四川盆地紫色土矿质元素的含量与分布

紫色土是我国的一种独特土壤类型,矿质元素的含量与分布异于间一地区地带性土壤。铝、钙、镁、钾、钠、磷和锰高于我国土壤平均值,其中铝、钙、钾、钠和镁还高于世界土壤平均值;硅、铁和钛低于我国土壤平均值。紫色土矿质元素分布受成土母岩,元素自身迁移能力和成土条件影响。镁、钾、铁、钛的迁移能力较弱,分布较均一。含量主要受成土条件影响的有钙、钠、铝、磷、锰,在土壤中变化较大。紫色土硅的含量和分布基本上取决于沉积相。四川盆地镁、钾、锰、硅的区域分异比钙、钠、铝、磷、钛、铁要小。     

偏硼酸锂熔矿-超声提取-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定岩石水系沉积物土壤样品中硅铝铁等10种元素

采用偏硼酸锂熔矿分解样品,超声波振动提取,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定同一份溶液中的硅、铝、铁、钙、镁、钾、钠、磷、锰、钛等组分。通过对岩石、水系沉积物和土壤国家一级标准物质测定验证,方法的准确度、精密度能够满足样品中各元素定量分析的要求。     

用偏硼酸锂熔样ICP-AES法测定岩石中Si、Zr等12个元素

本方法采用偏硼酸锂分解样品，电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测量，在同一份溶液中可以测定硅、钠、铝、钙、镁、铁、钛、锰、钡、锶、钒、锆等元素。通过对国家标准物质测定，其准确度、精密度能满足岩石样品中定量分析要求。     

锰矿中钾钠钙镁等十三项组份的快速测定

本文以分光光度法和原子吸收法为测定手段,拟定了锰矿中钾、钠、钙、镁、钴、镍、铜、铁、钡、铝、硅、磷、钛十三项组份的快速分析方法。样品经硼酸-碳酸锂熔融之后,锰转化为锰酸盐。经稀盐酸提取,锰酸盐立即歧化成MnO_2和KMnO_4。同时由于酸液中H~ 、Cl~-离子以及MnO_2的作用,KMnO_4也很快分解。过滤除去MoO_2,溶液中残留的Mn~(2 )、对测定无影响。     

内标校正-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定磷矿石中的磷

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)可以同时测定磷矿石中的主、次量元素,但在实际测量过程中,仪器的漂移以及基体效应引起的分析误差不容忽视。本文以碲为内标,对高含量磷的测定进行校正,可以有效降低由仪器漂移以及基体效应引起的分析误差,12次平行测定磷的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.5%,与未经校正的RSD值(4.1%)相比,显著提高了分析精度,极大地降低了仪器波动对测定结果的影响,因此获得了更低的方法检出限(0.0044%)。实验还对比了王水溶样与盐酸-硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸(四酸)溶样两种样品前处理方法对磷矿石分析的影响,结果表明:以王水对磷矿石标准物质进行快速溶解,磷、钙、铁、镁、锰等元素的测定结果与标准值间的相对误差范围为-6.7%~1.6%,满足日常测定要求;而钾、钠、铝是否能够完全溶出与样品的矿物组成及氟含量存在联系,若需要分析钾、钠、铝等元素,如果样品中的硅酸盐矿物组成不多,氟含量较高时可以考虑采用王水溶解;四酸可以完全溶解样品,适合于磷、钙、铁、镁、铝、钾、钠、锰、锶等元素的同时测定。     

水系沉积物中25个主元素和微量元素的X射线荧光光谱测定

本文适应1:20万区域化探样品的测试的需要。 采用低压聚乙稀镶边垫底的粉末压饼法制样,使用3080E2型X射线光谱仪对化探样品中的钠、镁、铝、硅、钾、钙、铁、磷、钛、锰、钡、钒、钴、铬、镧、铌、锆、钇、锶、铷、钍、铅、锌、铜和镍25个元素进行直接测定。用铑靶的Kα线的康普顿散射线作内标和经验系数法校正元素间的效应。方法的检出限、精密度和准确度均较好,满足了区域化探上的要求。方法简便、快速、成本低、效率高。     

