云南测震台网台站场地响应与ML震级测定的讨论

利用2016年云南测震台网记录到的地脉动数据,运用H/V谱比法计算分析了47个测震台站在0.1～20.0Hz频段内的场地响应。选取2012～2016年期间云南测震台网记录到的ML≥2.5地震做单台震级偏差统计分析,挑出受场地放大作用而出现单台震级大于台网平均震级的台站做去场地放大校正,然后重新统计单台震级偏差情况。计算结果显示云南测震台网的台站受台基条件和所处位置等地质构造因素影响,均存在一定程度的场地放大作用,大部分台站场地响应的卓越频率为1～6Hz,放大倍数为2～4倍。受场地放大作用的影响,大姚、芒市等19个台站的单台ML震级大于台网平均震级。在去除场地放大作用后,台站单台震级与台网平均震级的偏差有所减小。     

福建测震台网单台震级偏差与台站场地响应关系的初步分析

利用福建测震台网2008年10月~2015年12月记录的每个事件至少有6个台站测算震级的3069个区域地震事件,进行单台震级与台网平均震级的偏差统计,获得了各台站的总的震级平均偏差为-0.31~0.68,并统计各台站测算震级所量取最大记录振幅相应的周期,获得优势周期为0.06~0.38s;通过Moya方法反演各测震台站的场地响应,获得98个台站对1~20Hz频带的场地响应,结果显示场地对某些频带信息有放大或抑制作用;通过比较Wood-Anderson地震仪摆固有0.8s周期所对应的场地响应、各台样本优势周期所对应场地响应的震级偏差与各台总的震级平均偏差,发现台站测算震级相应优势周期的场地响应的震级偏差与台站震级平均偏差有较好的线性关系,表明单台震级的偏差与测算震级所量取最大记录振幅相应的周期的场地响应有较大关系。     

甘肃地区近震震级的量规函数研究

采用甘肃测震台网“十五”宽频带数字地震记录资料,选取自2009 年1 月～ 2012 年12 月所记录的13086 次地震事件,通过震级残差统计方法计算了各台站单台震级与台网平均震级的偏差、平均偏差和标准偏差,分析了震级偏差频次分布和定量统计,修正了ML量规函数,得到了代表甘肃地区的地方性均匀震级量规函数。     

陕西地区近震震级与介质衰减、场地响应的关系

利用陕西测震台网51个台站2012—2019年所记录的91个地震,基于遗传算法和互相衔接的三段几何衰减模型,采用Athinson方法计算得到陕西地区介质品质因子Q值与频率f的关系为Q (f)=698.4f ^0.2828。考虑到陕西地区介质横向不均匀性强烈及天然地震分布特征,反演了秦巴山区和关中盆地的介质品质因子,分别为Q₁(f)=665.5f^0.2671和Q₂(f)=756.2f ^0.3443。采用Moya方法反演陕西测震台网46个固定台站的场地响应。TOCH台在1—6 Hz,HUAX台在3—20 Hz,GST台在7—20 Hz,FXI台在2—20 Hz,LNA台在3—10 Hz,均表现出了明显的放大作用。根据波形数据和观测报告,计算出2002—2019年陕西测震台网所记录到的2 309次M_L≥2.0近震单台震级测定值与台网平均震级的差,得到震级偏差的分布图像。结果显示：关中盆地单台震级普遍偏大,这与盆地表层松软沉积层对入射波的放大作用有关。秦巴山区单台震...     

陕西地区近震震级的量规函数研究

选取陕西数字测震台网2002~2014年所记录到的ML≥2.0且记录台站数大于4的2 806次地震事件,采用震级残差统计方法,得到各单台震级相对于台网震级Mi的偏差εi,εi离散度较小,大体呈正态分布。分析了单台震级与台网震级的平均偏差ΔMi、标准偏差εi,只有3个台(HUAX、HZHT、TOCH)的平均偏差较大,这可能是由于场地响应放大或减小作用导致的。单台震级偏差值随震中距的变化表明,当震中距Δ≤140 km及210Δ≤250 km时,全国量规函数稳定性弱,进而修正得到陕西地区的区域量规函数。     

广东地区近震M_L震级量规函数

收集了广东地震台网记录的地震资料,根据Richter提出的原始M_L震级定义,分别采用了频率域和时间域2种仿真技术将宽频带速度波形仿真为伍德-安德森地震仪波形,在仿真后的波形上自动量取地震水平向最大振幅,研究获得了广东地区近震M_L震级的量规函数。通过对各台站计算的M_L震级残差的统计分析,获得了广东地震台网44个台站的台站校正。对台站校正的Z检验结果表明,44个台站中有38个台站的台站校正明显不为0。新量规函数以及台站校正的应用,有效提高了广东地震台网测定M_L震级的精度,使M_L震级测定的离散程度降低约30%。     

