直脉蝎蛉科(昆虫纲长翅目) 3个异物同名和 1个种的修正

1996 年,张海春发表《新疆准噶尔盆地中生代直脉科(昆虫纲)昆虫化石》一文[古生物学报,35(4)：442-494],共有5个新种和5个老种,其中1个老种定为Mesopanorpa obscura(Martynov, 1927),包含3 个标本：① NIGP126378(92-T-22/K1),② NIGP126377(58SK15/K3),③ NIGP126376(92-T-22/K3)。另1个标本NIGP126379(93-HE-2K1,2)定为Protorthophlebia latipennis Tillyard, 1933。笔者在研究长翅目化石的过程中,发现张的4个标本系异物同名,前3 个标本即：① NIGP126378号标本勉强修订为1个近似种P. (Protorthophlebia) aff. obscura (Martynov,1925) Martynov,1927;② NIGP126377号标本修订为新名种Protorthophlebia(Protorthophlebia) badouwanica nom. nov.;③ NIGP126376号标本, 由于这个标本脉序结构与副蝎蛉科 Parachoristidae Tillyard, 1937的脉序特征相同,已被修订为另一个属、种Junggarochorista tuzigouensis Hong, 2009[13],已转移归入该科。④另1个标本NIGP126379号标本被修订为新名种 P.(Protorthophlebia) karamayiensis nom. nov.。上述被修订后的新名属、种在本文中作了必要的重新描述。修订的标本,都根据张海春论文中原标本照片显示的脉纹特征和文字描述。所修订学名的原标本均按原文的记录保存在中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所。     

直脉蝎蛉科(昆虫纲长翅目)3个异物同名和1个种的修正

1996年,张海春发表<新疆准噶尔盆地中生代直脉科(昆虫纲)昆虫化石>一文[古生物学报,35(4):442-494],共有5个新种和5个老种,其中1个老种定为Mesopanorpa obscura(Martynov,1927),包含3个标本:①NIGP126378(92-T-22/K1),②NIGP126377(58SKl5/K3),③NIGPl26376(92-T-Z2/K3).另1个标本NIGPl26379(93-HE-2K1,2)定为Protorthophlebia latipennis Tillyard,1933.笔者在研究长翅目化石的过程中,发现张的4个标本系异物同名,前3个标本即:①NIGP126378号标本勉强修订为1个近似种P(Protorthophlebia)aft.obscura(Martynov,1925)Martynov,1927;②NIGP126377号标本修订为新名种Protorthophlebia(Protorthophlebia)badouwanica nom.nov.;③NIGP126376号标本,由于这个标本脉序结构与副蝎蛉科Parachoristidae Tillyard,1937的脉序特征相同,已被修订为另一个属、种Junggarochorista tuzigouensis Hong,2009~([13]),已转移归入该科.④另1个标本NIGP126379号标本被修订为新名种P.(Protonhoptdebia)karamayiensis nom.nov..上述被修订后的新名属、种在本文中作为必要的重新描述.修订的标本,都根据张海春论文中原标本照片显示的脉纹特征和文字描述.所修订学名的原标本均按原文的记录保存在中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所.     

直脉蝎蛉科(昆虫纲长翅目) 3个异物同名和 1个种的修正

1996 年,张海春发表《新疆准噶尔盆地中生代直脉科(昆虫纲)昆虫化石》一文[古生物学报,35(4)：442-494],共有5个新种和5个老种,其中1个老种定为Mesopanorpa obscura(Martynov, 1927),包含3 个标本：① NIGP126378(92-T-22/K1),② NIGP126377(58SK15/K3),③ NIGP126376(92-T-22/K3)。另1个标本NIGP126379(93-HE-2K1,2)定为Protorthophlebia latipennis Tillyard, 1933。笔者在研究长翅目化石的过程中,发现张的4个标本系异物同名,前3 个标本即：① NIGP126378号标本勉强修订为1个近似种P. (Protorthophlebia) aff. obscura (Martynov,1925) Martynov,1927;② NIGP126377号标本修订为新名种Protorthophlebia(Protorthophlebia) badouwanica nom. nov.;③ NIGP126376号标本, 由于这个标本脉序结构与副蝎蛉科 Parachoristidae Tillyard, 1937的脉序特征相同,已被修订为另一个属、种Junggarochorista tuzigouensis Hong, 2009[13],已转移归入该科。④另1个标本NIGP126379号标本被修订为新名种 P.(Protorthophlebia) karamayiensis nom. nov.。上述被修订后的新名属、种在本文中作了必要的重新描述。修订的标本,都根据张海春论文中原标本照片显示的脉纹特征和文字描述。所修订学名的原标本均按原文的记录保存在中国科学院南京地质古生物研究所。     

