中国区域探空资料与再分析资料风速场的对比分析

利用中国高空探空资料和NCEP/NCAR、ERA以及MERRA三种再分析资料,讨论了再分析资料风速场在中国区域的适用性问题。结果表明:在中国区域的年平均场上,高空风速在我国对流层高层和中层均存在长期减弱的趋势,在我国东部和南部地区的对流层低层也存在减弱趋势,ERA-interim资料和MERRA资料适用性相对较好。再分析资料风速在多年年平均场上普遍小于探空风速。在对流层高层,1980年代至1990年代ERA-interim资料适用性好,而21世纪以后,NCEP/NCAR的适用性较好;在对流层中层和低层,NCEP/NCAR资料适用性较好。在中国区域的季节平均场上,高空风速在冬季的对流层高层和中层中普遍存在增加的趋势,而在春季、夏季和秋季的对流层高层和中层存在减小的趋势。探空资料与再分析资料在冬季偏差最小,在夏季偏差最大。在对流层中层和低层,NCEP/NCAR资料和MERRA资料在冬季的可信度相对较好,MERRA资料在夏季的可信度相对较好;在对流层高层和平流层低层,ERA-interim资料和MERRA资料在四季中的可信度都相对较好。     

1993—2013年中国地面太阳辐射的变化特征

根据1993—2013年中国15个省份16个站点的辐射观测数据,采用线性倾向估计分析了近20年来中国不同地区的地面太阳辐射的变化特征,并分析了散射系数（散射辐射和直接辐射之比）的变化情况。结果表明：1993—2013年间地面太阳总辐射在西部和东北地区呈上升趋势,在中部和东部地区呈下降趋势。直接辐射在中部地区呈上升趋势,在其他地区表现为下降趋势。散射辐射和散射系数除了新疆的乌鲁木齐和甘肃的兰州减小外,在所有地区几乎都呈上升趋势。散射辐射最大在东南沿海地区,最小在西北（新疆的乌鲁木齐）,但是散射系数在中东部地区相对较大。     

基于卫星资料的青藏高原卷云特性研究北大核心CSCD

青藏高原(下称高原)地区是中国气候的敏感区,为准确认识其上空的卷云特征,利用MODIS的M YD06二级云产品数据,对高原地区卷云的概率分布、云顶高度、粒子有效半径以及光学厚度进行了统计分析。结果表明:(1)卷云在3月和4月出现概率最高,10 12月出现概率最低。在全年中,卷云概率分布为双峰型,1 4月为一个高峰期,7 8月为另一个高峰期;两个低值期出现在5 6月和912月。(2)6月和10月卷云云顶高度的概率分布会产生显著的变化。卷云云顶高度平均最大值出现在7 8月,最小值出现在1 2月。(3)卷云的粒子有效半径主要分布在5~40μm之间,15~25μm间概率最大。卷云粒子尺度平均最大值出现在8 9月,最小值出现在12月至次年2月。(4)卷云的光学厚度主要分布在0~40之间,0~10间概率最大。卷云光学厚度最大值出现在8 9月,最小值出现在12月至次年2月。     

恐怖的紫茎泽兰

写出这个标题绝非耸人听闻。何为紫茎泽兰？紫茎兰是一种外来入侵的毒草,原本生长在中南美洲亚马逊河流域的热带国家。在它的家乡,有天敌病害和虫害,使这种毒草保持在平衡的生长水平。     

近50a长江中下游不同量级暴雨的年代际变化特征

利用1966—2015年中国地面气候资料数据集降水数据,对长江中下游地区春、夏、秋三季不同量级暴雨的年代际变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,暴雨在各季节变化特征明显不同,不同量级间也存在明显差异。暴雨在春秋季变化平稳,但在夏季呈现1990s频发,2000年之后少发的特征,并存在准20 a周期变化。大暴雨则在近30 a来呈现频发的特征,其中春季大暴雨在2010年之后显著增加,秋季大暴雨则在2000年之后明显增加。特大暴雨发生概率很小,但夏季特大暴雨在1990s之后一直呈现频发的趋势,并表现为准32 a的周期变化特征,秋季特大暴雨在2000年之后明显频发。大暴雨、特大暴雨在各季节均表现为近十几年来显著增加的趋势。暴雨和大暴雨均存在明显年代际跃变,这种跃变在暴雨、大暴雨频发的区域增幅更为显著。     