新疆数字地震台网地方性震级量规函数的初步研究

基于2009～2014年新疆测震台网数字地震记录资料,运用震级残差统计方法,选择16269个2.0≤ML≤5.4地震事件,共计获得了179561个单台记录;利用最大地动位移衰减特性方法,选用3.6≤ML≤4.5的746个地震事件作为研究对象,对新疆数字台网地方性震级量规函数进行了研究。将得出的量规函数值进行对比后认为,现阶段使用的量规函数值在0～200km的震中距范围内偏小,导致此范围内台站测定的震级偏小;在200～800km的范围内,测算的震级值较稳定,偏差范围在±0.1的范围内;在400～800km震中距范围内,由最大地动位移衰减特性方法得出的量规函数偏小。由于目前各地震台站使用的地震计仪器响应不准确,造成量规函数偏小的原因有待用计量更加准确的台站仪器响应参数进行验证,以便得到更加精确的新疆台网地方性震级量规函数。     

内蒙古地区地方性震级的量规函数研究

选取2008年1月~2015年11月内蒙古测震台网81个台站所记录的6342次地震事件,基于震级残差统计方法,计算了81个台站单台震级与台网平均震级的偏差、平均偏差和标准偏差。分析认为,BHS等6个台站震级偏差较大的原因可能是台站场地响应放大、台基风化等。台基校正前、后单台震级平均偏差值ΔMLi随震中距的变化曲线显示,曲线形态基本未有大的改变,台基校正后较之前震级平均偏差绝对值降低0.01,表明台基对地方性震级偏差的影响不大。同时,进行了81个台站的台基校正获得了内蒙古新量规函数,结果表明,全国量规函数除了震中距为0~120km时适合于内蒙古地区以外,其余情况下均偏高,不符合内蒙古地区的特征。因此,本文修定了全国量规函数,得到了校正后的内蒙古地区量规函数。     

内蒙古数字测震台网单台近震震级偏差研究

使用内蒙古测震台网产出的观测报告,以台网平均震级为标准,选取2008年1月—2014年1月的地震事件,将该台网监测区域内各台站记录数据进行检索整理,对样本数接近和超过100个的39个台站数据进行归类统计,计算各台站单台震级和台网平均震级的偏差、平均偏差和标准离差,从震级偏差频次分布、仪器、量规函数、台基等方面分析产生震级偏差的原因。在进行量规函数和台基校正后,震级偏差在±0.2之内的样本数达到70%。     

江西地区地方性震级的量规函数与台基校正值研究

本文采用《江西测震台网地震观测报告》,选取2007年10月~2015年12月所记录的499次M_L≥1.5地震事件,对各子台测定震级与台网平均震级偏差进行定量的统计分析,从震级偏差频次分布、量规函数、台基、方位角等方面分析产生震级偏差的原因。在对量规函数和台基进行校正后,震级偏差绝对值在0.2以内的样本数达到了68.6%,并给出了适合江西地区的量规函数和台基校正值。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Dissolved Carbohydrate Concentration,Composition, and Bioavailability to Microbial Heterotrophs in Stream Water

Dissolved total carbohydrates (DTCH), dissolved free monosaccharides (DFMS), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biodegradable DOC (BDOC), and humic substances (HS) were measured in White Clay Creek (WCC), a stream in southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont, USA. Samples were collected over different seasons and under baseflow and stormflow conditions. DOC concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 12.8 mg/L C with the highest concentrations associated with stormflows. Carbohydrates ranged from 0.42 to 12.4 μM and accounted for 2.9 to 12.7% of the DOC. Humic substances represented the major DOC fraction, accounting for 55 to 72% of the DOC pool under all flow conditions. The humic fraction had a lower carbohydrate content (4.4%) than the non-humic fraction of DOC (7.2%). Stormflow DOC was enriched in carbohydrates relative to baseflow DOC, but the percentage of humic-C changed little. Carbohydrates were primarily present as dissolved polysaccharides (55%), but a significant fraction was bound to humic substances (40%), while a small proportion was present as monosaccharides (5%). The major monosaccharides in stream water, listed in order of decreasing concentration, included glucose, galactose, rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, mannose, and fucose. On average (30.6 ± 7.4)% (n = 44) of the stream water DOC was biodegradable, and carbohydrates accounted for 9.9 to 17.7% of the BDOC.