Evaluation of an abandoned aggregate quarry used for uncontrolled waste disposal using remote sensing technologies (Atabey,Isparta-Turkey)

Today, waste is an important environmental problem that needs to be solved. The way it is collected and managed should be considered with respect to the negative impact on the environment. Although the Atabey aggregate quarry was operated with natural sand-gravel until 2 years ago, it was closed due to technological renovation in the crushing-screening unit and uneconomic production. This area was later used by the Atabey Municipality as a waste storage area. Thus, uncontrolled storage occurred at the quarry site. As a result, new, more intensive environmental problems have emerged in the area, such as visual pollution and the pollution of groundwater. This paper evaluates the impact of municipal solid waste disposal in an abandoned quarry site on groundwater, land surface temperature, land surface moisture, and vegetation cover using GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and remote sensing technologies. According to the obtained results, the solid wastes stored in the area caused groundwater pollution, increased surface temperature, and reduced soil moisture.     

一个与铬铁矿富集有关的巨型实验

现在岩石学、矿床学的实验一般用样品是几十毫克、甚至十几毫克,其目的是要精确化。但是许多事实说明,这种精密的实验工作并不能完全解决矿床的成因。要解决矿床成因的问题,至少必须回答下面三个问题:(1)有用金属矿物是在什么条件下形成的;(2)有用金属矿物是如何富集为矿石的;(3)矿石如何具有一定的量,并达到经济上可开采的要求。实验岩石学和实验矿床学的资料一般只说明了第一个问题。     

Northern Greece's industrial minerals: production and environmental technology developments

This paper reviews the use of Greek industrial minerals into developing low-cost, high-tech solutions to remediate parts of the chemical pollution environmental problem. The remediation strategy, based on the application and implementation of the Greek industrial minerals potential, became a major line of investigation in projects to develop new environmental technologies. Although past and current experiments have been successful on a lab scale in a number of applications, the results have not always been implemented on industrial scales. Greek olivine has been successfully tested as neutralizing agent for acid wastes, co-producing exploitable amounts of silica gel, magnesium sulphate and magnetite. Vermiculite is currently tested as an environmental ‘cleanser' in a variety of applications, i.e. metalliferous mine seepage and processing waters, organically contaminated waste water from the textile/dye industry and absorption material for oil spills. Wollastonite will be applied as long-term fertiliser and dolomite, as a substitute of asbestos in brake linings, as pollution controller of heavy metal concentrations in waste waters and as a binder to stabilize waste solids. Magnesite has been successfully applied for neutralization of acid mine wastes produced from active sulphide deposits. Zeolites (fly ash and perlite converted to zeolites were also considered) is an objective for several environmental applications, i.e. as floating absorbent for waste water ponds, as drinking water purificator or as smell abatement.     

Development of a master plan for industrial solid waste management

Rapid industrial growth in the province of Khuzestan in the south west of Iran has resulted in disposal of about 1750 tons of solid waste per day. Most of these industrial solid wastes including hazardous wastes are disposed without considering environmental issues. This has contributed considerably to the pollution of the environment. This paper introduces a framework in which to develop a master plan for industrial solid waste management. There are usually different criteria for evaluating the existing solid waste pollution loads and how effective the management schemes are. A multiple criteria decision making technique, namely Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), is used for ranking the industrial units based on their share in solid waste related environmental pollution and determining the share of each unit in total solid waste pollution load. In this framework, a comprehensive set of direct, indirect, and supporting projects are proposed for solid waste pollution control. The proposed framework is applied for industrial solid waste management in the province of Khuzestan in Iran and a databank including GIS based maps of the study area is also developed. The results have shown that the industries located near the capital city of the province, Ahwaz, produce more than 32 percent of the total solid waste pollution load of the province. Application of the methodology also has shown that it can be effectively used for development of the master plan and management of industrial solid wastes.     