蚊蝎蛉科(昆虫纲:长翅目)的研究历史及发展

本文回顾了世界蚊蝎蛉科化石的研究进展,列出已发表的化石种类名录、分布及年代,共28属52种,分布于美洲、澳大利亚、欧洲和亚洲,但其中又以德国、前苏联和中国最多.简要探讨了蚊蝎蛉科的古地理和迁移方面的问题.认为欧亚大陆可能是蚊蝎蛉科的起源地,亚洲是它们的分化扩散中心,并在始新世迁移扩散到其它各洲.分析了蚊蝎蛉科化石研究中存在的一些问题和今后努力的方向.     

蚊蝎蛉科化石在我国的首次发现

本文记述的长翅目蚊蝎蛉科(Bittacidae)昆虫化石在我国是首次发现,采自辽宁省北票市中侏罗统海房沟组。由于特征独特,建立了一个新属——辽蚊蝎蛉属(Liaobittacus gen. nov.),并讨论了蚊蝎蛉类的演化关系与迁移问题。     

原长翅蝎蛉亚目化石在中国陕西铜川地区首次发现

记述了原长翅亚目化石（Protomecoptera Tillyard,1917）在中国陕西铜川中三叠统中的首次发现,填补这个亚目化石在中国的空白.根据脉序特征,确定是2个新属、种：Glytochorista martynovae gen.et sp.,Phyllochorista orientis gen.et sp.nov.,属这个亚目的汤姆蝎蛉科Tomichoristidae O.Martynova,1958,从而将这个科的化石推向最高层位,即从早二叠世推向中三叠世,跨时5000多万年.从这个意义来讲,对研究该科从古生代晚期向中生代早期的演化有一定的重要参考价值.化石采自铜川中三叠世铜川组下段上部灰绿色泥页岩.新属、新种属于陕西昆虫群（系中三叠世陕西动物群或陕西生物群的一个化石门类）铜川昆虫组合的新成员,时代相当于欧洲拉丁尼期（Ladinian stage）.     

副蝎蛉科化石（昆虫纲长翅目）在中国首次发现

报道了华夏三叠副蝎蛉Triasoparachorista huaxiaensis gen. et sp nov. (T2t)、吐孜沟准噶尔蝎蛉Junggarochorista tuzigouensis Hong. nom. nov. (J1b) 和1个新转移属——冀北直脉蝎蛉属Jibeiorthophlebia Hoing, 1983 (transl. nov.) (J2)及其2个种J. xiaofangzhangziensis Hong,1983 (transl. nov.)、J. internata Hong,1983 (transl. nov.) 在中国首次发现。根据它们的脉序特征,在分类上应当归于Parachoristidae Tillyard, 1937。这个科既具有二叠蝎蛉科(Permochoristidae) MP 带6支脉的特征,又有直脉蝎蛉科(Orthophlebiidae) Rs1至少带3支脉呈扇形排列的特征, 形成二叠蝎蛉科和直脉蝎蛉科之间的一种独特的过渡特征的中间类群,这个类群对它们之间的演变关系的研究有重要意义。副蝎蛉科化石在中国的发现很有意义：①填补了中国中三叠世、早侏罗世、中侏罗世副蝎蛉科的空白;②可以帮助我们追溯副蝎蛉科、直脉蝎蛉科和二叠蝎蛉科之间在不同地质背景中的演变关系;③关于中侏罗世燕辽生物群及其有关问题,笔者曾先后指出,燕辽生物群(Yanliao Biota)（J2）和热河生物群（K1）均起源于华北古陆（North China Paleocontinent）,燕辽地区（覆盖了新增加的内蒙古宁城地区）是它们的起源中心,尔后向外扩散与迁移,并向北覆盖到蒙古东部、俄罗斯外贝加尔等地区,形成东亚古陆（Eastern Asian Paleocontinent）中一个广阔的燕辽生物群和热河生物群的区系;④讨论了宁城地区地层层位的归属问题。     

山东莱阳盆地早白垩世龙草蛉新属（昆虫纲:脉翅目）

本文记述山东莱阳盆地早白垩世莱阳组（K₁l³）草蛉科的一个新属——龙草蛉属（Drakochrysa gen.nov.）。新属以其脉序特色而区别于相近的幻草蛉属（Nothochrysa）,并修改了中草蛉属中一个种归入本新属。同时对草蛉科各个亚科的地史分布及新属的分类位置作了讨论。     

