对μA μB是凸模糊度的证明

本文直接从定义出发证明:若μ_A和μ_B是凸模糊度,则μ_A μ_B也是凸模糊度。方法是先把μ_A和μ_B分成几种情况.然后逐一加以证明,这样可得出μ_A μ_B在一般情况下是凸模糊度的结论。     

阳江强降水的散度场分析

本文通过对1979年5月13—14日广东阳江邻近地区08时散度场的分析,得出正相对散度中心与强降水相对应,并从理论上作了讨论。在此基础上,考虑天气尺度(大尺度)运动,在正相对散度中心对应的强降水处,当 (500或200毫巴地转偏差小于实际风)和 (850毫巴地转偏差大于或等于实际风)时,导出它加强、减弱及移动的判别式。以此定性预报阳江正相对散度中心对应的强降水加强、减弱及移动,其结果与实况基本符合。     

HⅢ(2n)中元素的一种标准化表示

给出HⅢ(2n)中元素的一种标准化表示,HⅢ(2n)={Z∈C^2n×2n|1/2(Z+Z'')>0,ZJ=JZ''},J=0 I_n-I_n 0,1/2(Z+Z)>0表示矩阵1/2(Z+z'')是正定的。     

A STUDY ON DEFORMATIONS OF RAY AND ITS RELEVANT FACTORS*

In this paper,the effects of first and second meridional derivative(i.e.h_s^u,d²f/dy²,u″)of the Coriolis parameter,Westerly profile and topography structure on ray routes are qualitatively analysed by use of a simplified mathematical model.The analysis indicates that the second derivatives of the above relevant factors play an important role in the formation of great circle route.A profile of west wind similar to the real atmosphere may result in a "sine wave pattern" of ray.The effects of west wind shear,β factor and the slope of topography on the scale of radius of great circle,critical latitude of rays ard the amplitude of wave train of teleconnection are also discussed.Additionally,the characters of critical velocity profile for meridionally trapped wave are mentioned.     

ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE INTENSITY AND DIFFUSION PARAMETER OVER COMPLICATED TOPOGRAPHY OF EASTERN GUANGDONG

Based on observations by a dual-theodolite anemometer tracking balanced balloons and an American Gill UVW anemograph for complicated underlying surface in Meizhou, eastern Guangdong, turbulent fluctuations of the Lagrangian and Eulerian systems are determined for the area. Following the Taylor formular in respect to a few reference frames, horizontal and vertical turbulence intensity and atmospheric diffusion parameters σ_y and σ_x are then computed and compared with those obtained by the PG method and BNL experiments. It is found that within heights less than 100 m above the ground σ_y and σ_x are larger than values of PG and BNL with all conditions of stability and stratification.     

铜川春季气候特征分析

利用铜川３站１９６４—２０１０年春季气温、降水、风、日照等观测资料,采用统计方法分析
铜川春季气候变化规律,结果表明：铜川春季平均气温为１１.６℃,平均气温年际变化呈现增暖趋
势,气候倾向率为０.３７４℃/１０ａ,北部增暖显著,南部次之,中部最小;北部出现≤－２.０℃和
≤－４.０℃的概率较大,中部次之,南部最小;≤－２.０℃出现频率为３.４％～１２.４％,≤－４.０℃出现频率为１.１％～５.９％;平均降水量为１１５.９ｍｍ,由北向南递减,降水随年际变化呈减少趋
势,下降最显著的是４月;日照百分率３、５月最小,４月最大,平均总辐射量自北向南递减;地
形原因导致风分布不均匀,平均风速北部最大,南部次之,中部最小,呈现４月明显偏大,３、５
月基本接近的月际变化规律;一日内风速通常夜间较小,午后较大,春季大风一般伴有寒潮,降
温天气;全市大风分布差异很大,北部宜君占５３.４％,４月最多,占４２.８％。

     

Relationship between Net Radiation and Broadband Solar Radiation in the Tibetan Plateau

The characteristics of net radiation (R_n)(0.3--10 μm) in Lhasa and Haibei in the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed based on long-term in-situ measurements of surface radiation data. The monthly average of daily R_n reached a minimum during the winter period followed by an increase until May and then a decline until January. This variation is consistent with solar activity. The annual mean daily total R_n values were 0.92 MJ m^-2 d^-1 and 0.66 MJ m^-2d^-1 in Lhasa and Haibei, respectively. A relationship between R_n and broadband solar radiation (R_s) was demonstrated by a good linear correlation at the two sites. R_n can be an accurate estimate from R_s. The estimated R_n values were similar to the observed values, and the relative deviations between the estimates and measurements of R_n were 2.8% and 3.8% in Lhasa and Haibei, respectively. The application of the R_n estimating model to other locations showed that it could provide acceptable estimated R_n values from the R_s data. Furthermore, we analyzed the influence of clouds on R_n by different clear index (K_s), defined as the ratio of R_s to the extraterrestrial solar irradiance on a horizontal surface. The results indicate that more accurate results are associated with increased cloudy conditions. The influence of the albedo was also considered, but its inclusion in the model resulted in only a slight improvement. Because surface albedo is not usually measured, an expression based solely on global solar radiation could be of more extensive use.     

