新疆卡特巴阿苏金矿床矿体特征及金赋存状态研究

新疆卡特巴阿苏金矿床是那拉提-红柳河金-铜-镍-铅锌-玉石-白云母成矿带内近几年发现的特大型金矿之一。在野外地质调查和室内综合整理基础上,利用显微镜鉴定、扫描电镜观察和X射线能谱仪测试分析等手段和方法,对金矿石中金的赋存状态进行了研究。结果表明,卡特巴阿苏金矿床金矿物主要以自然金和含银自然金的形式存在,自然金成色为764.5‰~1 000‰;主要载金矿物为黄铁矿,有少量黄铜矿及脉石矿物;金的嵌布类型有裂缝金、晶间金和相对较少的包裹金3种形式;矿石中自然金均为粒度小于40μm的显微粒金。     

云南者桑金矿矿石特征和金赋存状态研究

云南者桑金矿区位于我国"滇黔桂"金三角卡林型金矿分布区,属微细浸染型金矿。通过对矿石特征和金赋存状态研究,金主要以显微、超显微自然金形式赋存于黄铁矿、毒砂等金属硫化物或其氧化物中,其次是分布在硅酸盐、碳酸盐等脉石矿物中。硫化矿石中硫化物含金量应占金总量的50%以上,部分金赋存在绢云母、脉石英及碳酸盐等脉石矿物中,含量占20%±,硅酸盐矿物中包裹金含量占20%±,极少部分金以游离金形式存在,含量占总金的10%以内;若为氧化矿则金主要为游离态金,应占总金50%以上,赋存于炭质和粘土矿物中。     

新疆西准噶尔哈西金矿矿石矿物特征及金赋存状态研究

哈西金矿位于新疆托里县哈图金矿的西南部,是近期发现的一个具有较大成矿潜力的金矿。矿体受北东向安齐断裂控制,长短不一,厚度为0. 10～3. 42 m,Au品位为0. 17～64. 60 g/t,主要赋存在石炭系太勒古拉组中,且与玄武岩关系密切。原生矿石可分为蚀变岩型及石英脉型两种,矿石矿物主要有黄铁矿、毒砂、黄铜矿、辉砷镍矿和自然金等。根据矿物共生组合规律,可将金矿形成的过程划分为2个成矿期次(热液期、表生期)和4个成矿阶段(石英-硫化物阶段、石英-硫化物-自然金阶段、碳酸盐阶段、氧化阶段)。自然金主要赋存形式为裂隙金、包裹金和粒间金,其成色平均为954. 19‰,粒径主要集中在20～50μm之间,属于显微金。     

TRMM卫星降雨雷达观测的南海降雨空间结构和季节变化

利用热带降雨计划卫星（TRMM）获得的雷达降雨资料，对南海及其周边区域（简称南海地区）降雨的空间分布和季节特征进行了研究。结果表明：南海地区的降雨在空间上分布很不均匀，同时具有显著的季节变化。除了副高活动、季风潮、冬季冷涌和热带低压活动等天气过程，南海周边广泛分布的山地地形对该地区的降雨分布也产生强烈影响，降雨呈现南部高于北部、东部高于西部的分布特征。与CAMP和台站资料相比，PR观测具有更丰富的空间结构，能够更好地体现降雨随时间和空间变化的特征、反映高大的山地地形对降雨分布的影响。     

树轮记录的西北季风边缘区干旱变化

祁连山东部位于亚洲季风西北边缘区,对气候变化十分敏感。由于该区位于半干旱区,降水的变化直接影响人类社会经济的发展,所以研究该区干旱变化情况及其机制非常重要。 利用采自祁连山东部西北季风边缘、地处半干旱区的吐鲁沟地区的油松树轮样芯,建立了树轮宽度年表,时间跨度为1866-2003AD。树轮宽度年表与气象因子相关分析结果显示树木生长主要响应生长季内的降水和干旱变化。该年表与附近区域利用树轮宽度重建的帕尔默干旱指数（PDSI）进行对比,结果显示严重的干旱时间发生在1920s-1930s、1966年、1974年、1982年和1990s和21世纪初。多窗谱分析研究表明,该区年表序列存在显著的2~4 a周期（P<0.05）,该周期与ENSO变率吻合,与在贺兰山、祁连山其他地区、兴隆山及贵清山研究结果一致,表明这些区域可能受共同气候因子的影响。     

