江西省北部一次冰雹过程可预报性分析

利用EC数值预报产品对2018年江西省北部一次降雹过程的高空形势及相关物理量预报场进行分析,结果表明：高空槽、低层切变线、地面倒槽辐合线,“上干冷下暖湿”的层结分布及冷锋前部近乎稳定层结存储的中等到强的不稳定能量,中等到强的垂直风切变,持续偏强的上升运动等,是此次冰雹天气发生的主要原因。EC数值预报模式对于天气尺度系统、中小尺度辐合线、对流有效位能及上升运动等有一定的预报能力,特别是对0 ℃和-20 ℃高度和整层的垂直环境层结预报效果很好,具有明显的“上干冷下暖湿”特征;但对于地面温度湿度预报出现系统性偏低,对低层西南急流预报较实况偏小,有其一定的局限性。     

德州市两次强对流冰雹天气过程对比分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、常规观测资料、多普勒雷达和卫星云图资料对2016年6月13日和2017年6月12日德州市两次强冰雹天气过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:两次冰雹是高空冷涡和高空西北气流环流背景下,中高层冷空气的入侵,触发不稳定能量释放造成的。低层水汽饱和度较高,中高层干冷空气入侵导致大气不稳定度逐渐增加,这种低层湿、中高层干的大气层结特点,非常有利于冰雹生成发展。德州市强对流发生时云顶温度TBB在-40～-60℃,强对流最剧烈冰雹、大风天气主要发生在雷暴云团前方亮温梯度最大区域。造成两次冰雹天气的回波是多单体风暴,0℃层和-20℃层高度比较适宜,中心强度均在55DBZ以上,风暴强盛阶段单体顶高(TOP)维持在10km以上高度,强中心高度(HT)维持在4～8km高度,低层存在非常强的垂直风切变。降雹区垂直积分液态含水量(VIL)在50kg/m~2以上,DBZ、VIL等产品与降雹相关性很好,对冰雹预报有较好的指示作用。     

西风槽影响下豫西北两类强对流天气流型和物理量特征分析

西风槽是诱发豫西北雷雨大风和暴雨等强对流天气的一种重要的天气系统。利用常规高空、地面观测和探空资料,对2001-2015年6-9月受西风槽影响在豫西北发生的区域性强对流天气过程的分析发现,由于近地面暖湿空气势力和侵入冷空气的强弱不同,致使天气系统配置差异显著。根据不同天气系统配置,将由西风槽入侵引起的强对流天气过程分为斜压锋生类和低层暖平流强迫抬升类两种。斜压锋生类的显著特征是配合高空槽的移近,影响系统在700 h Pa上有明显的冷槽,在近地面层有明显的锋生和锋面移近,锋面逼近使抬升运动增强是强对流天气启动的重要因素;低层暖平流强迫类的影响系统在700 h Pa上有位势高度槽而无冷槽,槽的南段紧贴或者落后于500 h Pa槽线,呈前倾结构,强的热力不稳定和深层垂直风切变所形成的动力不稳定是引发这类强对流天气的主要因素,地面辐合线、干线触发了强对流天气。二者在物理量场分布上也有着显著的异同:相同之处在于两类强对流天气均有较强的位势不稳定且积累了大量的不稳定能量,两类强对流过程的0℃层均接近或超过5km。不同之处主要有以下几点:1)斜压锋生类中低层湿度更大,湿层更厚。2)低层暖平流强迫类850-500 h Pa的温差均值为27. 7℃,大于斜压锋生类的温差。3)斜压锋生类K指数均值达39. 6℃,低层暖平流强迫类K指数均值为28. 7℃,二者差值高达10. 9℃,而其抬升凝结高度却明显偏低。4)斜压锋生类中低层的垂直风切变较大,而低层暖平流强迫类的对流层高层与近地面间的垂直风切变较大。     

