1D PetroMod software modeling of the Basrah oil fields, Southern Iraq

1D (Petromod) hydrocarbon charge modeling and source rock characterization of the Lower Cretaceous and Upper Jurassic underlying the prolific Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs in the Basra oilfields in southern Iraq. The study is based on well data of the Majnoon, West Qurna, Nahr Umr, Zubair, and Rumaila oil fields. Burial histories indicate complete maturation of Upper Jurassic source rocks during the Late Cretaceous to Paleogene followed by very recent (Neogene) maturation of the Low/Mid Cretaceous succession from early to mid-oil window conditions, consistent with the regional Iraq study of Pitman et al. (Geo Arab 9(4):41–72, 2004). These two main phases of hydrocarbon generation are synchronous with the main tectonic events and trap formation associated with Late Cretaceous closure of the neo-Tethys; the onset of continent–continent collision associated with the Zagros orogeny and Neogene opening of the Gulf of Suez/Red Sea. Palynofacies of the Lower Cretaceous Sulaiy and Lower Yamama Formations and of the Upper Jurassic Najmah/Naokelekan confirm their source rock potential, supported by pyrolysis data. To what extent the Upper Jurassic source rocks contributed to charge of the overlying Cretaceous reservoirs remains uncertain because of the Upper Jurassic Gotnia evaporite seal in between. The younger Cretaceous rocks do not contain source rocks nor were they buried deep enough for significant hydrocarbon generation.     

伊拉克H油田Mishrif组生物碎屑类型及对储层物性的控制作用

正白垩系Mishrif组生物碎屑灰岩是伊拉克H油田的重要产层,生物碎屑主要是有壳类碎屑(田泽普等,2016;王昱翔等,2017)。由于缺乏各类生物碎屑成分及成岩过程中的差异性分析,对生物碎屑灰岩储层物性的控制机理研究不够深入,限制了对该类储层的认识及高效开发。本文基于岩心观察、铸体薄片及常规物性等资料,开展伊拉克H油田Mishrif组的生物碎屑类型、成岩特征及储层物     

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Depositional environments and porosity distribution in regressive limestone reservoirs of the Mishrif Formation,Southern Iraq

Eight subsurface sections and a large number of thin sections of the Mishrif Limestone were studied to unravel the depositional facies and environments. The allochems in the Mishrif Formation are dominated by bioclasts, whereas peloids, ooids, and intraclasts are less abundant. The sedimentary microfacies of the Mishrif Formation includes mudstone, wackestone, packstone, grainstone, floatstone, and rudstone, which have been deposited in basinal, outer shelf, slop followed by shoal reef and lagoonal environments. The formation displays various extents of dolomitization and is cemented by calcite and dolomite. The formation has gradational contact with the underlying Rumaila Formation but is unconformably overlain by the Khasib Formation. The unconformity is recognized because the skeletal grains are dominated by Chaophyta (algae), which denotes the change of environment from fully marine to lacustrine environment. Thus, the vertical bioclast analysis indicates that the Mishrif Formation is characterized by two regressive cycles, which control the distribution of reservoir quality as well as the patterns of calcite and dolomite cement distribution. Mishrif Formation gradationally overlies Rumaila Formation. This was indicated by the presence of the green parts of Chaophyta (algae) as main skeletal grains at the uppermost part of well Zb-47, which refer to lacustrine or fresh water environment. Petrographical study shows that the fossils, peloids, oolitis, and intraclasts represent the main allochem. Calcite and dolomite (as diagenetic products) are the predominant mineral components of Mishrif Formation. Fossils were studied as an environmental age and facial boundaries indicators, which are located in a chart using personal computer programs depending on their distributions on the first appearance of species. Fifteen principal sedimentary microfacies have been identified in the Mishrif Formation, which includes lime mudstone, mudstone–wackestone, wackestone, wackestone–packstone, packstone, packstone–grainstone, grainstone–floatstone, packstone–floatstone, packstone–rudstone, and wackestone–floatstone. Markov chain analysis has been used to study the transitional pattern of different microfacies types vertically in each well and laterally in all wells as a composite section. The vertical analysis indicates that the Mishrif Formation characterized by two regressive cycles, the main one started with basinal or outer shelf environment, slop environment followed by shoal or reefal environment, and ended with a lagoonal environment. The lateral analysis shows the same regressive cycle, and by using the lithofacies association concepts, we built the depositional model of the Mishrif Formation environment.     

