连云港滨海相软土工程特性

根据江苏连云港地区大量的工程地质勘察资料,就该区软土层的成因类型、物理力学特性、室内试验问题、现场原位测试,特别是力学指标的确定进行了深入的探讨和分析,结果表明室内试验确定连云港地区软土力学指标误差大,有些指标与实际误差在2倍以上,常难以把握.用十字板、CPT试验方法有较好的效果.     

江苏高速公路软土路基工程地质问题研究

根据江苏徐州－连云港高速公路软土路基工程出现的开裂、滑移现象，就该地区的水文工程地质条件，软土分布规律，分布特点，典型路段软土的力学指标进行了深入的分析，探讨，总结得出；我国沿海地区高速公路软土地基工程地质问题多是因为软土层厚薄分布不均，勘测过程中现场及室内试验提供的设计指标与实际差异过大等综合因素造成，经综合对比我国沿海地区高速公路软土地基地质灾害，提出勘测设计指标的确定应以十字板、CPT现场试验为准。     

连云港海相软土工程特性及处治方法探讨

根据连云港地区历年来多项工程的地质资料,并与我国部分沿海地区软土进行对比,系统分析了连云港海相软土的基本物理力学性质指标统计特征,特别是抗剪强度特性、固结变形特性和蠕变特性,并总结了该地区海相软土主要物理力学性质指标之间的相关关系,最后介绍了适合于海相软土的地基处理措施。     

连云港某软土基坑滑坡分析与整治方法研究

针对连云港某软土基坑围护不当导致的基坑滑坡事故,采用钻探、取样、室内试验、水平位移监测等手段,查明基坑侧壁软土的物理、力学性质,分析滑坡产生的原因,通过多种方法综合确定基坑侧壁软土滑动带的位置,提出滑坡整治措施,并对整治结果进行分析验证。     

某高速公路软土路基地质灾害问题分析

该论文根据江苏某高速公路软土地基工程地质问题的出现，就该地区的水文工程地质条件、软土分布规律、分布特点、典型路段软土的力学强度指标进行了深入的分析、探讨，总结了我国沿海地区高速公路软土地基出现的地质灾害多是因为软土层纵横断面厚薄分布不均、勘测过程中现场及室内试验提供的设计指标与实际差异过大等综合因素造成。经综合对比我国沿海地区高速公路软土地基地质灾害，总结出高速公路软土地基勘测应选用合理的手段，提出勘测设计指标的确定应以十字板、CPT现场试验为准。     

天津软土土性指标概率分布统计分析

软土土性指标作为软基处理设计的基本参数,其变化具有很强的地域特征和显著的不确定性。目前,对软土土性指标统计分析集中在软土物理力学指标的相互关系和分布规律等方面,采用的样本为室内试验和原位测试数据,没有考虑不同试验方法对土性指标不确定性分析的影响。将天津软土作为一个独立的统计单元体,研究了该地区软土物理力学指标的变化范围、变异性、指标间的相互关系和各指标的概率分布模型,得到了天津软土物理指标与压缩指标、强度指标间的统计关系经验公式以及土性指标的概率分布模型;并分析了直剪试验、三轴试验、十字板剪切试验3种不同方法抗剪强度试验结果的相互关系,提出了利用随机因子分析法对试验方法不确定性进行概率评定。研究成果为软土地区工程土工参数的取值提供了依据和参考。     

宁波地区典型淤泥质粘土工程特性

总结宁波地区120个软土地基工程的试验成果,采用数理统计和室内土工试验方法,系统分析研究了宁波地区典型淤泥质粘土的物理力学指标特征、各指标间的相互关系以及固结主要参数,并与我国其他地区软土相关工程特性进行比较,揭示了宁波地区典型软粘土工程特性,即:天然含水率与孔隙比、重度与孔隙比、液限与塑性比相关性非常好;建立的宁波地区软土经验公式不同于其他软土地区。此外,结构性对该地区软土工程性状影响较大,固结系数和次固结系数都受其影响,且影响程度异于其他地区。      

不同取样方法下饱和软土物理力学性状对比试验分析

不同取样方法获得的同一饱和软土的物理力学指标存在一定的差异。以软土地区轨道交通岩土工程勘察项目为依托,采用岩芯管包样、厚壁取土器、敞口薄壁取土器等3种取样方法,对采取的软土土样开展室内对比试验。基于室内试验成果,从物理力学性质角度对比分析了3种取样方法下同一指标之间的规律性及差异性;在对试验成果综合分析的基础上,结合不同取样方法下饱和软土结构组成变化,对指标差异性的内在机理进行相关分析。结果表明:包样和厚壁样的物理性质指标基本一致,抗剪强度指标高于薄壁样2.1%~20.3%;与薄壁样相比,包样和厚壁样的含水量、孔隙比有所降低,降低幅度均为10%左右,密度有小幅度增大,幅度约为3%,抗剪强度指标有所提高,提高幅度6.9%~68.3%;取样方法引发饱和软土固、液组成成分的所占比例的变化是导致其物理力学性质指标产生差异的根本原因。     