基于微波辐射计对呼和浩特市一次冰雹天气过程的观测分析

利用呼和浩特市35通道MP-3000A微波辐射计探测资料对2016年6月9日呼和浩特市一次冰雹天气过程进行监测分析。分析结果表明:高层干冷空气与中低层西南暖湿气流交绥形成的"上干、下湿"的湿度垂直结构分布以及中低层的水汽供应为冰雹天气的发生与维持提供了不稳定层结结构和水汽条件;IWV、ILW在降雹前均迅速增长、在降雹开始后均迅速减小,降雹前上升气流将低层的热量向高层输送,使0、-10、-20℃层抬升,中低层出现明显的增温现象,且冰雹发生在液态水含量分布的深厚大值区,冰雹形成过程中会消耗0℃以下的累积液态水;微波辐射计资料计算的K、TT、SI三种不稳定指数均能较好的反应冰雹天气过程的大气层结稳定度状态,对冰雹天气的预警有一定的指示意义。     

江西省北部地区一次致灾冰雹天气环境条件和特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、天气雷达资料、FY-2E卫星TBB资料和NCEP1°×1°再分析等资料,对2015年4月2日发生在江西省北部地区的冰雹强对流天气环境条件和特征进行了分析。结果表明:1)高空槽、低层切变线和地面锋面共同影响,导致此次冰雹强对流天气过程,冷锋及其附近的中尺度地面辐合线是主要触发系统。2)降雹前6—12 h,江西省北部地区对流层中低层西南风速跃增,并且500 hPa高度层存在干急流轴,干空气卷入能使雨滴脱离上升气流,减弱雨滴的拖曳作用,形成"上干冷、下暖湿"对流不稳定温湿层结。3)江西省北部地区边界层有假相当位温能量锋区维持;且处于水汽通量辐合区中心,低层维持较强水汽辐合和输送,为冰雹云内雹胚的形成和生长提供了充足的水汽条件。4)风暴单体具有有界弱回波区、高悬的强反射率因子、强回波伸展至-20℃层高度之上、高VIL密度、强中气旋等大冰雹回波特征。TBB分布反映了一个MCS的演变,降雹地点与TBB小于-52℃的冷云区及其北侧TBB大梯度区对应较好。     

青藏高原东北部7.13冰雹天气成因分析

利用常规资料、卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达产品资料,对2015年7月13日青藏高原东北部地区出现的冰雹强对流天气进行了分析,结果表明:此次过程为典型的蒙古低涡环流形势下形成的降雹,高空存在干冷平流的强迫,触发了中小尺度对流系统,同时地面有辐合线配合,冰雹云移动路径与地面辐合线移动方向一致;冰雹发生前期沙氏指数为负值,对流有效位能较大,0~6km之间存在着较强的垂直风切变;降雹当日0℃层、-20℃层以及-30℃高度显著下降,大气层结不稳定;雷达回波特征在时间、空间上的配置与冰雹强天气的发生发展有很好的对应关系。     

甘肃省东部冰雹特征及预警指标分析

利用典型代表年份的90个冰雹个例观测资料，采用统计和数理诊断的方法对冰雹天气物理量参数进行分析，构建了甘肃省东部地区冰雹天气概念模型和冰雹预警指标。结果表明：冰雹事件在时空分布上受到天气系统和地形双重影响，冰雹天气过程分为西北气流型、低槽型和低涡型，占比分别为52%、38%和10%，在地势高、地形复杂的地区更容易产生降雹。92%的降雹出现在13—20时，5—7月占全年发生降雹概率的86%。0℃层高度越高，冰雹在降落过程中融化的越快；回波顶高越高，层结水汽越丰富；强回波顶高越高，水汽越丰富，冰雹云发展旺盛；强回波顶高越接近回波顶高时，对流发展越旺盛。通过对降雹时的最大回波强度、最大回波顶高、最大垂直累积液态水含量(VIL_max)、垂直累积液水密度(VILD)以及K指数、沙氏指数(SI)、0℃层高度、-20℃层高度等物理量进行综合分析所构建的甘肃省东部地区的冰雹预警指标体系可对13 min冰雹临近预警提供定量化的判据。     