涪江上游泥石流灾损土地资源化利用模式

长江流域涪江上游以高山峡谷地貌为主,人地矛盾突出,水热条件较好的泥石流灾损土地是山区居民主要的生产生活场所,高效利用灾损土地是山区发展的重要途径。通过野外调查,初步查明目前涪江上游42处泥石流灾损土地利用类型主要为耕地、林地和建筑用地,分别占调查总数的41.5%、32.8%和12.1%。这42处泥石流灾损土地总面积为2.47 km²,可利用面积为2.12 km²(含已利用建筑用地等),占调查总面积的86%,潜在可利用面积较高。选取土壤肥力、水土保持特性及工程地质特性3个因子进行泥石流灾损土地资源化利用评价,得出涪江上游泥石流灾损土地资源化利用模式。评价结果表明,涪江上游泥石流灾损土地可利用潜力主要以中等和较低程度为主,占调查总数的88.09%,因此,涪江上游泥石流灾损土地资源具有较大的开发潜力。另外,本文以涪江上游黄家坝为例,得出4种灾损土地利用模式,即村落聚集优化区模式、现代农业耕作区模式、水土保持缓冲区模式及工民建设潜力区模式,并在此基础上提出相应的灾损土地利用建议,为山区土地资源化开发利用提供指导。     

涪江上游泥石流灾损土地资源化利用模式

长江流域涪江上游以高山峡谷地貌为主,人地矛盾突出,水热条件较好的泥石流灾损土地是山区居民主要的生产生活场所,高效利用灾损土地是山区发展的重要途径。通过野外调查,初步查明目前涪江上游42处泥石流灾损土地利用类型主要为耕地、林地和建筑用地,分别占调查总数的41.5%、32.8%和12.1%。这42处泥石流灾损土地总面积为2.47 km²,可利用面积为2.12 km²(含已利用建筑用地等),占调查总面积的86%,潜在可利用面积较高。选取土壤肥力、水土保持特性及工程地质特性3个因子进行泥石流灾损土地资源化利用评价,得出涪江上游泥石流灾损土地资源化利用模式。评价结果表明,涪江上游泥石流灾损土地可利用潜力主要以中等和较低程度为主,占调查总数的88.09%,因此,涪江上游泥石流灾损土地资源具有较大的开发潜力。另外,本文以涪江上游黄家坝为例,得出4种灾损土地利用模式,即村落聚集优化区模式、现代农业耕作区模式、水土保持缓冲区模式及工民建设潜力区模式,并在此基础上提出相应的灾损土地利用建议,为山区土地资源化开发利用提供指导。     

On the observed synoptic variability in the thermal structure of the upper northern Bay of Bengal during MONEX-79

The short-term variability observed in the near surface meteorological parameters and in the vertical thermal structure of the upper layers of the northern Bay of Bengal during a weak monsoonal regime is examined with the aid of time series measurements. The variability of the mixed layer depth is interpreted in terms of forced mixing caused by the surface wind stress and free mixing by buoyancy flux, Ekman pumping controlled by the curl of the surface wind stress, convergence associated with a clockwise gyral circulation and stratification caused by freshwater discharges from rivers. The daily-averaged current vectors in the upper layers indicate the presence of clockwise gyral circulation in the polygon area.     

Seasonal variability of physico-chemical characteristics of the Haldia channel of Hooghly estuary, India

Physical and chemical characteristics of the Hooghly estuary during winter (December 1997–January 1998), summer (May 1998) and post-monsoon (November 1998) seasons have been studied. Salinity varied spatially and temporally and seasonally during ebb and flood tide conditions. Water temperature showed a difference of 10‡C in winter to summer. Temperature did not vary much vertically as it is a well-mixed estuary. Strong currents exceeding 100 cm S^-1 were observed during peak ebb and flood tide conditions irrespective of the season. Longitudinal eddy diffusion coefficient (K _x ) was estimated as 757m S^-1 and 811m² S^-1 during summer and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. The vertical eddy diffusion coefficient (ε_v) was estimated as 0.0337 m² S^-1 during post-monsoon season. The salinity and current observations are compared with those obtained from models reported earlier. Values of pH, Dissolved Oxygen and Biological Oxygen Demand are within the threshold limits of the estuarine environment. Nutrients show seasonal variation in the estuarine environment. High values (160-2686 mg l^-1) of total suspended matter were noticed both at surface and bottom in the study region showing the impact of fresh water and sediment transportation.     

