、湖间带鲍参混养等相结合,并配套适当技术措施,促进鲍快速生长,缩短养殖周期一年左右,提高成活率15％以上,增加经济效益200％左右,形成鲍高效养殖的较理想模式。     

Review of the causes of the rise of the illegal South African abalone fishery and consequent closure of the rights-based fishery

The rise of organised illegal fishing and trade in abalone from the late 1990s destabilised South Africa’s historically stable, quota-managed fishery, culminating in its closure in 2008. The development of the fishery is described in a historical context, including the evolution of South Africa’s science-based abalone fishery management system. The diverse suite of responses deployed to combat illegal fishing and the black market trade in abalone are reviewed, including;- fishery reform to expand rights to a greater number of previously disadvantaged fishers, a territorial user rights fishery (TURF) system, special compliance operations and courts, the CITES listing of abalone, and the serial reduction in the TAC, culminating in the controversial and legally contested closure of the fishery. The main causes of the rise of the illegal fishery are diagnosed as 1) the massive increase in the abalone price that occurred in the 1990s triggering an abalone fishing “gold-rush” and 2) the failure of the post-Apartheid fishery reform process to accommodate many traditional fishers in a legal fishing rights framework resulting in them operating outside the formal fishery management system. By contextualising the abalone fishery as a complex system, embedded in South Africa’s socio-political setting, we show how the resource focussed fishery management system did not have the capacity to incorporate the powerful social, political and economic drivers determining fisher behaviour. We conclude with the need to revisit South Africa’s abalone fishery management paradigm, and argue that a more integrated governance approach is required that takes into account the biological, socio-political and economic factors determining the fishery activities.     

我国北方鲍鱼室内工厂化养殖存在问题及解决途径的探讨

本文主要综述鲍鱼室内工厂化养殖的现状和存在的问题,从水质、饵料、养殖密度、疾病方面进行分析和探讨,并提出了相应的解决途径,以求对生产上有所帮助。     

盘鲍三倍体及二倍体生长的比较

在室内工厂化养殖条件下 ,于 1 997年 1 0月对正常盘鲍二倍体个体及用细胞松驰素 B诱导法获得的盘鲍三倍体群的生长情况进行了比较。结果表明 :(1 )在育苗期的 1 4月龄内 ,盘鲍的三倍体群与二倍体个体间在生长上无明显差异 ;(2 ) 1 4月龄后盘鲍的三倍体群与二倍体个体间在生长上出现分化。两周龄的盘鲍三倍体群在壳长和体重上分别比二倍体个体大 1 4.76 %和5 0 .1 9%;两周龄半的盘鲍三倍体群在壳长和体重上分别比二倍体个体大 2 0 .0 0 %和 41 .89%;(3 )如按 6 cm壳长作为商品盘鲍的标准 ,则盘鲍三倍体群只需养殖 2 6个月 (包括育苗期 )即可达到商品盘鲍的标准 ,而二倍体个体则需养殖 3 0个月 (包括育苗期 )。由此可见 ,三倍体商品盘鲍比二倍体商品盘鲍在养殖时间上可缩短 4个月 ;(4)盘鲍三倍体群与二倍体个体群的氨基酸组分相同 ,但盘鲍三倍体群的氨基酸总量比二倍体个体的氨基酸总量高。     

Evidence for a positive relationship between juvenile abalone Haliotis midae and the Sea urchin Parechinus angulosus in the South-Western Cape,South Africa