高黎贡山洞穴伪蝎一新种记述（伪蝎目，阿伪蝎科）

本研究根据从云南省高黎贡山（保山市段）洞穴采集的伪蝎标本,整理并描述了阿伪蝎科安伪蝎属一新种,即禾木安伪蝎（Anatemnus hemuensis sp. nov.）。该属的主要特征在于触肢粗壮,腿节和膝节多具明显颗粒,不动指上的听毛it位于指的中部,听毛esb到est之间的距离大于isb到ist之间的距离,背板不完全分隔。世界已知22种（不包含本文新种）,主要分布于非洲和美洲,中国仅知3种：任氏安伪蝎（A. reni Gao & Zhang, 2016）、宝安伪蝎（A. orites （Thorell, 1889））、潮州安伪蝎（A. chaozhouensis Hu & Zhang, 2012）。该新种背甲的眼部已经完全退化,依据该特征,很容易区分,除分布于澳大利亚的2个物种（A. subvastus Alexander, Burger & Harvey 2014,采集自地下环境;A. cavernicola Berier, 1976,采集自Jump Up Cave）,然后依据步足I和步足IV跗节端部具有极其弯曲的刚毛将新种与这两种进行区分。新种触肢转节具有1个明显的背突,1.7倍长于宽（0.47/0.28 mm）,腿节2.8倍长于宽（0.90/0.32 mm）,膝节2.2倍长于宽（0.82/0.37 mm）,螯肢指明显短于具柄的螯掌;前螯螯掌具有4根刚毛,基部2根末端齿状,盔状物具有5个分叉,鞭状毛4根,末端2根齿状;口下突有5根顶端毛和1根亚中毛。在文中提供了新种的整体图以及特征图,另外还提供了中国安伪蝎属的分种检索表,所检视的标本保存于西华师范大学生命科学学院昆虫标本馆。     

兰坪盆地科登涧脉状铜矿床地质、地球化学特征

兰坪盆地西缘发育一系列脉状铜矿床,科登涧铜矿床是其组成之一。该矿床矿体主要产出于上三叠统崔依比组(T3c)中基性火山岩内部的断层破碎带中。热液期成矿作用可大致划分为2个成矿阶段:主成矿阶段主要发育大量含铜硫化物石英脉,晚成矿阶段主要发育贫硫化物方解石脉。流体包裹体结果表明,主成矿期石英和成矿后期石英/方解石中均主要发育两相水溶液包裹体,含CO2包裹体极少出现。主成矿期石英脉中包裹体均一温度变化幅度较小,集中在180~240℃,盐度(Na Cleq,质量分数)集中在8%~14%。成矿流体主要表现出盆地热卤水的特征,这与兰坪盆地内其它Pb、Zn、Cu等贱金属矿床的成矿流体特征较为一致。成矿流体的δ18O值为3.5‰~5.5‰,δD值为-62‰~-38‰,介于岩浆水/变质水和大气降水之间。热液硫化物黄铜矿、黄铁矿、斑铜矿的δ34S值显示较低的负值(-20.8‰~-9.4‰),明显有别于赋矿围岩(安山岩)的δ34S值(11.1‰~11.6‰),推测该矿床成矿所需还原硫主要来自于地层硫酸盐。综合分析认为,该矿床成矿物质主要来源于地层,成矿流体主要为源于大气降水或建造水的盆地热卤水。     

An empirical study of robustness of nearest-neighbor relations in numerical taxonomy

A measure of the robustness R (0 R 1)of nearest-neighbor relations in a multivariate scatter is proposed. Empirical study of the dependence of robustness on the number of attributes in a set of numerical taxonomic data suggests that a robustness of 0.95 would be attained with ~90 attributes, while a robustness of 0.99 would require ~1000 attributes.     

A New Brachyceran Family Origoasilidae Fam. Nov. from the Late Mesozoic of China (Insecta: Diptera)

Lower brachyceran flies are abundant in the Late Mesozoic of China. Many extant and extinct members of that have been found in Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Hebei and Shandong provinces. A new family, Origoasilidae fam. nov., belonging to the lower Brachycera, is built based on a new specimen from the Yixian Formation and is a representative of the Jehol Biota. The new endemic Mesozoic family possesses several unique characters in the wing. The relationship among the Origoasilidae fam. nov. and relative known lower brachyceran flies has been discussed     

An Extraordinary Early Jurassic Planthopper from Hunan (China) Representing a New Family Qiyangiricaniidae fam. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea)

A new family of planthoppers Fulgoromorpha from the Lower Jurassic of southern China is described to comprise Qiyangiricania cesta Lin, 1986. The new family differs in venation pattern from the other Jurassic representatives of Fulgoroidea, presenting particular model of tegmen venation, not found among extinct and recent planthoppers. The Mesozoic stage of Fulgoroidea evolution is discussed. The extinct taxon Ricaniites fulgens (Brodie, 1845) from the Purbeck of United Kingdom is excluded from the Hemiptera.     