南海西部夏季冷涡的季节变化特征

基于美国海军的空间分辨率为0.5°×0.5°月平均的GDEM(Generalized Digital Environmental Model )三维温盐资料,采用P Vector方法,计算了南海西部夏季冷涡及附近海域的三维环流,分析了此冷涡的水平结构和垂向结构及其季节变化规律。结果表明南海西部夏季冷涡所占据的海域为一上升流区,对应的是低温区和气旋式环流,其温度场具有明显的垂向层化结构,冷涡随深度增加而减弱。冷涡中心在上层靠近越南沿岸,在温跃层以下有离岸的趋势。此冷涡具有明显的季节性变化：在5、6月份冷涡开始形成,其范围达到110.75°E,最大切向流速为8 cm/s;在7、8月份冷涡达到强盛,其范围向东扩展至112.50°E,冷涡中心也向东移至(110.50°E,13.25°N),最大切向流速增加为30 cm/s;在9、10月份冷涡开始衰减。     

长江上游流域降水结构时空演变特性

为研究气候变化和人类活动背景下的长江上游流域降水结构时空分布特性,利用长江上游流域67个气象站点1961—2005年45年的日降水资料,分析了各种不同历时连续降水的时空演变特征。通过Trend Free Pre-Whitening方法消除降水时间序列中的自相关成分,利用非参数的Mann-Kendall法检验了降水结构的变化趋势。结果表明:① 长江上游流域及各分区各历时降水发生率随降水历时增加呈指数递减趋势,贡献率先增加后降低,以短历时降水为主;② 长江上游短历时（1 d和2 d）降水贡献率发生突变的时间在1976年,长历时（6 d和10 d）降水发生率发生突变的时间为1984年,贡献率发生突变的时间为1999年;③ 长江上游短历时降水集中出现的次数增加,降水强度增大,降水量占总降水量的比例较大,而长历时降水出现频次降低,降水量占总降水量比例下降,其中岷沱江流域、大渡河流域、长江干流区间通过了显著性检验。     

The influence of the limestone-quarry Čertovy schody (Czech Republic) on the precipitation chemistry and atmospheric deposition

Atmospheric precipitation samples were collected in the Bohemian Karst (30 km SW from Prague, Czech Republic) at six localities in the vicinity of the limestone-quarry Čertovy schody during years 1996–2003. Samples were analyzed for major components (Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, F⁻, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, HCO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻) and trace metals (Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Pb, Be, As, Sr, Cd, Al, Cr). Deposition fluxes were calculated from more than 10 000 elemental analyses of samples collected monthly. The fluxes of monitored substances show temporal and spatial variability. The most marked attribute is the strong affection by local emission sources confirmed by the investigation of seasonal variability, temporal trend and correlation analysis.     

Mechanisms of variability and predictability of the tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system

A conceptual model is proposed to explain the observed aperiodicity in the short term climate fluctuations of the tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system. This is based on the evidence presented here that the tropical coupled ocean-atmosphere system sustains a low frequency inter-annual mode and a host of higher frequency intra-seasonal unstable modes. At long wavelengths, the low frequency mode is dominant while at short wavelengths, the high frequency modes are dominant resulting in the co-existence of a long wave low frequency mode with some short wave intra-seasonal modes in the tropical coupled system. It is argued that due to its long wavelength, the low frequency mode would behave like a linear oscillator while the higher frequency short wave modes would be nonlinear. The conceptual model envisages that an interaction between the low frequency linear oscillator and the high frequency nonlinear oscillations results in the observed aperiodicity of the tropical coupled system. This is illustrated by representing the higher frequency intra-seasonal oscillations by a nonlinear low order model which is then coupled to a linear oscillator with a periodicity of four years. The physical mechanism resulting in the aperiodicity in the low frequency oscillations and implications of these results on the predictability of the coupled system are discussed.     