微波消解-原子吸收光谱法测定岩芯中的8种金属元素

岩芯分析是油气田开采前期必须开展的必要研究工作。岩芯样品常见金属元素钾(12.30 mg/g)、钠(15.04 mg/g)、铝(28.83 mg/g)、铁(11.13 mg/g)含量较高,且含有大量有机物,文章首次提出以微波消解方式,用浓硝酸和过氧化氢分解有机物,盐酸和氢氟酸处理二氧化硅等无机物,分解稠油油藏岩芯样品效果明显,原子吸收光谱法测定样品中钾、钠、钙、镁、铝、铁、锰、钡8种金属元素的含量。分析结果表明,方法线性相关系数良好(相关系数为0.9949～0.9998),回收率在92.2%～101.6%。建立的微波消解技术无样品损失,操作简单,消解过程节省试剂,减少了环境污染,测定方法准确、可靠,检出限低。     

微波消解-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定白云石中铁铝钙镁钾钠硫

采用微波消解白云石样品，电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定其中铁、铝、钙、镁、钾、钠、硫的氧化物，对微波消解条件和等离子体发射光谱仪的工作条件进行了选择，克服了常规化学分析方法步骤繁琐、耗时长、工作量大的不足。利用所建立的方法快速分析了白云石中铁、铝、钙、镁、钾、钠、硫的含量，结果与标准值或化学法相符，10次测定的相对标准偏差（RSD）7种元素均小于1％，可以满足生产和科研的要求。     

岩矿微量元素分析中分光光度法的作用

本文是朱詠煊同志在岩矿中微量元素分析交流会上提交的报告。提出了作者对分光光度法在微量元素分析中应用前景的看法。现发表于下,以供有关方面参考。岩石分析中习惯上把硅、钛、铝、铁、锰、钙、镁、钠、钾、氢、碳、磷的氧化物,以及氟、硫等成分以外的元素成分称为微量元素。有人则把试样中浓度低于0.1％或0.01％的成分称为微量元素;或再划分为微量成分、痕量成分及超痕量成分。     

电感耦合氩等离子体原子发射光谱同时测定某些地质样品中的常量元素及痕量元素

高频电感耦合氩等离子体原子发射光谱法是多元素同时测定的有效手段,。我们通过实验并充分发挥了750原子光量计所具有的功能、编辑了可同时测定硅酸盐岩石中22个元素的分析矩阵,其中常量元素有铁、铝、钙、镁、钾、钠、磷、锰、钛9个元素:痕量元素有钡、铍、镉、铈、钴、铬、     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定高岭土中杂质元素

高岭土经高氯酸-氢氟酸混合酸消解、挥硅处理,标准溶液中加入一定含量的铝进行基体匹配,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定矿样中铁、锰、镁、钙、钠、钾的含量,方法基体效应较小,各待测元素之间没有明显干扰。方法用于分析有证标准物质和实际样品,分析结果与标准值和国家标准方法测定值一致,均在允许误差范围内;回收率为88%~107%;精密度(RSD,n=12)为0.77%~2.85%。与现行的单元素分析方法相比,建立的方法分析周期短,操作简单,适用于大批量高岭土的商品检验。     

Chemical speciation of redox sensitive elements during hydrocarbon leaching in the Junggar Basin,Northwest China

Bleaching related to seepage of petroleum fluids and subsurface migration of crude oil and natural gas can alter the chemical and mineralogical properties of rocks, while concurrently depleting hydrocarbon reservoirs. Mud volcanoes constitute one type of petroleum seepage present in several areas on the southern margin of the Junggar Basin in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, NW China. The results of XRD, XRF, XANES, and Mössbauer spectroscopy on rock samples collected from areas affected by these mud volcanoes revealed an enrichment of certain minerals and elements, as well changes in mineralogical, molecular, or ionic carrier (“species”). After bleaching, reddish sedimentary rocks showed depletion in silica and enrichment of calcium, magnesium, manganese, and iron. Other elements, including aluminum, potassium, sodium, and titanium, were largely unchanged. Reduced iron and sulfur compounds predominated in the bleached rocks, producing changes in color from the original reddish into green, deep gray, and black. Iron and calcium were associated with carbonates, indicating carbonation of these elements during the bleaching processes. Manganese also appeared to be associated with carbonate, though not with sulfate even though sulfate was present in the bleached rocks. Alkaline conditions were apparently the dominant because reduced manganese would have been absent under acidic condition. The alteration of certain minerals, clay minerals in particular, was also observed in bleached rocks, the alteration of smectite-group minerals to chlorite and muscovite, for example. Mineralogical and geochemical changes in rocks bleached by hydrocarbon fluids could provide a better overall understanding of bleaching processes, and may have applications in surface geochemical exploitation and remote imaging.     