华东地区最高最低气温时空变化特征

利用华东地区1961-2005年气象站点的气温资料,分析了华东地区最高、最低气温的时间和空间变化特征。结果表明,1961-2005年华东最高和最低气温均有先降后升的变化趋势,其中冬季增温幅度最大,春季次之,夏季最高气温变化趋势不明显,最低气温升温幅度最小。2001-2005年,华东地区平均最高和最低气温最高;最高气温在20世纪80年代最低,最低气温在60年代最低。最高气温和最低气温分别在1989年和1988年发生了增加突变。华东最高和最低气温在空间上基本都为增温。华东最高气温在沿海地区的增温幅度大多大于内陆地区。最低气温在安徽北部、江苏北部和山东半岛的部分地区增温幅度较大,而在山东西部、江西西北部、浙江西部及福建沿海的部分地区增温幅度较小。最高、最低气温除在冬季增温趋势一致,即北部增温幅度大于南部外,在其他三个季节都呈现出不同的空间变化特征。     

西安城市空间典型绿地冷岛时空特征分析

城市热岛效应已经成为最主要的城市环境问题之一,城市绿地被认为是改善城市空间热环境、缓解城市热岛效应的有效工具。然而,目前关于城市绿地冷岛效应的研究尚不充分。利用在西安市唐延路城市公园实测的夏季空气温度数据,分析了城市绿地冷岛强度的时空特征。结果表明：公园绿地的冷岛效应在夜间可达2.5℃,在日间则不明显;冷岛效应在夜间有明显的水平方向扩散效果,在日间则主要集中在树木冠层以下。研究结果表明在城市规划中可通过城市公园布局改善城市微气候并为居民提供适宜的室外活动场所。     

用超声速气流产生冰晶的试验及测定

在２ｍ３等温云室中进行了塑料小泡压爆及超声速气流在过冷雾中产生冰晶性能的试验，在－１℃到－１７℃温度范围内测试其产生冰晶效率。发现这两种方法均能在过冷雾中产生大量冰晶，直到－１℃。在－８℃时每升空气产生的冰晶为１０１１－１０１２量级。是一种经济有效的催化过冷云雾的方法，很有应用前景。     

影响中国的热带气旋极端事件年代际变化

利用1949—2009年影响中国的热带气旋风雨资料以及登陆信息,研究影响热带气旋极端事件的年代际变化特征。结果表明：热带气旋登陆极端偏早或偏晚事件在1970和2000年代发生较少。热带气旋登陆强度（中心附近最大风力和最低气压）极端事件在2000年代发生频数最高。热带气旋降水影响时间极端事件在1970年代频数最多,大风影响时间极端事件在1980年代频数最多。日降水量和过程降水量的极值站数在1960年代最多,日最大风速极值站数在1980年代最多。     

葫芦岛沿岸海陆风特征及其环境效应

利用葫芦岛观测站1980—2009年观测资料,分析了葫芦岛沿岸海陆风风速的季节特征和日变化规律,以及海陆风环流对沿岸环境的影响。结论如下:1)葫芦岛站点在冬季出现海陆风日数最多,其他依次为秋季、夏季和春季。陆风风速从春季到冬季呈现递减趋势;海风在春季最大,其次为秋季的,冬季的最小。总体上,海陆风日中海风要强于陆风。2)对海陆风风速椭圆拟合结果表明,海陆风在10:32由陆风转化为海风,海风在16:32达到最大,在21:42由海风转化为陆风,陆风在04:32达到最大。3)由于海风的存在,沿岸地带在春夏两季日最高气温在12时出现,秋冬季的在13时出现。4)能见度日变化在四季中表现一致,早晨能见度转好的时刻比最低气温出现时刻滞后约2 h,在海风维持较长时间后空气绝对湿度增加导致能见度开始转差。5)冬季静止型海陆风日比例最高,再循环型海陆风日在秋季出现最多,而夏季通风型海陆风日出现最多。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.