北秦岭西峡骨头崖花岗岩锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及地质意义

骨头崖花岗岩位于北秦岭构造带东部,西峡县北部,对其开展岩石成因研究有助于深入认识燕山期北秦岭豫西南段深部构造演化。岩体定年样品(GTY01)为中粒斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,30个锆石测点中有25个测点的U-Pb同位素测定值位于或者接近~(207)Pb/~(235)U–~(206)Pb/~(238)U一致线,23个测点的~(206)Pb/~(238)U年龄介于108.4±0.9Ma~114.3±1.0Ma之间,其加权平均年龄为111.7±0.6Ma(MSWD=1.4),代表了骨头崖花岗岩的形成时代。锆石稀土元素具有轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集、Ce正异常及负Eu异常的特征,形成温度介于626℃~769℃之间,岩体的锆石/熔体中重稀土元素特征表明,其形成过程中经历了岩浆混合作用。骨头崖花岗岩为富硅、碱和贫钙、镁的高钾钙碱性系列。岩体富集Rb、Th和亏损Nb、Ta、Ti。岩体的稀土配分模式具有右倾、轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损和负Eu异常的特征,(Eu值介于0.48~0.60之间,(La/Yb)_N范围为5.82~11.19,源区组成和部分熔融程度控制了骨头崖花岗岩的成分变异。骨头崖花岗岩形成于厚度为~40km的地壳内,其部分熔融源区为角闪岩相,部分熔融残余相主要为角闪石和斜长石。骨头崖花岗岩是岩石圈拆沉作用所触发的岩浆底侵作用的产物,从源区岩石部分熔融到最终上侵固结成岩耗时~15Ma,它是岩石圈拆沉作用滞后的岩浆响应。     

山东郭城牧牛山二长花岗岩的岩石成因:地球化学和锆石U—Pb年代学制约

山东胶莱盆地东北缘郭城牧牛山二长花岗岩的锆石LA--ICP--MS U--Pb年代学及岩石地球化学特征表明,牧牛山花岗岩为古元古代(2 138±15 Ma)岩浆侵入产物,是一套钾玄岩系列岩石,A/CNK为1.07~1.13。稀土配分曲线表现为右倾模式,轻稀土和重稀土分异明显,Eu/Eu*值为0.59~0.71。蛛网图表明明显富集大离子亲石元素(Rb、K),相对亏损高场强元素(Th、U、Nb、Ta、Ti、P)。岩石10 000 Ga/Al值(2.73~2.85),为A型花岗岩。岩石的Mg~#值为12~28,Nd/Th值为1.62~1.96,Rb/Sr值为4.70~9.71,显示壳源特征。综合分析认为,古元古代胶辽地块向西俯冲引发幔源岩浆底侵,导致地壳物质部分熔融形成牧牛山花岗岩。     

东秦岭神林花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及构造背景

神林花岗岩能够为反演东秦岭燕山期区域构造演化提供新的制约。它的主体岩性为斑状黑云母二长花岗岩,其锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb同位素定年结果为130.6±0.7 Ma。神林花岗岩样品具有高硅富碱和贫镁低钙的特征,属于高钾钙碱性系列,以准铝质—弱过铝质为主。它们富集大离子亲石元素（如Rb、Th和K）和亏损高场强元素（如Nb、Ta和Ti）,具有轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损的特征,其(La/Yb)N范围为17.6~22.2,δEu值为0.59~0.72。在LaN—(La/Yb)N图解中,神林花岗岩样品显示正相关关系,表明是源区组成和部分熔融作用控制其成分变异。神林花岗岩样品显示了高Sr、低Y和Yb的特征,Sr/Y值为24.3~37.9,属于高锶低钇中酸性岩（adakite,有人音译为埃达克岩）。神林花岗岩形成于加厚大陆下地壳的部分熔融,其源区深度大于50km,部分熔融源区残余相包括石榴子石、金红石和角闪石,无或者少量的斜长石。神林花岗岩锆石具有轻稀土亏损、重稀土富集、Ce正异常的特征,锆石的形成温度介于624~701 ℃之间,重稀土元素分配系数与年龄的变化特征表明神林花岗岩经历了深部岩浆/流体的注入与混合,这与暗色微粒包体所揭示的神林花岗岩深部成岩过程相吻合。混合活化后的岩浆/流体体系沿区域深大断裂上侵,在其次级断裂带内的断裂交汇处就位成岩。神林花岗岩形成于东秦岭陆（板）内造山阶段,是约131 Ma区域岩石圈拆沉作用的岩浆响应。     