城市垃圾的地质处置

城市固体废物（城市垃圾）是国际上现代化城市环境污染的主要污染源之一,发达国家非常注重固体废物地质处置的研究,这一领域是环境工程与水资源工作者研究的热点问题。我国城市垃圾对环境的污染非常严重,目前有三分之二的城市已形成“垃圾包围城市”的严重局面。随着经济的发展,我国城市固体废物的数量增长很快。如何处理庞大的城市垃圾将是关系到经济发展、水资源和环境保护的重大问题。本文介绍了我国城市垃圾的现状和目前国际     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in soils around chromite mining areas, Nuggihalli, Karnataka, India

Toxic heavy metals represent one of the possible environmental hazards from mine lands, which affect many countries having historic mining industries. The primary aim of the study was to investigate the degree of soil pollution occurring near chromite mines, and make a systematic evaluation of soil contamination based on geoaccumulation index, enrichment factor and pollution index. This paper presents the pollution load of toxic heavy metals (As, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn and Zr) in 57 soil samples collected around three different active (Tagdur), abandoned (Jambur) chromite mining sites as well residential zone around Chikkondanahalli of the Nuggihalli Schist Belt, Karnataka, India. Soil samples were analyzed for heavy metals by using Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Results indicated that elevated concentrations of Cr, Ni and Co in soils of the study area exceed the Soil Quality Guideline limits (SQGL). The high enrichment factor for Cr, Ni Co obtained in the soil samples show that there is a steady increase of toxic heavy metals risk in this area, which could be correlated with the past mining activity and post abandoned mining in the area. The data was also treated to study the geoaccumulation index, pollution index and spatial distribution of toxic elements. Emphasis need to be put on control measures of pollution and remediation techniques in the study area.     

多孔介质固液耦合相似材料的研制

为研究地下结构与富水多孔岩体的相互作用问题,根据模型试验相似理论,研制出了一种多孔介质固-液耦合相似材料,该材料由中粗砂、水泥、透水混凝土增强剂合水按一定配比均匀拌和压制而成。运用正交试验设计原理进行配比试验,制作模型小试件,进行了单轴抗压强度、渗透系数、重度、弹性模量、泊松比等参数测试,找出了相似材料各成分对配比试件的影响特征,可根据需要在物理模拟试验中选取不同配比。该配方力学指标稳定,满足一次性浇筑大尺寸模型试件的要求,适用于进行结构与围岩体耦合失效破坏模式的大型物理模拟试验,为富水条件下地下结构风险评估提供了相似试验材料     

极低放废物近地表处置的环境安全评价方法研究

放射性废物处置是当前严峻的环保问题之一,从经济、安全和高效角度出发,将极低放废物从中、低放废物中分离出来单独处置,对核废物的管理与处置具有重要意义。本文以我国西南某极低放废物备选处置场为研究对象,系统分析了处置的相关技术方法,重点研究了屏障技术和环境安全评价方法及其应用。针对拟建在古泥石流体山区山顶上的处置场,选取核素90Sr作为处置对象,选用盆状屏障式处置库,估算产生的核素90Sr的总活度和比活度。选用筛分的颗粒d<1 mm的介质作为屏障材料,厚度为0.5 m,批试验结果显示上述材料对90Sr的吸附效果明显;模拟计算结果显示核素90Sr在50 a内被完全阻滞在包气带中,可以达到安全处置废物的要求。     

玄武岩石材矿尾砂应用实验研究

针对玄武岩质建筑石材矿山产生的废弃物（碎石和尾砂）,依据环氧树脂有机胶黏剂的热固成型原理,使用环氧树脂乳液、有机固化剂和无机胶黏剂对废弃物进行复合石材试验.经物料均匀搅拌、模具成型、热压机施压和样品干燥、抛光、切边、修整等工序试制复合石材.通过测试复合样品的物理性能参数,其抗折强度超过天然石材商品,其他指标也基本达到相应建筑石材产品的质量标准.这种矿山废料的再利用方法,对减少矿山尾砂、治理环境污染、变废为宝以及增加企业经济收益有一定的作用.     

