青藏高原对亚洲夏季风爆发位置及强度的影响

通过数值模拟,研究了青藏高原位于不同经度位置时,亚洲夏季风的爆发和演变情况,从动力和热力学角度分析了青藏高原大地形对亚洲夏季风爆发位置的影响。结果表明,青藏高原的“热力滑轮”作用引起:高原东南面热带陆地上空的偏南气流加强,降水增加,凝结潜热加强;高原西南面热带陆地上空出现偏北气流,降水减弱,陆面的感热加热加强。青藏高原对于亚洲夏季风的爆发地点有锚定的作用,在热带海陆分布的背景下,使亚洲夏季风首先在高原东南面的海洋东岸—陆地西岸爆发,并使亚洲季风降水重新分布。     

冬季亚洲大陆的热力差异和中国气候的关系

最近的一些研究发现,除了海陆之间的热力差异外,大陆内部也存在热力差异。通过合成及t检验方法分析了亚洲大陆内部区域热力差异的变化特征,探讨了年代际尺度上大陆热力状况的季节变化与东亚初夏和夏季环流、季风活动、中国降水变化的关系。结果表明:正指数年代,在经向上从冬至夏东亚大陆由冷变暖,25°N以北中高纬度对流层高层有气温正距平下传,纬向上高原东侧我国大陆地区春夏季迅速增温。相比之下,海洋上的热力变化不明显,一直维持负距平,海陆热力差异偏大,东亚初夏季风建立偏早,夏季风强度偏强,相应地长江流域初夏降水偏多,夏季降水偏少,华北和西南部分地区夏季降水偏多。相反地,负指数年代海陆热力差异的变化将会减弱海陆之间的热力对比,不利于初夏季风的建立和夏季风加强,上述地区降水的变化大致与正指数年代相反。     

ECHAM4/OPYC3海气耦合模式对东亚季风年循环及其未来变化的模拟

德国马普研究所海气耦合摸式ECHAM4/OPYC3对东亚地区2 m温度年循环的模拟尽管有一些偏差,但还是相当成功的.其模拟的东亚夏季风偏弱,而冬季风偏强,此偏差可能与2 m温度以及西太平洋副热带高压模拟偏差有关.该模式模拟的东亚季风区夏季降水量偏弱,这与上述夏季风环流的模拟结果是一致的.该模式较好地抓住了华北地区经向环流和降水量的年循环特征.利用最新的温室气体和SO2排放方案,即政府间气候变化委员会(IPCC)排放方案特别报告(SRES)的A2和B2方案,通过该模式111年的积分结果讨论了东亚季风气候在21世纪后30年中的变化,其主要结果为:全球变暖导致夏季海陆温差增大和冬季海陆温差减弱,进而使东亚季风环流在夏季加强,冬季减弱.长江流域和华北地区的夏季降水量显著增强,而后者的增强更为显著,使得东亚季风区的夏季多雨区向北延伸;东亚季风区9月份的降水量在两个方案中都显著增加,说明在全球变暖条件下东亚季风区的多雨季节将延迟一个月.     

夏季亚洲-太平洋涛动的耦合模式模拟

亚洲-太平洋涛动是夏季欧亚大陆东部(15°—50°N,60°—120°E)与北太平洋上空(15°—50°N,180°—120°W)温度场反相变化的现象。亚洲-太平洋涛动指数由对流层上层(500—200 hPa)温度定义,反映了亚洲-太平洋纬向热力差异。基于一个全球海-气耦合模式FGOALS_gl的20世纪气候模拟试验结果,讨论了其对20世纪亚洲-太平洋涛动指数变化的模拟能力。结果表明,较之ERA-40再分析资料(1960—1999年),模式很好地刻画出上层温度场的平均态和主导模态的空间型。从趋势上看,模式对北太平洋上空温度的年代际变化和趋势模拟较好,但未能模拟出亚洲东部陆地上空的降温趋势。从频谱分析结果看,模拟的亚洲-太平洋涛动指数2—3,a的年际变率与再分析资料相当,5-7 a周期的变率较弱。模式能够较好地模拟出与亚洲-太平洋涛动指数相关的亚洲季风区气候异常。在20世纪模拟中,外强迫因子会改变耦合系统的年际变率,在自然因子强迫下亚洲-太平洋涛动指数的功率谱向低频方向增强,人为强迫因子的作用则相反。自然强迫因子和人为强迫因子在不同时期对亚洲-太平洋涛动年际和年代际变率的作用不同。在年际变率中人为强迫因子能够控制亚洲-太平洋涛动的变率使其不致过大;在年代际变率中人为强迫因子会增强自然强迫下亚洲-太平洋涛动的变率。模式上层温度的主导模态受ENSO调制,可能影响亚洲-太平洋涛动的年际变率。因此,模式对ENSO模拟能力的缺陷是制约模式对流层上层温度及亚洲-太平洋涛动指数变率的重要因素。     