铜仁市一次冰雹天气的多普勒雷达回波特征分析

为了提高铜仁市冰雹天气的预报预警服务能力,该文应用铜仁市新一代多普勒天气雷达资料和常规气象资料,对2013年3月19日铜仁市冰雹天气过程进行综合分析,结果表明:①多普勒雷达反射率因子在0℃层上出现大于50.0 dBz的回波时,则可能降雹;②反射率因子在0℃及以上层(如-20℃、-30℃层)在降雹前强度明显增加,50 dBz的回波高度超过0℃层高度且发展到对流云中上部,且其剖面具有明显的穹窿结构;③风随高度的垂直切变是强对流产生发展和维持的重要条件;逆风区的存在是冰雹天气速度回波场的明显特征;④垂直累积液态含水量产品对冰雹天气的分析也有很好的辅助作用。⑤强天气概率和冰雹指数对降雹亦具有一定的预报预警指示意义。     

豫西北一次弱降水环流形势的飑线冰雹过程数值分析

2015年5月6日夜间,河南省西北部出现了冰雹、飑线和大风灾害性天气。利用常规观测资料、NCEP(1°×1°)再分析资料及郑州多普勒雷达回波资料,对这次弱降水环流背景下的飑线冰雹过程进行数值分析。结果发现:常规天气尺度环流形势不利于对这次飑线冰雹过程的预判,借助中尺度分析与落区围区法能较好地预报这次冰雹飑线过程;豫西北上空CAPE能量场较弱,水汽条件和不稳定能量也不利于强降水的产生,但由于冷平流入侵和高温高湿不稳定能量在豫西北上空不断堆积,以及冷锋入侵和垂直风切变较大,致使豫西北地区存在对流触发机制;低层辐合、高层辐散的垂直层结结构和垂直上升运动的不断加深,使强对流加强并维持,导致形成冰雹和飑线;-20℃层和0℃层高度适宜,有利于豫西北降雹;V型缺口、雷达反射率因子特征及阵风锋和飑线南北两端的速度场分布,对冰雹和大风预报有较好的指示意义。     

近10年广东冰雹的统计特征及天气形势

对2004—2013年广东冰雹天气的时空分布、天气形势、物理量进行了分析。广东的冰雹天气主要出现在3—5月并且集中在粤北山区和西江流域河网地带。可将广东出现冰雹时的天气形势分成锋面低槽型、暖区型、高架雷暴型3种典型的类型。锋面低槽型,大冰雹多出现在这类天气形势下,地面冷锋、低层切变线(低涡)、高空槽(温度槽)互相配合,地面冷空气和中层温度槽的侵入,使得大气层结变的不稳定;锋面、切变线、高空槽的动力作用触发对流;冰雹出现在锋面、切变线附近,高空槽前。暖区型,地面在长江流域以南没有冷空气活动,低层存在西南风与东南风的辐合,高空槽带来干冷空叠加在低层暖湿气流之上,形成不稳定层结;冰雹出现在高空槽前、低层辐合区内。高架雷暴型,地面为冷高压控制,低空存在逆温层,暖湿气流沿着低层冷垫爬升,对流在逆温层之上发展;冰雹出现在切变线附近,多为小冰雹。在广东,适宜大冰雹生长的物理量平均值是:0℃层高度4505m,-20℃层高度7632m,K指数35℃,SI指数-0.99℃;垂直风切变2.67×10-3 s-1;最大上升速度-28×10-2 Pa/s,400hPa与700hPa之间的差动温度平流-23.9×10-5℃/s。大冰雹要求更大的K指数、更小的SI、更大的垂直风切变、更加充足的水汽、更加强烈的垂直上升速度、更大的差动温度平流。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.