Previous field observations have suggested an association between the urchin Parechinus angulosus and juveniles of the abalone Haliotis midae. To test the generality and nature of this association, surveys were carried out at five sites between Cape Point and Danger Point in the kelp beds of the South-Western Cape, South Africa. These showed that both species occupy primarily hard substrata, showing preferences for encrusting coralline algae. They also confirmed a strong, positive relationship between urchins and juvenile abalone. Of the juvenile abalone sampled, more than 98% were found beneath sea urchins. All small (3–10 mm) and medium-sized(11–20 mm) juvenile abalone were under urchins, whether on flat or vertical reef, or in crevices. A small proportion (～10%) of larger juveniles(21–35 mm) was not found under urchins, and in these instances they occupied crevices instead. These findings are of particular importance in terms of their implications for the lucrative commercial abalone fishery in South Africa, indicating that urchins are of critical importance to the continued survival of viable abalone populations. There has been a dramatic decrease in natural populations of sea urchins over the past five years in the heart of the abalone fishing grounds, and the present findings suggest that this will lead to recruitment failure of abalone, because juvenile abalone seem dependent on the urchins. The long-term consequences for the industry may be crucial.     

氯霉素暴露对杂色鲍免疫活性的影响

杂色鲍的免疫机能主要是由血细胞以吞噬的方式来完成．本研究将杂色鲍分别暴露在1、2、5Ixg／cm3不同含量氯霉素的水体中60d（每天暴露4h）,检测其主要免疫指标的变化．实验结果表明,经氯霉素暴露实验后,杂色鲍的主要免疫指标出现了下降．对照组与各药物含量组（1、2、5μg／cm3）中杂色鲍血细胞对溶藻弧菌的吞噬率分别为89．83％±3．66％、75．33％±4．89％、68．67％±5．05％和37．00％±9．21％;其吞噬指数分别为3．84±0．27、2．54±0．35、2．12±0．47和1．18±0．32;其血细胞密度分别为（2．72±0．33）×10’、（1．87±0．09）×10^7、（1．46±0．17）x10^7、（1．03±0．14）×10^7个／cmA^3．对照组与各药物含量组在水温3l℃高温胁迫下杂色鲍半致死时间（,Jk）分别为10、8、6、4h．各实验组的壳长、体重生长率、成活率与对照组比较,高含量组均显著小于对照组．含量为lμg／cm^3和2μg／cm^3的氯霉素暴露对杂色鲍的生长有轻微的促进作用．各实验组酸性磷酸酶（ACP）、碱性磷酸酶（AKP）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的酶活指标变化与氯霉素的暴露含量无明显相关性．     

Ovo-testis and disturbed reproductive cycle in the giant abalone, Haliotis madaka: possible linkage with organotin contamination in a site of population decline.

Histological examination of gonads as well as chemical analysis of organotin compounds in tissues of the giant abalone, Haliotis madaka, was conducted to evaluate possible endocrine disruption and to consider the causal factors for the decline of abalone stocks in Japan. Abalone specimens were collected from two different areas, Tsushima as a reference site and Jogashima as a site representative of declining abalone populations, each month from September 1995 to November 1996. Scores were given to the development stages of reproductive cells in the ovary and testis. The degree of sexual maturation was evaluated by calculating the mean value of a histogram of these scores for the reproductive cells of each abalone. The temporal variations in degree of sexual maturation showed that female and male abalone from Tsushima matured synchronously, while those from Jogashima did not. The observed maximum reproductive developmental score in abalone from Jogashima was much lower than that from Tsushima, because immature females were present at the former site throughout the spawing season. Approximately 20% of the abalone from Jogashima were masculinized females with an ovo-testis. The masculinization of female abalone was similar to the imposex, typically induced in other gastropod molluscs by tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPhT) from antifouling paints. Concentrations of TBT and TPhT in the muscles of abalone from Jogashima (n = 83) of 4.9 +/- 4.4 ng/g wet wt and 6.3 +/- 6.6 ng/g wet wt, respectively, were significantly higher than those from Tsushima (n = 125) (P < 0.01) of 0.8 +/- 0.8 ng/g wet wt and 0.6 +/- 1.3 ng/g wet wt, respectively. In situ exposure of abalone from Tsushima caged near a dockyard in Jogashima for 7 months (from the immature to the mature stage) resulted in spermatogenesis in the ovary of approximately 90% of females. Endocrine disruption may be caused in the giant abalone by organotin compounds from antifouling paints, which are possibly one of the causal factors for the decline of Japanese abalone stocks.