伊拉克哈勒法耶油田Mishrif组滩相储层特征及其成因分析

伊拉克哈勒法耶油田Mishrif组滩相储层发育,是研究区内最主要的产油层位。利用岩心、薄片、测井资料对Mishrif组沉积相进行了研究,结果表明该组发育局限台地、开阔台地、台内洼地和台地边缘4种沉积相,滩相储层主要发育在开阔台地和台地边缘相带。并综合利用铸体薄片、物性实验数据及压汞曲线等资料对滩相储层特征和成因进行了分析。滩相储层岩石类型多样,发育生屑灰岩、生屑泥粒/粒泥灰岩、砂屑灰岩等多种岩石类型,岩石颗粒较粗。孔隙类型多样,主要以铸模孔、粒间孔、溶孔和体腔孔为主,其中以粒间孔和铸模孔发育最为广泛。各类滩相储层孔隙度较高,渗透率差异明显,平均渗透率为(2.35~139.17)×10~(-3)μm~2。整体孔隙结构较好,排驱压力较低,大喉道较为发育。滩相储层发育受沉积环境控制和成岩作用改造程度影响,有利的沉积条件是滩相储层原生孔隙发育的基础,同生期溶蚀作用的改造形成大量次生孔隙,从而提高了储层的储集性能。     

生物碎屑灰岩差异成岩及储集层特征:以伊拉克HF油田白垩系Mishirif组为例*

中东地区白垩系Mishirif组以生物碎屑灰岩为主,其形成于温暖潮湿的环境中。综合利用岩心、铸体薄片、全岩分析、常规物性及高压压汞等资料,以伊拉克HF油田Mishrif组为例,开展生物碎屑类型、分布特征、差异成岩及储集层特征等研究。Mishrif组灰岩中生物碎屑以底栖有孔虫、非固着类双壳类、厚壳蛤和棘皮动物为主,含少量苔藓动物、藻类与海绵动物,其含量、类型及大小对沉积环境有重要指示意义。沉积环境决定岩石组分与结构的差异,在此基础上成岩作用控制岩石的孔隙结构与物性特征。生物碎屑主要经历了不同程度海水环境的泥晶化和生物钻孔、大气淡水环境的溶蚀和胶结、埋藏环境的压实压溶和颗粒破裂作用。以底栖有孔虫和非固着类双壳类碎屑为主的低能沉积环境具有“弱溶蚀、强胶结、强压实”的成岩特征,主要发育微孔、晶间孔及粒内孔,孔喉分布呈偏细态细微喉单峰型,物性较差;以厚壳蛤和棘皮动物碎屑为主的高能沉积环境具有“强溶蚀、弱胶结”的成岩特征,主要发育铸模孔、粒间孔及粒间溶孔,孔喉分布呈偏粗态中粗喉极宽峰型,是Mishrif组最有利储集层。以HF油田Mishrif组为代表的白垩系生物碎屑灰岩在中东地区发育广泛,故上述成果对于该地区生物碎屑灰岩油气开发具有重要意义。     

伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组潟湖环境碳酸盐岩储集层成因机理

为深化潟湖相碳酸盐岩储集层非均质性认识,以伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组为例,基于岩心观察、物性分析数据、铸体薄片及压汞实验,对潟湖相储集层特征及成因机理开展研究.结果显示:研究区潟湖环境岩石类型复杂,生物碎屑具有多样性,储集层以低渗、特低渗为主,孔隙度分布范围宽,发育大量的基质微孔、铸模孔和晶间孔.储集层强非均质...     

伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组沉积特征及控储机理

为明确伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层成因,基于岩芯观察、铸体薄片、物性分析及测井资料,通过沉积微相分析确定研究区沉积环境,系统分析不同沉积相储层特征。结果表明:M油田Mishrif组为带障壁的缓坡环境,包括潟湖边缘坪、潟湖、台内滩、滩后、潮道、浅滩、滩前及开阔浅海。中、高渗储层主要发育于浅滩和滩前等高能沉积环境,储集层以粒间孔和粒间溶孔为主,发育大孔喉,生屑滩储集层和滩前储集层物性分布区间较大。潟湖边缘坪、潟湖、台内滩及滩后等低能沉积环境以低渗和特低渗储集层为主,孔隙度跨度大,孔隙类型主要为基质微孔、颗粒微孔、铸模孔和粒间孔,以微喉和中喉为主,喉道分选较好。综合分析认为:沉积相通过控制沉积物的结构组分控制了岩石的成岩演化。高能沉积型储集层以溶蚀作用和胶结作用为主,储集层物性是胶结物对孔隙和喉道充填封堵程度的函数;低能沉积型储层是生物多样性和差异成岩作用的结果,选择性溶蚀作用、与生物扰动相伴生的白云化作用、泥晶化作用、胶结作用、非选择性溶蚀作用和混合白云化作用形成的复杂孔隙控制了储集层物性。     

伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组层序构型及储层展布

为明确伊拉克M油田白垩系Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层展布规律及控制因素,基于岩芯、测井和铸体薄片资料,在三级层序地层格架的控制下,通过岩相分析识别碳酸盐岩地层暴露面、岩性转换面和最大海泛面,将Mishrif组划分为6个四级层序（SQ1~SQ6）。结果表明:研究区发育浅滩暴露型、局限环境暴露型、浅滩非暴露型和长期暴露风化型4种层序构型,每种层序的沉积环境,体系域类型、层序界面特征、暴露时间及对储层的控制等存在差异。浅滩暴露型层序高位体系域晚期发育厚壳蛤滩、生屑滩及滩前等高能沉积型储层;局限环境暴露型层序界面以薄层炭质泥岩为特征,主要发育台内滩储集层,高位体系域顶部致密胶结带可作为物性隔层;浅滩非暴露型层序界面为岩性转换面,高位体系域发育潮道和生屑滩等高能沉积储层;长期暴露风化型层序高位体系域发育生屑滩储层,低位体系域形成的风化角砾岩带可作为良好的物性隔挡层。在深水沉积环境和潟湖沉积环境中,与生物扰动作用相伴生的白云化作用有效地改善沉积物的结构组分,形成了多套薄层低能成岩型储集层。     

伊拉克HF油田Mishrif组碳酸盐岩 米级旋回的识别及意义

伊拉克HF油田上白垩统Mishrif组发育于新特提斯洋被动陆缘的碳酸盐缓坡,沉积相受海平面变化的影响尚不明确。通过对岩心、薄片的观察和分析,对HF油田Mishrif组中的储层发育段MB1-2层(厚度约100 m)的岩性及沉积微相特征进行了研究。结果表明:MB1-2层段发育了中缓坡生物碎屑滩与内缓坡泥晶灰岩交互相沉积,岩性变化频繁,具有向上沉积水体变浅、颗粒变粗、岩层变厚的特征,表现为较典型的潮下型米级旋回。应用米兰科维奇周期原理,根据MB1-2层的单层厚度(0.1～4.8 m),通过Matlab软件计算,将自然伽马曲线转换到频率域以捕获米氏旋回信息,得出旋回周期为2～48 ka,并推断研究区MB1-2层的交互式沉积环境受岁差旋回与黄赤交角旋回相互作用所控制。     

Evaluation of groundwater quality in the Dibdibba aquifer using hydrogeochemical and isotope techniques (Basrah Province,Iraq)

Acta Geochimica - The Dibdibba aquifer is considered to be the main source in the Al-Zubair area because agriculture depends on it to provide grazing water in the area. The groundwater well samples...     