PROBLEMS EXISTING IN THE VERTICAL DISCRETIZATION OF THE HYDROSTATIC EQUATION AND IMPROVEMENT TESTS

Through analysis and numerical computation of ECMWF's discrete scheme of hydrostatic equation(Baede et al.1979),it has been found that in the case of equal △σ there exist systematic errors in the scheme.The error E_Φ caused by taking the arithmetic mean of the geopotential heights of two adjacent half σ-levels as the geopotential height of the corresponding integer σ-level,increases with height and has an unacceptable maximum in the vicinity of the top of the atmosphere;however,the errors caused by the temperature treatment are generally small.On the other hand,if an uneven △σ-scheme in which the levels in the upper and lower atmosphere are denser than those in the middle atmosphere,is adopted,then E_Φ can be much reduced.However,if the resolution of the original equal Art-scheme doubles,then E_Φ can only be found to be much reduced in the troposphere and that in the vicinity of the atmospheric top is still unacceptable.Two numerical schemes for improvement have been presented. Of them one is the same as the ECMWF's scheme,but with equal △lnσ,and the other is to integrate the equation by the use of Tschebyscheff polynomials T_n and to adopt the zeros of T_N as the atmospheric levels where N is the total number of levels.The results show that with both schemes the computational errors can be much reduced,especially the latter,due to the fact that the errors of three statistical types are generally less than the root mean square error of the geopotential heights reported in TEMP.     

A STUDY ON TYPHOON MOVEMENT PART Ⅰ:THE EFFECT OF DIABATIC HEATING AND HORIZONTAL TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION

A basic equation governing the movement of a typhoon has been derived based on the system of primitive equations of motion in the atmosphere. The role of several forcing factors which cause the deviation of the typhoon from the steering current have been discussed based on the governing equation. What is presented in Part Ⅰ is a theoretical analysis on the effects of diabatic heating and the horizontal temperature distribution. It is shown that the accelerations of a typhoon caused by diabatic heating and temperature advection coincide with the direction of the volume-averaged "diabatic steering velocity" QV and the "steering velocity of temperature advection" A_TV (V is the air velocity,Q the diabatic heating rate and A_T the temperature advection ), respectively. The precipitation (or condensation heating) on the right (left) side of a typhoon will accelerate (decelerate) the typhoon. The precipitation in the front (rear ) of the typhoon will turn it to the left (right) of its ordainal path. A typhoon will speed up (slow down) when it moves towards a region of cold (warm) air.     

FEATURES OF ENERGY BUDGET AND CONVERSION OF DEVELOPED AND UNDEVELOPED TROPICAL CYCLONE

With two cases of local tropical disturbances in both developed and undeveloped phases, contributions to the genesis and development by kinetic formation and transfer from divergent and nondivergent winds are studied using energy budget equations. Computations are done of conversion kinetic energy between the two types of winds. The result indicates that the subgrid scale effect is the principal source of kinetic energy for a tropical cyclone to grow into a typhoon; the cumulus convection plays a dominant role, in company of relatively weaker contributions on vdrious phases of the life cycle by convergence of fluxes of divergent and nondivergent winds as well as the formation of kinetic energy by the former wind. It is also suggested that the conversion of kinetic energy between the divergent and nondivergent winds C(K_x, K_ψ)is increasing with the development of disturbance mainly due to the contribution by C₁=f^▽Χ^▽ψ. The disturbance is shown in the distribution of C(K_x, K_ψ) to increase in a favorable anticyclonic outflow corresponding to the upper level where the conversion becomes negative in developing and mature phases while the wind velocity increases with enhanced conversion fr0m K_x to K_ψ the lower level in association with the growth of the disturbance. In addition,geopotential energy P converts to kinetic energy of the divergent wind in every stage from formation to mature of the disturbance by means of C(P, K_x), the maximum appearing on the middle and upper layers of the troposphere.The intensity of C(P, K_x) is consistently in phase with variation of C(K_x, K_ψ).     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.