东准噶尔巴斯克花岗岩闪长岩锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学特征及其构造意义

巴斯克花岗闪长岩位于野马泉岛弧内,本文综合野外地质、岩相学、地球化学以及锆石U-Pb年代学等多学科手段,进而为该地区晚石炭世时期构造背景提供岩浆岩约束。岩石地球化学研究表明,岩体主量元素具有高硅、准铝—弱过铝质、钙碱性的I型花岗岩特征;岩石样品稀土元素总量在83.79×10-6至 125.67×10-6之间,且轻/重稀土之间的比值介于5.32至8.63之间(平均值为7.1),指示轻稀土较重稀土富集。Eu 元素轻度负异常 (δEu=0.69~0.89)。样品富集大离子亲石元素(如K、Rb、Ba),且亏损高场强元素(HFSE,如Nb、Ta和Ti)及P, Nb、Ta负异常明显。岩体锆石206U/238Pb加权平均年龄为301.3±2.5 Ma (MSWD=0.33)和310.7±3.6 Ma (MSWD=0.75),表明岩体形成时代为晚石炭世。综合区域地质特征、岩石地球化学和岩浆源区特征,表明东准噶尔地区晚石炭世(310~301 Ma)处于造山带碰撞后的陆壳伸展构造体制,且岩浆具有壳幔混合和分批熔融、增量生长的特征。     

内蒙古呼仁木图门沃博勒卓地区花岗岩锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及地质意义

内蒙古自治区苏尼特左旗呼仁木图门沃博勒卓地区广泛出露晚石炭世花岗岩。笔者采用LA-MC-ICPMS对岩浆岩锆石进行U-Pb测年,获得了含黑云母二长花岗岩(317.0±1.6)Ma和(313.5±1.5)Ma 的侵位年龄,时代为晚石炭世巴什基尔阶—莫斯科阶;通过地球化学研究,发现研究区花岗岩样品为过铝质高钾钙碱性系列岩石,ΣREE含量介于110.77×10-6～147.29×10-6,轻、重稀土分馏中等,轻稀土富集,Eu负异常明显;大离子亲石元素Rb、Th和U等相对富集,高场强元素Nb、Ta、Hf和Zr等略显富集,Ba、Sr和Ti相对亏损。综合前人研究成果,研究区含黑云母二长花岗岩形成于后造山构造环境。     

阿尔金南缘中段清水泉斜长花岗岩同位素年龄及成因研究

阿尔金南缘清水泉地区与基性-超基性岩伴生的花岗岩为斜长花岗岩。岩石地球化学显示该花岗岩高硅、富铝和钠,低镁和钾;轻稀土富集,具有Eu的正异常(δEu为1.01~2.01)。岩石富Rb、Ba,特别高Sr(779×10-6~864×10-6),低Y(1.17×10-6~1.51×10-6)及Yb(0.15×10-6~0.20×10-6),强烈亏损Nb、Ta等。斜长花岗岩锆石振荡环带清晰,Th/U和Nb/Ta比值分别为0.38~0.52,2.92~5.04;具有明显的Ce正异常和Eu负异常,为典型的岩浆锆石,利用LA-ICP-MS微区原位定年获得该花岗岩206Pb/238U-207Pb/235U谐和年龄为465Ma,206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为451±4Ma。锆石饱和温度计和锆石Ti温度计演算结果显示锆石的结晶温度分别为783~811℃和693~821℃。推测花岗岩源区压力范围为1.8~2.0GPa,形成深度在60km以上。综合分析清水泉花岗岩主、微量元素地球化学特征,并结合区域地质,认为该花岗岩属"I"型花岗岩,由地幔基性岩浆上侵分异形成,产于伸展环境。     

青海岗察花岗岩类地球化学特征、构造环境及成因

为探讨青海岗察花岗岩类的成因机制,通过岩相学、主量元素、微量元素地球化学特征研究,岩体由辉长辉绿岩、辉石闪长岩、紫苏辉石闪长岩、石英闪长岩、花岗闪长岩、二长花岗岩等组成。岩石里特曼指数δ=1.37~2.36,属钙碱性系列;铝饱和指数(A/CNK)=0.765~1.018,属准铝质-弱过铝质岩石。在ACF图显示岗察岩体主要属I-S型花岗岩。稀土总量48.11×10-6~249.35×10-6,轻重稀土比值4.12~10.72,LaN/YbN比值3.30~12.85,稀土元素分配曲线显示轻稀土元素曲线向右倾斜,重稀土元素呈平缓型,说明轻稀土元素分馏明显,重稀土元素分馏不明显,显示岩浆源区的残留矿物含有角闪石。δEu=0.34~1.21,铕元素具负异常,说明源区在部分熔融过程中有斜长石的残留。微量元素蛛网图显示Rb具有明显富集,K,Th含量较高,Ba相对亏损,Ce,Hf,Zr,Sm,Y,Yb等明显低于洋脊花岗岩,具有后碰撞花岗岩特征。岗察岩体侵入时间上发生在陆陆碰撞期后的陆内叠覆造山阶段,其构造环境属后碰撞陆内造山叠覆-底侵构造环境。其成因是中三叠世,大陆碰撞地壳加厚的地质背景下,岩浆底侵-混合作用形成,为中央造山带印支期构造-岩浆事件的产物。     