幔源角闪石巨晶中硫化物熔融包裹体研究

硫化物熔融包裹体研究是认识硫化物矿床成矿元素来源和演化的重要手段,由于硫化物熔融包裹体的体积较小(粒径仅为10～20μm),其详细化学元素组分的难以获得一直是制约进一步研究的瓶颈。笔者在前人研究的基础上,借助于扫描电镜、电镜能谱和二次飞行时间离子探针(Tof-SIMS)对产于铜陵地区角闪石巨晶中的硫化物熔融包裹体进行了详细的研究,首次获得了一套精确的矿物化学资料和元素分布图。矿物学研究表明,角闪石巨晶在上地幔和下地壳均有结晶,温压区间分别为T:850～900℃(温度),P:0.70×109～0.82×109Pa(压力),对应深度D:23.10～27.06km;和T:900～950℃,P:1.09×109～1.17×109Pa,D:35.97～38.61km。元素分布图显示,硫化物熔融包裹体主要有两种元素组成体系:S-Fe-Mn-Ni-Rb-Sr-Ba和S-Fe-Cu-Sr,幔源硫化物体系中Mn、Ni、Rb、Ba等元素具有相似的性质特征可共溶,与Cu则表现出不混溶。在铜陵地区,上地幔的部分熔融形成了一套碱性玄武岩浆,后受岩浆底侵作用和壳幔相互作用影响,底侵进入下地壳深位岩浆房,发生结晶分异和同化混染作用,形成一套轻度演化的玄武岩浆,可能为辉长质。上地幔和下地壳的角闪石巨晶分别是由上地幔碱性玄武岩浆和下地壳轻度演化的玄武岩浆(辉长质)高压下结晶的产物。当上地幔碱性玄武岩浆上侵到下地壳深位岩浆房以后,发生结晶分异作用,又由于地壳硅镁层的混染作用,使得玄武岩浆中硫溶解度降低,促其熔离,从而释放大量的硫(S,以及Ni、Cu、Cr)。角闪石巨晶中的硫化物熔融包裹体正是在下地壳深位岩浆房中,由正在结晶的角闪石巨晶在结晶分异和轻度演化的玄武质岩浆中捕获的不混溶硫化物熔融液滴形成的。铜陵地区在中生代经历了一个长期的大规模的岩浆底侵作用和壳幔相互作用过程,由于下地壳硅镁层混染作用使得轻度演化的玄武岩浆释放大量硫,必然会在莫霍面附近形成大规模高浓度的硫富集区,这些组分在岩浆上侵作用、地壳减薄作用或者裂谷作用的影响下很容易再活化,进入区域岩浆-热液流体系统,最终参与形成区域大规模的硫化物矿床。     

Interannual and long-term variability of the summer monsoon and its possible link with northern hemispheric surface air temperature

Some statistical properties of the summer monsoon seasonal rainfall for India during the last 100 years (1881–1980) are presented. The most recent decade of 1971–1980 shows the lowest value of standard-decadal average monsoon rainfall (86.40 cm) and is also characterised by the second highest value of coefficient of variation in monsoon rainfall (12.4 %). The combined last two standard-decadal period of 1961–1980 was the period of the largest coefficient of variation and the lowest average monsoon rainfall for India. The possible influence of global climatic variability on the performance of the monsoon is also examined. Analyses of correlation coefficient show that a statistically significant positive relationship with a time-lag of about six months exists between monsoon rainfall and northern hemispheric surface air temperature. A cooler northern hemisphere during January/February leads to a poor monsoon. All the major drought years during the last 3 decades had much cooler January/February periods over the northern hemisphere—1972 having the coldest January/February with a temperature departure of −0.94°C and the most disastrous monsoon failure.     

黄土高原区域尺度土壤水分空间变异性

土壤水分是黄土高原植物生长发育和生态环境重建的主要限制因子。为揭示黄土高原区域尺度深层土壤水分的空间变异性,在黄土高原共布点234个,采集深剖面土壤水分样品12198个。采用经典统计和地统计学相结合的方法系统分析了土壤水分的分布规律、变异特征及影响因素。结果表明:①黄土高原地区土壤水分在水平方向上表现出由东南向西北递减,在垂直方向上(0~500cm)表现出先减小后增加的分布特征;②土地利用对区域尺度土壤水分的数量及垂直分布规律具有显著影响;③土壤水分在不同土层深度(0~500cm)的变异系数、空间异质比等参数的垂直分布均呈先减小后增加趋势,这些参数在表达土壤水分变异的效果上具有一致性。相关结果对黄土高原区域尺度水土过程调控、生态水文过程研究具有一定参考价值。     