Cyclones and fabric filters dusts from secondary aluminium flue gases: a characterization and leaching study

The present work aims at the characterization and leachability examination of aluminium dusts, generated during the secondary aluminium production from scrap. Two different types of dusts were examined: a cyclone aluminium dust and a fabric filter aluminium dust, derived from the waste gases de-dusting system, produced during the Al scrap meltdown. The characterization of both dusts was carried out using particle size distribution analysis, chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyses. Their microstructure and morphological characteristics were examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed that the basis of the examined dusts was different, as they consisted of different mixtures of metallic aluminium, salt flux constituents, aluminium oxide and aluminium nitrides. Their behaviour during leaching was determined by the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test and the EN 12457-2 compliance leaching test. The results revealed that both dusts should be treated as hazardous wastes and in case of landfilling they should be disposed of at appropriate, regulation-prescribed waste dumps, after removing the water-soluble phases, such as chlorides or nitrides.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma viride</Emphasis> (MTCC 800): a potential candidate for agri-horti waste utilization by solid state fermentation

Waste management is one of the major environmental concerns globally. Meaningful utilization of various types of wastes for the production of useful products not only provides added economic benefits through variety of products but is also helpful in minimizing the environmental pollution. Trichoderma viride, a well-known fungus, has been used in the past for production of enzymes like proteases, cellulases and chitinase besides various beneficial biological activities, i.e., mycoremediation, mycoparasitism and for increasing soil fertility. In the present investigation, biodegradation potential of T. viride (MTCC-800) was evaluated by solid state fermentation using wastes like pomace, floral waste, plant litter, vegetable refuse, sawdust and sugarcane bagasse. The fungus degraded all the waste materials including sawdust that contain toxic compounds. Among all agri-horti wastes used, maximum growth of T. viride was recorded in vegetable refuse (58.16%) followed by sugarcane bagasse (48.76%) and others. The results of the present investigation, indicate that T. viride can be a potential candidate for meaningful utilization of industrial and other wastes and if. Successful at large scale it can not only help in reduction of environmental pollution but can also be a better substitute for chemical fertilizers and pesticides besides economic gains.     

Anaerobic co-digestion of sanitary wastewater and kitchen solid waste for biogas and fertilizer production under ambient temperature: waste generated from condominium house

Addis Ababa is one of the fastest growing cities where high urbanization has become a challenge. Consequently, housing shortage is a big problem of the city. The municipality has launched a huge Condominium Housing Programme in response to the problem. However, sanitary wastewater and solid waste management are the critical problems to those houses. The wastes were collected and evaluated for its biogas production and fertilizer potential to solve the foreseen waste management problems. The physicochemical characteristics of the collected wastes were determined. A laboratory scale batch anaerobic co-digestion of both wastes with different mix ratio of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 by volume [sanitary wastewater (TS = 7,068 mg/L):kitchen organic solid waste (TS = 56, 084 mg/L)]were carried out at ambient temperature for 30 days. The amount of biogas and methane produced over the digestion period for those mixing ratios were compared. The highest biogas yield obtained from a mix ratio of 25:75 was 65.6 L, and the lowest from a mix ratio of 100:0 was 9.5 L. The percentage of methane gas in the biogas was between 19.8 and 52.8 %. From the study results, it is evidenced that the mixing ratio 25:75 produced the maximum quantity of biogas and methane. With regard to the fertilizer potential of the digested sludge, composting and sun drying process were helpful for land application by inactivating the pathogen.     

Mortar composite based on wet oxidative degraded cellulosic spinney waste fibers

Textile industry has become an essential part of modern society, and waste production is an inevitable outcome of the developmental activities. Present paper outlines a direct approach toward a real problem of managing spinney waste fibers generated during textile industry. Simultaneously, shortage in landfill disposal space is another trouble associated with dumping of these hazardous wastes. Direct incorporation of these wastes into cementitious materials faces some disadvantages, so a partial oxidative degradation treatment was performed for those wastes in laboratory-scale experiments. Slurry resulted from the degradation process was incorporated into a mixture of cement/sand as hydrating agent to produce a mortar composite. Mechanical integrity and weight stability of the mortar composite produced were evaluated at the end of setting and hardening period under different variables. Based on the experimental results, the nominated mortar composite could be considered as an added-value product suitable for various applications, for example inert matrix for immobilization of some low and intermediate levels radioactive wastes, decorative tiles, building bricks, light concrete.     