华北克拉通南缘大纸房和嵖岈山花岗岩的锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及成因启示

伏牛山余脉是华北克拉通南缘早白垩世花岗岩的集中出露区之一,其内花岗岩成因认识能为深入理解华北南缘燕山期岩浆活动规律和深部过程提供重要支撑。大纸房和嵖岈山岩株是伏牛山余脉花岗岩的典型代表,它们的U-Pb年龄分别为119.5±1.6 Ma和116.8±1.3 Ma,形成于早白垩世阿普特期。此外,它们的定年结果形成了锆石年龄谱,大纸房U-Pb年龄形成142 Ma和135 Ma两个峰值,嵖岈山U-Pb年龄形成135 Ma一个峰值。大纸房和嵖岈山花岗岩样品属高钾钙碱性系列,均具有富硅、碱和贫钙、镁的特征,分别属于弱过铝质和准铝质—弱过铝质花岗岩。大纸房和嵖岈山花岗岩样品均显示了Rb、Th、Zr、Hf的异常峰和Ba、Sr、P、Ti的异常谷。大纸房花岗岩样品的稀土总量介于176×10^-6~217×10^-6之间,（La/Yb）_N比值范围是43.0~55.5,它的稀土配分模式以轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损和负Eu异常不明显为特征。嵖岈山花岗岩样品的稀土总量介于230×10^-6~316×10^-6之间,（La/Yb）_N比值范围是15.8~22.9,稀土配分模式具轻稀土富集、中稀土亏损和重稀土略微富集的“V”型（海鸥型）特征,负Eu异常明显。大纸房花岗岩高Sr和低Y、Yb,Sr/Y值为17.1~51.5,具有埃达克岩的特性,形成深度大于50 km,部分熔融源区残余相包括石榴子石、金红石和角闪石,且无（富钙）斜长石残留。嵖岈山花岗岩为低Sr、高Yb的南岭型（A型）花岗岩,其部分熔融源区残余相主要为角闪石和斜长石及金红石,无石榴子石残余,形成深度30 km以浅。大纸房和嵖岈山花岗岩形成于板内环境,经历了岩浆/流体体系混合再活化作用,是~120 Ma区域岩石圈拆沉作用的岩浆响应。

     

新疆西天山阿吾拉勒山那拉提地区石英二长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

位于伊犁微板块北缘阿吾拉勒山那拉提地区的石英二长岩侵位于上石炭统伊什基里克组,LA-ICPMS锆石U-Pb加权平均年龄为307.0±2.5 Ma,时代归属于晚石炭世,代表了岩浆的侵位年龄。岩石地球化学数据显示岩石中Si O_2、Al_2O_3、碱含量较高,里特曼指数σ为3.09~3.94,A/CNK=0.75~0.91,属准铝质钙碱性—碱性花岗岩系列;稀土元素总量(ΣREE)较高,稀土配分模式呈轻稀土富集的右倾型[(La/Yb)_N=2.86~6.14],轻稀土分异程度大于重稀土,Eu具有较为明显的负异常(δEu=0.46~1.02,平均为0.69);强烈富集大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Th、K,亏损高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Ti、P;综合表明那拉提石英二长岩具有A_2型花岗岩的特征。高的Th含量(8.68×10~(-6)~14.62×10~(-6))及低的Nb/Ta值(12.23~29.90,均值为18.13)指示岩浆源区主要为地壳,但受到了地幔混染作用的影响。在Nb—Y—Ce、Y/Nb—Ce/Nb及Rb—(Nb+Y)等构造判别图解中样品大多数落入造山后或晚造山花岗岩区,故笔者等认为该岩体应为造山向造山后或晚造山转换时期的产物,属造山后或晚造山岩浆作用。结合区域地质背景,本文认为伊犁微板块在307.0±2.5 Ma前已与准噶尔微板块碰合,北天山洋盆闭合时限早于晚石炭世。这些新资料为西天山区域大地构造演化研究提供了新的约束。     

豫南新县岩体地球化学、年代学和Hf同位素特征及地质意义

新县岩体位于秦岭-大别造山带上,对其进行系统的岩石地球化学探讨有助于加深对秦岭-大别造山带中生代构造-岩浆演化及地球动力学背景的认识.岩石地球化学分析结果显示,SiO₂含量为74.94%~78.16%,K₂O含量为3.87%~5.86%,Na₂O含量为3.82%~4.24%,Al₂O₃含量为12.38%~13.57%,具有高钾钙碱性和过铝质(A/CNK=1.05~1.11) 特征.岩石稀土总量较低(42.67×10-6~110.45×10-6),轻稀土元素相对富集,重稀土元素相对亏损,具有Eu的负异常,岩体富集Rb、U、Hf和Y,亏损Ba、Nb、Ta和Ti,显示出Ⅰ型高分异花岗岩的特点.3个期次岩石的U-Pb年龄分别为153.4±1.1 Ma、146.4±1.6 Ma和131.6±1.8 Ma.锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,新县岩体的ε_Hf(t)值为-24.5~-20.3,位于地幔演化线之下,t_DM2值为2.68~2.93 Ga,指示其源于扬子板块北缘的古老地壳,其组成类似于扬子板块北缘TTG型岩浆岩.结合区域地质背景,新县岩体形成于扬子陆块与华北陆块碰撞造山后的陆内伸展环境,对应的地球动力学背景为晚侏罗世-早白垩世地壳从挤压收缩向区域性伸展的构造体制大转换过程和大规模的地壳伸展和岩石圈减薄时期.      

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料,就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因,其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应,以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上,讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the