广州大学城软土的工程地质性质统计分析

通过对广州大学城软土样基本物理力学指标的室内试验和原位测试数据的数理统计分析,获得了软土的物理力学参数统计值,进而获得了大学城软土的工程地质特性。应用最小二乘法对软土的物理力学指标进行了线性回归分析,得到了指标间的线性相关方程,并应用相关系数的方法来检验相关的显著性程度。统计回归分析成果可为软土物理力学指标间的相互估算做参考,也可为相关规范的修订提供依据。      

有机质对海相软土物理力学特性的影响效应分析

有机质是海相软土的重要组成部分,其对土体物理力学性质的影响有待深入研究。以连云港地区全新世海相软土为例,进行百组土体有机质物理力学试验。结果表明,研究区软土有机质含量平均值为0.98%,在0.90%～1.00%这个区间分布最为广泛。有机质含量在空间上分布不均,平行海岸线较垂直海岸线土体有机质含量变化小,自上向下变化规律...     

Classifying chalk microtextures: Sedimentary versus diagenetic origin (Cenomanian–Santonian,Paris Basin,France)

Microtexture describes the type of particles and their arrangement in matrix samples at scanning electron microscopy scale. Although a microtexture classification exists for micritic limestone, it cannot be directly applied to chalk. This study therefore proposes a classification of chalk microtextures and discusses the origin of microtexture variability. Chalk was sampled at thirteen spatio‐temporal locations along the coastline of northern France (Cenomanian–Santonian). Four criteria are defined to describe, characterize and determine chalk matrix microtexture: (i) mineralogical content; (ii) biogenic fraction; (iii) micritic fraction; and (iv) cement fraction. From these criteria, two major groups are defined: Pure Chalk Microtexture Group, with seven classes, and Impure Chalk Microtexture Group, divided into two subgroups: Argillaceous Microtexture with four classes and Siliceous Microtexture with two classes. Microtexture variability is related both to initial sedimentation and to diagenesis. Sedimentological conditions (for example, climate and distance from shore) affect chalk composition (carbonate content and type of insoluble particles), thus influencing microtexture. Changes in Pure Chalk Microtexture are the result of increasing diagenetic intensity. This classification can also be used to characterize the microtexture of subsurface chalk reservoirs. Reservoir quality depends on the petrophysical and mechanical properties of reservoir rocks, which can be better understood by exploring their sedimentary and diagenetic history, revealed by the study of chalk microtexture variability.     

前陆冲断带构造应力场与裂缝发育关系

针对前陆冲断带地层裂缝预测难的现状, 在选择适合于研究区破裂准则的基础上, 确立了造缝时期古地应力和现今地应力与裂缝参数之间的关系; 通过构造特征研究确定了造缝时期古地应力的性质和方向, 用断层和裂缝走向统计法、声速法、水力压裂法和声发射法计算了现今地应力的方向和大小; 将古、今地应力场的数值模拟结果代入到裂缝参数计算模型中, 计算出了乌夏前陆冲断带二叠系火山岩-沉积岩混杂地层裂缝的开度、密度、孔隙度和渗透率, 并分析了分布趋势。研究表明, 构造应力和岩性对裂缝发育起决定性作用, 构造应力差异大的地区容易产生裂缝, 且裂缝各项参数较大; 靠近主断层的构造高部位裂缝发育程度较高; 凝灰质和泥质含量越大, 粒度越细, 裂缝越发育。      

Measurement of Areas on a Sphere Using Fibonacci and Latitude–Longitude Lattices

The area of a spherical region can be easily measured by considering which sampling points of a lattice are located inside or outside the region. This point-counting technique is frequently used for measuring the Earth coverage of satellite constellations, employing a latitude–longitude lattice. This paper analyzes the numerical errors of such measurements, and shows that they could be greatly reduced if the Fibonacci lattice were used instead. The latter is a mathematical idealization of natural patterns with optimal packing, where the area represented by each point is almost identical. Using the Fibonacci lattice would reduce the root mean squared error by at least 40%. If, as is commonly the case, around a million lattice points are used, the maximum error would be an order of magnitude smaller.     

Condensed sections: Terminology,types, and accumulation conditions

Condensed sections (CS) are abnormally thin but nominally complete sections embracing large stratigraphic intervals. They are subdivided with regard to sedimentation rate into CS (at sedimentation rate of 0.5–1 cm/ka) and ultracondensed sections (with a sedimentation rate <0.5 cm/ka), which can be both deep-water and shallow-water types. The mechanisms of CS accumulation include mechanical, chemical, biotic condensation, and nondeposition. Their combinations allow one to suggest some models of CS accumulation: (1) fast and (2) slow sea level rise and/or its low-amplitude fluctuations; (3) sea level drop; (4) global warming and (5) global cooling.     

渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷的背形负花状构造

花状构造以其独特的构造样式而成为在剖面上识别走滑构造的重要标志.经典的花状构造包括正花状构造和负花状构造.渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷发育一种新型的花状构造——背形负花状构造.在三维地震剖面上,背形负花状构造是由一束向上、向外撒开的大多数为正离距的离散的走滑断层或转换伸展断层所限定的,下部呈"向形",上部呈"背形"的组合样式.平面上,褶皱和相关正断层呈雁行排列.背形负花状构造发育于南堡凹陷转换伸展的构造背景.浅层的"背形"是由转换伸展断层牵引塑性的盖层而形成的一种强制褶皱.该构造经历了牵引背斜形成和背斜脊部断裂-塌落两个发育阶段.背形负花状构造普遍发育于渤海湾盆地的新近系.      

机械施工动荷载-采空区顶板失稳判据

针对机械施工荷载作用下采空区顶板失稳破坏具有突发性及受力过程复杂的特点,将机械施工荷载简化为移动简谐力,采用力学分析建立了机械施工荷载-采空区顶板力学模型。基于动力学理论,形成了机械施工荷载-采空区顶板的双尖点突变模型,由系统失稳的充分条件和必要条件,获得了机械施工荷载-采空区顶板失稳判据。基于能量原理,推导了机械施工荷载-采空区顶板总能量方程,根据系统临界失稳判据,构建了临界机械施工荷载计算模型。对建立的两种失稳判据分别进行实例验证,结果表明采用突变理论计算得到的理论状态与实测状态一致;采用能量原理计算得到的临界机械施工荷载理论值与实测值较吻合,平均误差为11. 01%。研究可为露天开采下机械施工荷载大小控制、采场结构参数设置、采空区失稳控制与治理等提供参考。     

鄂东南古岩溶岩系的识别及其时空发育特点

古岩溶及其成矿作用的研究是鄂东南多金属成矿带沉积学和矿床学工作的较薄弱环节之一。作者依据大量野外观测资料,提出识别该区古岩溶岩系的地层、构造、形态和岩石学等四种标志及其古岩溶岩系的成因分类方案,对古岩溶在时间、空间上发育之强度、多期性及其优先发育部位亦作了分析,并阐述岩浆活动对该区古岩溶发育的影响。最后对古岩溶岩系的生成环境,形成作用和时间进行初步探讨。     

Multivariate canonical correlation techniques: An economic approach for evaluation of pollutants in soil and sediments of Bombay region, India

Multivariate canonical correlation analysis has been carried out taking physical variables (mean, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis) as predictors and chemical variables (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) as responses from the soils and sediments of Thane Creek and Ulhas River areas in Bombay, India. Soil samples provide the first canonical correlation to the presence of more clay fractions, which controls the concentration of trace elements such as Co, Fe, and Ni. In sediment samples, the first canonical correlation explains the role of mean particle size in controlling the concentration of Pb and Ni. The second correlation shows the role of clay minerals in controlling the concentration of the trace elements such as Fe and Zn. The plot of transformed scores of first canonical correlation for soil illustrate the high correlation between sets of variables as all points are grouped closely within an ellipsoidal field. The plot of transformed scores of first canonical correlation illustrate that there is a clear distinction between the type of sediments collected from Thane creek and the Ulhas river region.     

Experimental characterization and 3D DEM simulation of bond breakages in artificially cemented sands with different bond strengths when subjected to triaxial shearing

This paper describes the mechanical behavior of artificially cemented sands with strong, intermediate, and weak bond strengths, using experimentation and 3D discrete element method (DEM) simulation. The focus is on the features of bond breakage and the associated influences on the stress–strain responses. Under triaxial shearing, the acoustic emission rate captured in the experiment and the bond breakage rate recorded in the simulations show resemblance to the stress–strain response, especially for strongly and intermediately cemented samples, where a strain softening response is observed. The simulations further reveal the shear band formation coincides with the development of bond breakage locations due to the local weakness caused by the bond breakages. Strain softening and volumetric dilation are observed inside the shear band, while the region outside the shear band undergoes elastic unloading. The weakly cemented sample exhibits a strain hardening response instead; bond breakages and the associated local weaknesses are always randomly formed such that no persistent shear band is observed. Note that in the DEM simulation, the flexible membrane boundary is established by a network of bonded membrane particles; the membrane particle network is further partitioned into finite triangular elements. The associated algorithm can accurately distribute the applied confining pressure onto the membrane particles and determine the sample volume.     

基于弹性应变能的岩石强度准则

为建立更符合岩石屈服与破坏机制的强度准则,基于能量转化是岩石屈服与破坏的本质属性,采用试验与理论分析相结合的方法,对岩石屈服与破坏准则进行了研究。以岩石强度与整体破坏准则为基础,通过引入弹性应变能释放分散系数,建立基于弹性应变能强度准则;分别采用M-C准则、Murrell准则、三剪能量准则、统一能量准则、三维H-B强度准则及基于弹性应变能岩石强度准则对盐岩和花岗岩的破坏强度进行了计算。结果表明,基于弹性应变能岩石强度准则的计算结果与试验值比较吻合（尤其是真三轴试验条件下）,并且分析了产生上述结果的内在机制。所建立的强度准则仅需测定常规岩石力学参数（单轴抗压强度与泊松比）,物理力学意义明确,对于定量描述岩石的屈服与破坏特性具有重要的意义。