气候系统模式FGOALS-g3模拟的全球季风：版本比较和海气耦合过程影响分析

本文基于观测和再分析资料，采用水汽收支诊断和合成分析方法，对新一代气候系统模式FGOALS-g3模拟的全球季风进行了系统评估，给出其较之前版本FGOALS-g2的优缺点，并通过与其大气分量模式GAMIL结果的比较，讨论了海气耦合过程的影响。结果表明，FGOALS-g3能合理再现全球季风气候态的基本特征，包括年平均、年循环模态、季风降水强度和季风区范围等，但模式低估陆地季风区年平均降水，高估海洋平均降水，模拟的热带地区春秋非对称模态偏强。研究指出FGOALS-g3模拟的陆地季风区范围偏小，这与模式模拟的夏季水汽垂直平流（尤其是热力项）偏小有关。年际变率上，FGOALS-g3能再现El Ni?o年全球季风降水偏少的整体特征，其不足之处在于部分季风区的降水异常存在一定偏差，例如其模拟的El Ni?o年西非季风区降水偏多和西南印度洋的偶极子型降水异常，均与观测分布不一致，且模式中西北太平洋季风区降水较观测偏多。这是由于El Ni?o年，模式中西非高层无弱辐合中心，且海洋性大陆较观测偏暖，对流中心西移。相较于FGOALS-g2,FGOALS-g3对环流、季风降水的年际变率和季风–ENSO关系的模...     

夏季亚洲—太平洋涛动与大气环流和季风降水

利用ERA-40再分析资料和数值模拟,分析了在亚洲-太平洋区域的大气遥相关以及与亚洲季风降水和西北太平洋热带气旋活动气候特征的关系,探讨了青藏高原加热和太平洋海表温度(SST)对遥相关的影响,结果表明:亚洲-太平洋涛动(Asian-Pacific Oscillation,APO)是夏季对流层扰动温度在亚洲与太平洋中纬度之间的一种"跷跷板"现象,当亚洲大陆中纬度对流层偏冷时,中、东太平洋中纬度对流层偏暖,反之亦然;这种遥相关也出现在平流层中,只是其位相与对流层的相反.APO为研究亚洲与太平洋大气环流相互作用提供了一个途径.APO指数也是亚洲-太平洋对流层热力差异指数,它具有年际和年代际的多时间尺度变化特征,在1958-2001年亚洲与太平洋之间的对流层热力差异呈现出减弱趋势,同时也有显著的5.5 a周期.APO形成可能与太阳辐射在亚洲陆地和太平洋的加热差异所造成的纬向垂直环流有关,数值模拟进一步表明:夏季青藏高原加热可以造成高原附近对流层温度升高、上升运动加强,太平洋下沉运动加强、温度下降,从而形成APO现象;而太平洋年代际涛动和赤道东太平洋的厄尔尼若现象对APO的影响可能较小.当夏季APO异常时,南亚高压、欧亚中纬度西风急流、南亚热带东风急流以及太平洋上空的副热带高压都出现显著变化,并伴随着亚洲季风降水及西北太平洋热带气旋活动异常.过去40多年来的长江中上游地区夏季变冷与APO有关,可能是全球大气环流年代际变化在该区域的一种反映.APO异常信号可以传播到南、北两极.此外,亚洲-太平洋之间的这种遥相关型也出现在其他季节.     