伊拉克哈法亚油田白垩系Mishrif组碳酸盐岩孔隙结构及控制因素

伊拉克哈法亚油田Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层孔隙结构类型的差异性及对其控制因素的认识是制约该类储层分类评价的一个关键问题。综合利用岩芯、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规物性、压汞分析等手段及统计分析方法对储层的主要孔隙类型、喉道类型、喉道分布特征进行了研究,确定了孔隙结构划分依据和方案,并划分出了中低孔超低渗细喉型、中低孔低渗细喉型、中高孔中低渗中细喉型、高孔中低渗细喉型、中高孔中低渗细喉型、中高孔中低渗中喉型六种孔隙结构类型,并通过毛管压力曲线的形态划分出了Ⅰ-Ⅴ五类线型;研究区主要发育开阔台地相,并划分出8种储集岩类型,分别是泥晶灰岩、生屑粒泥灰岩、生屑泥粒灰岩、砂屑生屑泥粒灰岩、生屑颗粒灰岩、砂屑生屑颗粒灰岩、介壳类漂浮岩和岩溶建造岩,其中岩溶建造岩储层具有较特殊的网络状孔隙结构。因此,可以认为哈法亚Mishrif组储层主要受早成岩期岩溶作用影响,其早成岩期溶蚀具有明显的相控特征,是孔隙结构差异性的主要控制因素,极大的改善了该套储层的物性。     

巨厚灰岩油藏中隔夹层与高渗层成因与发育规律 ——以伊拉克H油田Mishrif组为例

隔夹层和高渗层是影响油田开发效果的重要因素.以伊拉克H油田Mishrif组为例,基于岩心和测井资料,在渗透率控制因素分析的基础上,研究了隔夹层和高渗层的成因类型与发育规律,并探讨了对油田开发的指导意义.Mishrif组生物碎屑灰岩渗透率与岩石结构、孔隙类型和成岩改造密切相关,受沉积和成岩作用的共同控制.隔夹层包括隔层、...     

Palynofacies, palaeoenvironment, and source rocks evaluation of Ratawi Formation, Southern Iraq

Palynological analysis were done on 12 rock samples for Ratawi Formation from Rumailah well 131 and eight samples for the same formation from Zubair well 47, South Iraq, to extract sedimentary organic matters. Microscopic examination led to diagnose large numbers of spores, pollen, dinoflagellates (proximat, cavate, and chorate), foraminifera, melanogen, hylogen, and amorphogen. Three palynological facies were determined on the bases of percentages of sedimentary organic matter and palynomorphs from two sections. Analysis of these palynofacies clarified Ratawi Formation as deposited from environments ranging from delta and lagoon (suboxic–dysoxic) to shelf facies (anoxic near the shore–suboxic) with the presence of some layers deposited from semideep open marine environment (bathyal). Organic geochemical analysis of total organic carbon and Rock Eval pyrolysis were done to determine quantity, quality, and degree of maturation of the kerogen. Poor to medium proportion of total organic carbon of kerogen types II and III within a catagenesis stage are recorded in these rocks, and hence, poor hydrocarbon generation could be suggested for these strata.     

Eco-environmental change detection by using remote sensing and GIS techniques: a case study Basrah province, south part of Iraq

This study examines the temporal and spatial dynamics of eco-environment degradation processes and change detection as evident from land use survey datasets (1990–2003) for the Basrah province, Iraq was taken as a case. Using a combination of techniques of RS, GIS, and GPS, the study identifies five prominent eco-environment degradation processes, namely: desertification, secondary salinization, urbanization, vegetation degradation, and loss of wetlands. Rates of conversion were calculated and distribution patterns were mapped with the aid of GIS. The results suggest that wind erosion was the dominant cause of eco-environment degradation in more than half of the study area. Coupled with this were increases in salinization processes, affecting 17.6% of the land area in 2003. Overall, severe eco-environment degradation was noticed to be the dominant eco-environment degradation grade (61.9% of total area), followed by moderate eco-environment degradation (18.9% of total area) in 2003. Incorporation of both natural and anthropogenic factors in the analysis provided realistic assessment of the risk of land degradation. The study area, in general, is exposed to a high-risk of eco-environment degradation.     