碱熔融-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定高硫铝土矿中的硫

应用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-OES)测定高硫铝土矿(硫含量≤8%)中的硫时,由于硫存在-2、+4和+6等多种价态,常用的酸溶法和碱熔法处理高硫铝土矿时往往无法完全氧化硫而导致硫测定结果偏低。本文用过氧化钠熔融、热水浸取和盐酸酸化提取高硫铝土矿中的硫,使用基体匹配法绘制校准曲线补偿铝和钠对硫测定的光谱干扰,以S182.034 nm(184 nm)作为分析谱线,采用ICP-OES对硫进行测定。结果表明:3 g过氧化钠在700℃下熔融10 min,可以较好地氧化高硫铝土矿中的硫;校准曲线的线性相关系数为0.9999,方法检出限为0.025μg/m L,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)小于5%;与碳硫仪的测定结果相比较,两种方法无显著性差异。本方法溶样彻底,无样品损失,为今后实现应用ICP-OES同时测定高硫铝土矿中的硫和其他元素奠定了基础。     

石灰岩发育土壤团聚体形成机制研究

土壤团聚体是土壤最基本的结构单元。为了解岩溶地区石灰岩发育土壤团聚体的形成机制,选择贵阳市花溪区花溪水库石灰岩所发育的土壤为材料,采用干、湿筛法,分析团聚体颗粒的分级情况,并比较拆分有机质与钙镁铁铝离子间连接后四种离子含量的变化以及团聚体各粒级含量的变化。结果显示:团聚体是由细小颗粒在胶结物质有机质与钙镁铁铝离子结合下形成微团聚体,进一步形成更大粒级的团聚体,最后在分子力的作用下粘结土粒或者其他团聚体形成完整的团聚体结构;有机质与钙离子的结合是团聚体形成的主要胶结物质,其次为有机质与镁铁离子的结合,有机制与铝离子的结合作用不大,这与石灰岩矿物主要是碳酸钙有关;研究区发育土壤大粒级水稳性团聚体含量相对较高,土壤抗蚀性好,抵抗侵蚀能力强。      

Effect of biodiesel on particulate numbers and composition emitted from turbocharged diesel engine

In present study a turbocharged, medium duty compression ignition engine was alternatively fuelled with biodiesel to investigate the changes in particulate matter composition, relative to that taken with diesel fuel. The engine was operated on an AC electrical dynamometer in accordance with an 8-mode, steady-state cycle. The numbers of particles were estimated through electrical low pressure impactor, while sulfates and trace metals were analyzed by ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, respectively. Nitric oxides and nitrogen dioxides were measured separately using SEMTECH-DS. Experimental results revealed that, on account of elevated ratios of nitrogen dioxide to nitrogen oxides, mean accumulation mode particles were 42 % lower with biodiesel. On the other hand, nuclei mode particles were higher with biodiesel, owing to heterogeneous nucleation and accounting for an increase in sulfate emissions up to 8 % with biodiesel as compared to diesel. On the average, trace metal emissions were significantly reduced showing 65–85.4 % reduction rates with biodiesel, relative to its counterpart. Further to this, individual congeners such as iron, calcium, and sodium were the predominant elements of the trace metals emitted from engine. The mean relative decrease in iron and calcium was 89–97.8 and 77.6–87 %, respectively, while the relative rise in sodium was in the range of 29–46 % with biodiesel. Further, elements such as zinc, chromium, and aluminum showed substantial abatement, whereas potassium, magnesium, and manganese exhibited irregular trends on account of variable engine loads and speeds during the various modes of cycle.     