江南春雨形成机制的数值模拟

利用美国夏威夷大学国际太平洋研究中心的区域气候模式(IPRC-RegCM)进行了一系列的数值试验,研究了青藏高原大地形和海陆热力差异对江南春雨的影响。在控制试验中,模式较好地模拟了3～4月江南春雨雨带及低层大气环流特征,由于受高原绕流作用产生的西南气流和西太平洋反气旋环流西北侧的西南气流的共同影响,在我国的江南地区形成大范围的降水雨带,即江南春雨。当在模式中去除青藏高原大地形后,高原东南侧的西南气流显著减弱,江南春雨雨带强度明显减弱,但由于受到西太平洋反气旋西北侧弱西南气流的影响,我国江南地区仍然维持一个较大的降水雨带。在模式中人为地将110°E以东,20°～35°N纬度带的海洋设置为陆地,即人为地减少海陆热力差异后,模式模拟的江南春雨明显减少。在模式的另一组试验中将海温提前61天,即人为地将海陆热力差异季节转换推迟,模式模拟的江南春雨雨带强度也明显减弱。以上模式模拟结果表明,我国江南春雨的形成不仅与青藏高原大地形有关,而且与东西向海陆热力差异有关。     

华南及邻近海域春季海陆温差减弱与东亚夏季风强度关系的分析和模拟

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,计算了1948-2006年春季平均地面气温的线性变率,表明其在华南地区为负变率,而在南部海洋则为正变率,即华南及邻近海域的春季海陆温差具有明显的减弱趋势.合成分析表明,其与夏季东亚区域南风的减弱趋势存在一定的联系.采用第三代区域气候模式(ICTP RegCM3)进行了在春季增高华南陆地表面气温和降低南部海洋表面气温的理想状况数值模拟试验,进一步分析华南及其邻近海域春季海陆温差减弱趋势对东亚夏季风强度的影响.模拟结果表明,与控制试验相比,敏感试验模拟的夏季850 hPa风场在中国东部地区表现出南风减弱的特征(差值风场为北风),同时还可发现夏季中国东部及其以东洋面存在一个气旋性差值环流.因此,华南及其邻近海域春季海陆温差的减弱趋势对东亚夏季风强度可能具有一定的影响.     

东亚夏季海陆热力对比对全球变暖的响应

利用耦合模式比较20世纪气候模拟试验和21世纪SRES(Special Report on Emissions Scenarios)A1B情景气候预估试验结果,探讨了东亚区域海陆热力对比对全球变暖的响应。首先通过超级集合方法,重建了20世纪40a(1960—1999年)和预估了21世纪40 a(2020—2059年)东亚地区的海陆热力对比;在此基础上,分析了东亚夏季海陆热力对比的过去40 a的变化特征及其未来的可能变化趋势。结果表明,超级集合的方法能够有效地降低单个模式存在的不确定性,其结果优于多模式的算术平均结果。利用超级集合方法能够很好地再现1960—1999年间海陆热力差指数的变化特征,并且有效地降低与再分析资料的均方根误差。进一步分析发现,陆面温度在全球变暖背景下变化较明显,尤其在华南地区存在显著增温;而东亚大陆季风区,存在明显的降温趋势。利用超级集合方法预估未来海陆热力对比的结果表明,在2040年前存在较强的海陆热力差,而2050后海陆热力对比有减弱趋势。     

近期青藏高原对亚洲气候影响的动力学研究进展

总结回顾了近年青藏高原影响的气候动力学研究。青藏高原在不同季节对气候的影响具有的不同特性:(1) 冬季高原为弱冷源的特征;(2) 春季高原与环流的相互作用使中国南方盛行西南气流进而形成江南春雨,在从冬到夏的季节推进过程中,青藏高原还调控南亚-印度洋海陆气相互作用,激发孟加拉湾季风爆发性涡旋,促使孟加拉湾季风在高原东部爆发;(3) 夏季斜坡上的感热加热形成高原感热气泵,与海陆热力对比共同作用,控制南亚季风和东亚季风;(4) 在年际和年代际时间尺度上,冬季热源异常是北半球大气环流变化的结果,同时对中国南方持续性异常雨雪事件产生影响;在春夏季节,高原热力强迫的变化强烈地影响环流和亚洲气候。其中青藏高原表面感热通量和其上空大气热源在春季和夏季呈减弱趋势在近30年逐渐减弱,影响到中国近几十年夏季季风和雨带分布。最后提出青藏高原影响研究的气候动力学面临的科学问题。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.