Seismic intensity zoning and earthquake risk mapping in Iraq

The recently published Iraqi earthquake data file over the period 1905–1984 is used to derive a local I _o -M _s formula. This is then combined with a local intensity attenuation relationship to compile the observed I _o (MM) zoning map for Iraq. Earthquake risk is calculated using the log N (M _s )relation for selected design magnitudes and periods and is mapped as the (%) probability of occurrence using a 0.5 deg latitude/longitude grid system. It is observed that the intensity zones and contour distributions are highly influenced by the presence of large magnitude shocks while risk maps reveal the Tauros seismogenic zone as having a greater risk of occurrence than the Zagros zone. The compiled zoning maps are intended for the use of local practising engineers for earthquake-resistant design procedures that are currently being adopted in the country.     

波斯湾盆地中白垩统Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层特征及其发育模式

Mishrif组碳酸盐岩储层是波斯湾盆地最主要的储集层之一,储层岩石类型主要为礁滩相生物礁灰岩、生屑灰岩和含生屑泥灰岩,储集空间主要为粒间(溶)孔、晶间(溶)孔、铸模孔、表生期组构选择性溶蚀孔洞和基质微孔。储层多呈层状展布,横向上连续,边界受沉积相带约束; 纵向上发育多套致密隔夹层,呈强非均质性。储层发育与保存主要受沉积作用、成岩作用和构造作用影响。碳酸盐岩缓坡背景下发育的生物礁和生屑滩空间分布受盆地基底古构造格局控制,是优质储层分布相带。相对海平面升降旋回控制相带迁移和成岩作用差异,导致优质孔渗层与致密隔夹层交互发育。构造圈闭发育与油气充注时间的耦合有效抑制压实作用和胶结作用对储层的破坏,是储层得以保存的有利因素。     

Geochemistry of sediments of the Al-Batin alluvial fan,Southern Iraq

The Al-Batin alluvial fan covers a broad area of southern Iraq. It was the main battlefield of two devastating wars in 1991 and 2003, during which huge amounts of depleted uranium (DU) were used. This study aims to assess the geochemistry of this fan sediment including the potential effects of the DU used. Sixty-three samples were collected from sediments including three samples from sediments under tanks attacked by DU ammunition. Major elements were measured by XRF (fusion bead method), whereas ICP-MS was used to measure the trace elements. The results suggest that the most dominant major minerals are in the order of: quartz?>?secondary gypsum?>?calcite?>?feldspar, clay minerals?>?iron oxide, and show abnormal concentrations of Sr, Cr, Ni, and V. This study also determined an area with high concentration of U in the north east part of the fan. Statistical analysis and spatial distribution of important elements suggests that two major factors affect mineral formation. The first factor reflects the influence of minerals in the source area of the sediments (Arabian Shield): quartz, carbonate, clay minerals, feldspars, as well as iron oxides and elevated concentrations of V, Ni, and Cr. The second factor points at authigenic formation of secondary gypsum and celestite and elevated U concentration under the control of a hot arid climate and the specific groundwater situation. However, the origin of the sediments is geogenic, while the anthropogenic impact seems to be minor. Spatial distribution of U and the ^235/238U ratio did not show any peaks in the places where tanks have been destroyed. This is contrary to media speculations and some scientific reports about the permanent risks of DU in the area, which creates public concern about the potential risk of living in this area.     

柴达木盆地别勒滩地区深部卤水储层空间分布特征研究

我国柴达木盆地蕴藏着丰富且极具开发潜力的卤水钾锂资源,但随着产能的不断扩大和持续开发,浅部易开采的优质资源不断减少,走向深部开采成为必然选择。与浅部相比,盐湖深部卤水储层质量相对较差,富水性弱且不稳定,开采难度极大。本文以查明察尔汗盐湖别勒滩区段深部卤水储层特征为目的,通过分析钻孔岩性和物性数据,研究了别勒滩区段深部卤水储层的平面分布特征和厚度变化规律,结果表明研究区以东南部储层厚度最大且石盐岩储层质量最优。卤水储层三维建模研究显示,富锂卤水主要分布在研究区中北部,南部锂含量相对较低;平面上第Ⅱ含矿层在中部石盐厚度大且粉砂和黏土夹层少,有利于卤水的开采。