基于Ward系统聚类方法的黄河上游干流地区滑坡分类及其特征分析

黄河上游干流地区滑坡分布广、规模大、体积大、突发性强,是我国乃至世界上非常有代表性的滑坡集中分布区。选取了坡顶、坡脚、岩性、长度、宽度、厚度、面积、体积、坡度、坡向、年均降雨量、日最大降雨量、原始斜坡坡高和原始斜坡坡度,采用Ward聚类分析法对126处滑坡样本进行分析,得到4类滑坡。在此基础上,分别统计分析了每类滑坡的各个指标的最大值、最小值、平均值和标准差,以定性和定量相结合的方法,分析了各类滑坡隐含的特征规律以及滑坡指标之间的相互联系。通过综合分析和对比得出了各个指标影响滑坡发育的显著程度,得出了滑坡的发育特征。并通过因子分析计算了各类滑坡的旋转成份矩阵,确定了影响各类滑坡发育的主次因素。研究结果表明:(1)第一类滑坡由坡顶和坡脚主导,坡顶在2 450~3 020 m,坡脚在1 980~2 905 m;(2)第二类滑坡发育主要受原始斜坡坡度控制,多数处于易发生滑坡的坡度范围30°~40°;(3)第三类滑坡主要受坡向和原始斜坡坡高的影响,多数滑坡位于阳坡,并且原始斜坡坡高在100~500 m;(4)第四类滑坡主要影响因素是坡度和日最大降雨量,坡体的坡度处于易发生滑坡的35°~37.5°范围内,滑坡所在区域的日最大降雨量大。研究结果证明Ward系统聚类对于该地区滑坡类型划分结果是有效的,具有一定的实用价值。     

长江上游近期水沙变化特点及其趋势分析

对长江上游主要控制站水沙量进行了统计分析。近期长江上游水沙变化特点主要表现为:与1990年前相比,1991-2002年宜昌站年均减少沙量约1.3亿t;金沙江屏山站年均增加沙量约0.35亿t,其占宜昌站的百分数由51.8%增加到71.9%;嘉陵江北碚站年均减少沙量约0.985亿t,占宜昌站的百分数由25.7%减小至9.1%。采用滑动平均法以及Spearman秩次相关检验和线性回归检验等方法,对屏山、北碚和宜昌等3站水沙变化趋势进行了分析,分析结果表明:宜昌站径流量无趋势性变化,但输沙量有减小趋势;北碚站水沙减小趋势均较为明显;屏山站径流量无趋势变化,但输沙量有一定的增大趋势。另外还对影响长江上游水沙变化的降水量、水土保持措施、水库拦沙以及人类活动增沙等主要因素进行了分析。     

Evolution of salinity field in the upper layers of the east central Arabian Sea and northern Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon experiments

The intra-seasonal variability observed in the salinity field of the upper layers at a few locations in the east central Arabian Sea and the northern Bay of Bengal during the summer monsoon seasons of 1977 and 1979 is documented with the aid of short time series (1–2 weeks) of salinity measurements made from USSR and Indian ships deployed during MONSOON-77 (1977) and MONEX-79 (1979) field experiments. In the Arabian Sea a typical subsurface maxima observed beneath the mixed layer base either disappeared or considerably weakened due to strong vertical mixing caused by the monsoonal forcing. In the northern Bay of Bengal the salinity variability in the top 30 m water column was rapid and appeared to be influenced by large amounts of fresh water from rain and probably from the major adjoining rivers. Some simple diagnostic calculations are presented to assess the relative importance of various processes which control the observed salinity variability.     

豫西董家埝银矿床银的赋存状态研究

董家埝银矿床位于豫西小秦岭地区小河岩体的南缘,矿体赋存于中元古代小河岩体与太古界太华群、中元古界官道口群、早古生界寒武系及新生界第四系地层的接触部位。文章通过矿相学研究、电子探针定量分析、能谱半定量分析及电子探针面扫描分析等手段对该矿床矿石中银的赋存状态展开研究。结果表明,董家埝银矿床银矿物主要为自然银、辉银矿、硫锑铜银矿、金银矿、银金矿,载银矿物主要为黝铜矿、方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铜矿,其中黝铜矿是银的主要载体矿物。银主要以可见银及不可见银赋存,可见银包括独立银矿物、显微包体银;不可见银包括晶格银、次显微包体银。赋存形式以独立银矿物、显微包体银及晶格银为主。