用氟硼酸根选择电极测定硼镁矿中硼

BF_4~-选择电极测定硼,不仅有较高的灵敏度和很宽的测量范围,而且操作简便、快速、易于掌握。现已用于水、土壤、硼钢、钢铁、硅以及硼硅酸玻璃中硼的测定。我们直接用HF分解试样(铀浓缩物),将硼转化为BF_4~-,用Na_2CO_3掩蔽大量铀,不需进行任何分离,成功地测定了铀浓缩物中的微量硼(>0.002%)。本法硼的     

介形虫壳元素成分的初步测试

用能谱仪初步测试了46个介形虫样品的元素成分,结果表明现代介形虫壳的元素成分变化小,Ca为其主要成分(含Ca94.12—99.8％),Si、Al含量很低。新生代介形虫壳的成分和现代介形虫壳的成分相似.中生代和古生代的介形虫壳含Ca量减少,Si、Al含量增高,还含微量的K、Mn、Fe、S、Mg等元素.介形虫壳成分的变化,推测与地质时期中介形虫的埋藏条件和石化程度等有关.     

ICP-AES法同时测定钛铁矿中钾钠钙镁钡锶锌

采用HCl—HNO3-HF—HClO4,HCl—HNO3-HF—H2SO4敞口和HCl-HNO3-HF—HClO4,HCl-HNO3-HF—H2SO4微波消解4种方法溶矿,利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP—AES）测定,建立了钛铁矿中钾、钠、钙、镁、钡、锶、锌等元素的同时测定方法。对电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定的最佳仪器条件及分析谱线进行了选择,并对钛、铁基体的影响、溶矿提取酸度以及溶矿残渣进行了研究。实验结果表明：采用HCl-HNO3-HF-HClO4敞口溶矿,具有检出限低、灵敏度高,操作简便、快速等突出优点。该方法测定值与推荐值基本吻合,分析方法的精密度满足《地质矿产实验室测试质量管理规范》的要求。     

Physico-chemical analysis of surface and groundwater around Singrauli Coal Field, District Singrauli, Madhya Pradesh, India

The present study was carried out in Singrauli area of the north India to know the water quality at selected sites. Physico-chemical parameters like pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), bicarbonate, hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, sulfate, copper, iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, and chromium were analyzed in 27 water samples. Locations selected for sampling were based on the preliminary field survey carried out to understand the overall impact of mining and industrialization on the surface and groundwater resources of Singrauli. Base map, drainage map, and land use/land cover of the study area were prepared from Survey of India topographic map 63 L/12 on 1:50000 scale and satellite data of IRS P6 LISS III 4th May 2010. Land use were categorized into 15 categories out of which major area occupied by open forest covers 20.33 %, uncultivated land 20.25 %, cultivated land 12.60 %, dense forest 11.00 %, and other categories cover 35.82 %. The results obtained are compared with World Health Organisation standards for drinking water quality. The physico chemical analysis shows alkaline nature of water, soft to moderately soft, TDS and total alkalinity exceeds the desirable limit. The major ions in water like calcium, and magnesium are within desirable limits, and sulfate and potassium exceed in limit at some locations, whereas sodium and chloride show higher values. The minor ions like copper and zinc show values within desirable limits whereas iron, cobalt, and chromium show higher values than the desirable limits which deteriorate the quality of water.     

钙、铁、铝形态对岩溶石灰土磷有效性的影响

为揭示钙、铁、铝形态与岩溶地区土壤磷有效性关系,通过改进的BCR元素形态连续提取法获取石灰土不同发育阶段土壤矿质元素赋存形态,并分析与总磷及速效磷含量之间的相关关系。初步研究表明:石灰土壤中全磷和速效磷在石灰土发育过程呈降低趋势,从黑色石灰土到黄色石灰土,总磷降低了76.7%,速效磷减少了84.7%。石灰土总磷与速效磷同酸溶态、可还原态及残渣态钙,可氧化态铁、铝和可还原态铝显著正相关,而同总铁、总铝以及残渣态铝显著负相关,相关系数绝对值均达到0.9以上。随着石灰土发育进行,钙总量及其形态均降低,而铝、铁总量和形态呈增加趋势,可能导致岩溶地区石灰土磷及其有效性缺乏越发突出。