An Extraordinary Early Jurassic Planthopper from Hunan (China) Representing a New Family Qiyangiricaniidae fam. nov. (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoroidea)

A new family of planthoppers Fulgoromorpha from the Lower Jurassic of southern China is described to comprise Qiyangiricania cesta Lin, 1986. The new family differs in venation pattern from the other Jurassic representatives of Fulgoroidea, presenting particular model of tegmen venation, not found among extinct and recent planthoppers. The Mesozoic stage of Fulgoroidea evolution is discussed. The extinct taxon Ricaniites fulgens (Brodie, 1845) from the Purbeck of United Kingdom is excluded from the Hemiptera.     

Early Bartonian orthophragminids (Foraminiferida) from Reineche Limestone,north African platform,Tunisia: taxonomy and paleobiogeographic implications

The orthophragminids in lower Bartonian Reineche Limestone member, a fossiliferous shallow-marine unit exposed in Cap Bon peninsula in Tunisia, are represented by 17 species assigned to Discocyclinidae Galloway 1928 and Orbitoclypeidae Brönnimann 1946. These taxa, associated with nummulitids and alveolinids, belong to the lineages of Discocyclina Gümbel 1870, Nemkovella, 1987, Orbitoclypeus Silvestri 1907, and Asterocyclina Gümbel 1870, described for the first time from north Africa lying at the southern margin of Tethyan ocean during Paleogene. We identified Nemkovella evae, previously not recorded in upper Lutetian/lower Bartonian and younger Eocene deposits of northern Tethyan platforms, and erected a new subspecies, N. evae reinechensis n. ssp. A comparison of Reineche orthophraminids, assigned to orthophragmines zone (OZ) 12 and shallow benthic zone (SBZ 17), to the well-described coeval assemblages at northern Tethyan platforms in Italy, Hungary, Turkey, and to those in Kutch Basin in the Indian subcontinent suggests that some species are confined to certain paleogeographic domains. Orbitoclypeus haynesi, the only orbitoclypeid and the most abundant orthophragminid in lower Bartonian deposits in Kutch, appears to be the most common orbitoclypeid in Reineche Limestone. In Europe, this species is not known and is replaced by Orbitoclypeus varians, the most common orbitoclypeid in middle Eocene of central Europe. Both species occur in varying proportions in marine successions in Turkey. Asterocyclina sireli, identified so far only in Turkey, occurs in Reineche Limestone and in lower Bartonian deposits in Kutch. This species is recorded for the first time in the Indian subcontinent. Relying on present study, as well as our recent studies in Kutch Basin, we conclude that the generic and specific diversity of orthophragminids decreases eastward from the peri-Mediterranean region to Indian subcontinent and to the western Pacific.     

A New Subfamily of Aphids (Hemiptera,Aphidomorpha) from the Early Cretaceous Lebanese Amber with a Description of the Oldest Apterous Morphs

<正>Aphids are marked by their high polymorphism,but species reported from the Early Cretaceous are known only from alate morphs.The discovery of an apterous adult morph in Lebanese amber and a larva of the same species are very important for the understanding of both the morphological and biological evolution of this insect group at the very early stage of development.Gondvanoaphis estephani new subfamily,new genus and species of the recent aphids family Thelaxidae is described.The characters of the new genus in respect to other genera placed in Thelaxidae are reviewed.The palaeoecological and palaeogeographical data concerning Gondvanoaphis new genus are also discussed.     

A New Axymyiid Genus with Two New Species from the Middle Jurassic of China (Diptera: Nematocera: Axymyiidae)

The Axymyiidae is one of the small families of the suborder Nematocera within the Diptera.Up to date,three genera and seven species of extant axymyiids have been described from the Holarctic Region,including Canada,China,Hungary,Japan,Russia,and USA,with three genera and three species of fossil taxa described from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou,northeastern China.A new genus Raraxymyia gen.nov.and two new species,R.parallela and R.proxima gen.et sp.nov.from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou Village,Inner Mongolia,China,are herein described based on their well-preserved wings and body characters.A revised key to the genera of axymyiids is provided.