纸浆渣烧结灰基本特性及其在污泥固化中的试验研究

国内每年产生大量的污泥,其无害化处理、废物重新利用的技术是解决疏浚污泥污染问题的必由之路,而污泥固化技术是其重要的途径。纸浆渣烧结灰自身所具有的吸水性和自硬性是一种研制廉价污泥固化剂配方的重要成分,是把造纸产业废弃物和生产废弃物同时再利用的环保工法,具有现实的研究价值。对纸浆渣烧结灰基本特性进行了试验研究,并在此基础上进行了污泥固化的试验研究,主要包括纸浆渣烧结灰酸碱度试验、吸水率试验、微观结构试验、抗剪强度试验和污泥固化土的无侧限抗压强度试验,结果表明,纸浆渣烧结灰呈弱碱性;吸水性随着压力的增大而减小,存在一个最小吸水率;抗剪强度随含水率的增加而减小,且具有自硬性。纸浆渣烧结灰可提高水泥固化污泥的无侧限抗压强度,并且水泥的掺入含量越高,其强度的提高越显著。     

山西能源基地的环境忧患与对策

山西是一个资源大省、传统的粗放型经济增长模式给这个环境承载力本来就有限的区域造成了严重的环境污染和生态破坏。应该抓住经济增长模式变粗放型为集约型的大好机遇，采用先进工艺，推行清洁生产并施以强化管理，实现废物最少化。     

城市生活固体废弃物处置规划和场地选址方向探讨

城市生活固体废弃物已成为重要环境污染问题之一,地质环境工作应为废弃物的填埋选址,防治污染提供服务。北京地质环境部门受北京市主管部门委托开展了全市生活固体废弃物填埋场地适宜性区划,卫生填埋场地环境地质影响评价,其成果已为市规划、环境行政部门所利用。     

Metal recovery from power plant ash: An ecological approach to coal utilization

The growing use of coal in electrical generation is resulting in power plant solid waste becoming a serious national problem. For 1977, approximately 62 million tonnes of utility ash was produced in the US. If oil and gas burning units that were originally designed to burn coal switch back to that fuel, utility ash will be the fourth largest solid material produced in the US. Disposing of such quantities of wastes poses siting and pollution problems which are becoming critical in areas experiencing increased land use competition.An alternative to disposal is to recover the constituent metals of the ash. Aluminium, iron, manganese, calcium, titanium, and magnesium are all present in fly ash, the utility waste that poses the major disposal problem. This paper indicates that metal recovery is an attractive alternative if national instead of special interest goals are maximized. Metal recovery from fly ash is attractive on environmental, self-sufficiency, and stragegic grounds although it may not be a wise decision for an individual entrepreneur. The geography of power plant location within the US is increasing the economical attractiveness of this potential resource since large, new facilities produce sufficient quantities of material that can be used in nearby metal smelters.     

河南三门峡市实验室“三废”污染情况初探及思考

分析了实验室“三废”污染的现状、分布、数量、种类、;建议本着科学选择方法,节约使用试剂,适当处理和回收利用的原则来处理“三废”;强调“谁污染,谁治理”是化学工作者义不容辞的职责。     

废物地质处置中的水文地质问题分析

废物地质处置中废液的泄漏或固体废物渗滤液对地下水可能产生的污染影响是选址中一个必须考虑且不可忽视的基本水文地质问题.分析了地下水污染中的几个基本概念问题, 并就废物地质处置选址和设计中如何注意这些问题提出了相应的解决办法及对策.      

泡沫混凝土隧道减震层减震机制

基于泡沫混凝土隧道减震材料,通过室内试验研究了不同密度、围压、应变率条件下泡沫混凝土材料的力学特性。试验结果表明：随着密度的增加,试样的单轴破坏形态由骨架坍塌破坏逐渐转化为劈裂剪切破坏,峰后应变软化与材料脆性增强;随着围压的增加,材料强度增加且延性增强,峰后由应变软化逐渐转换为应变硬化。在中等应变率范围内（10?5/s ～10?3/s）,随着应变率的增加,泡沫混凝土材料的强度近似呈指数增长,同时峰后残余应力增长明显,且塑性应变越大,应变率对峰后应力的影响越大。基于上述试验结果初步建立了泡沫混凝土材料的本构模型。依托嘎隆拉隧道,采用数值方法研究了减震层剪切模量、厚度及减震层-衬砌界面特性3个因素对减震效果的影响规律,相关研究成果可为高烈度区隧道工程减震层的设计提供参考。