3个月平均气温距平的CCA预测方法

用根据CCA方法设计的一个统计预报模式对我国3个月平均气温距平进行预报试验，并用交叉检验方法进行估计，结果表明：预报技巧随提前时时间增长而减小得较少，用全球表面温度作预报因子有较高的预报技巧，7，8，9月3个月较易预报，而10，11，12月3个月较难预报。     

IAP ENSO预测系统预报技巧的时间依赖性及对1999年La Nina事件的预测

利用IAPENSO预测系统对1981年11月至1997年12月系统性回报实验的结果,分析了预报技巧的时间依赖性。结果表明：该预测系统对80年代的ENSO具有较强的预报能力,在Nino3区接近0.8的预报相关技巧（预报与观测的相关系数）可达1年半左右,而对90年代的ENSO现象,预报技巧则较低,超前半年以上的预报仅在0.4左右;预报技巧具有季节依赖性,从春季到秋初开始的预报较好,高于0.5的技巧均可维持15个月以上,其中从7月到9月开始的预报,其高于0.6的相关技巧可达16个月;而从秋末和冬季开始的预报,其技巧衰减较快,预报5个月后降到了0.5以下。对1999年La nina事件的实时预测总体上是成功的,即此次La nina事件将维持到2000年;但未能预测出其在1999年春季以后再次加强的过程。对其未来变化趋势的预测显示,此次La nina事件有可能于今年夏秋季结束。     

利用单一的和集合的方法预告区域预报技巧

本文利用平均海平面气压的模式预报误差(MFE)的3个预告因子研究了预告澳大利亚有限区域模式36小时预报技巧的可能。两个预告因子使用单一预报:其中1个以对于初始分析和预报的MFE的统计回归为基础;另1个因子利用了预报的持续性程度。第3个因子应用了与其它NWP中心的预报集合偏差。根据5个月的逐日36小时预报,发现了上述预告因子与MFE的相关系数分别是0.58、0.18和0.40。用最佳线性方法把上述3个因子组合后与MFE的相关系数增加到0.71。用两个月的独立资料集进一步对组合因子进行试验,得出的相关系数是0.67。因此,把这种方法应用于独立的和非独立的资料中,可以解释MFE方差的近50％。这证明了这种方法对于在总体上鉴别模式预报好坏有业务应用价值。澳大利亚东南部的实例研究,进一步证明了这些预告因子在整个预报区域中可以相当好地鉴别预报技巧。     

LAP ENSO预测系统预报技巧的时间依赖性及对1999年La Nia事件的预测

利用LAPENSO预测系统对 1981年 11月至 1997年 12月系统性回报实验的结果 ,分析了预报技巧的时间依赖性。结果表明 :该预测系统对 80年代的ENSO具有较强的预报能力 ,在Nino 3区接近 0 8预报相关技巧 (预报与观测的相关系数 )可达到 1年半左右 ,而对 90年代的ENSO现象 ,预报技巧则较低 ,超前半年以上的预报仅在 0 4左右 ;预报技巧具有季节依赖性 ,从春季到秋初开始的预报较好 ,高于 0 5的技巧均可维持 15个月以上 ,其中从 7月到 9月开始的预报 ,其高于 0 6的相关技巧可达 16个月 ;而从秋末和冬季开始的预报 ,其技巧衰减较快 ,预报 5个月后降到 0 5以下。对 1999年LaNi na事件的实时预测总体上是成功的 ,即此次LaNI na事件将维持到 2 0 0 0年 ;但未能预测出其在 1999年春季以后再次加强的过程。对其未来变化趋势的预测显示 ,此次LaNi na事件有可能于今年夏秋季结束     

IAP ENSO预测系统预报技巧的时间依赖性及对1999年La Nia事件的预测

利用IAP ENSO预测系统对1981年11月至1997年12月系统性回报实验的结果,分析了预报技巧的时间依赖性。结果表明：该预测系统对80年代的ENSO具有较强的预报能力,在Nino 3区接近0.8的预报相关技巧（预报与观测的相关系数）可达1年半左右,而对90年代的ENSO现象,预报技巧则较低,超前半年以上的预报仅在0.4左右;预报技巧具有季节依赖性,从春季到秋初开始的预报较好,高于0.5的技巧均可维持15个月以上,其中从7月到9月开始的预报,其高于0.6的相关技巧可达16个月;而从秋末和冬季开始的预报,其技巧衰减较快,预报5个月后降到了0.5以下。对1999年La Nia事件的实时预测总体上是成功的,即此次La NNia事件将维持到2000年;但未能预测出其在1999年春季以后再次加强的过程。对其未来变化趋势的预测显示,此次La Nia事件有可能于今年夏秋季结束。     

基于集合预报产品的降尺度降水预报试验

利用降水距平百分率的降尺度预报方法和1951-2008 NCEP资料及我国降水资料,建立了降水距平百分率的预报模型,基于T106L19模式的月动力延伸集合预报结果,进行了2007-2009年3 a的预报试验和效果检验.结果表明,基于集合预报产品的统计降尺度方法对降水距平百分率的预报技巧高于模式降水的预报技巧;500 hPa月平均高度场的预报技巧直接影响到降水距平百分率的预报技巧,平均环流的预报技巧越高,降水距平百分率的预报技巧越高;无论集合成员数为多少,集合预报的结果都明显优于控制预报,随着集合成员数的增多,预报技巧呈增大的趋势;我国降水具有显著的季节性和区域性,以江淮地区的降水距平百分率预报技巧最高,华南地区的预报技巧其次.     

月动力延伸预报产品的评估和解释应用

该文用3种客观评分方法对国家气候中心的月动力延伸预报结果（500 hPa位势高度场）进行了全面评估。结果表明,延伸预报环流的旬和月平均场预报准确率明显高于持续性预报,有一定的预报技巧和业务参考价值,但仍未达到可用于实际业务预报的技巧。对形势预报进一步分析发现,500 hPa的部分环流特征量模拟效果好,其预报技巧高于整个形势场的预报。根据已有的经验和研究成果,这些环流特征量和要素预报有较好的相关,可以直接在业务中应用。该方法为动力产品的解释应用提供了又一条途径。     

多模式集合预报及其降尺度技术在东亚夏季降水预测中的应用

利用动力季节模式输出的匹配域投影技术和多模式集合预报技术对多个国家和城市的站点月平均降水进行预报。预报变量是北京1个站、韩国60个站和曼谷地区8个站点的月平均降水,预报因子是从多个业务动力季节预报模式输出的多个大尺度变量。模式回报数据和站点观测降水数据时段是1983—2003年。降尺度预报降水的技巧是在交叉验证的框架下进行的。匹配域投影方法是设定一个可以活动的窗口在全球范围内大尺度场上进行扫描,寻求与目标站点降水最优化的因子和最相关的区域,目标站点的降水变率就是由该匹配域上大尺度环流场信息决定的。最终预报是用多个降尺度模式预报结果的集合预报(DMME)。多个降尺度模式预报结果的集合预报能显著地提高站点降水的预报技巧。北京站,多个降尺度模式预报结果的集合预报的预报和观测降水的相关系数可以提高到0.71;韩国地区,多个降尺度模式预报结果的集合预报平均技巧提高到0.75;泰国,多个降尺度模式预报结果的集合预报技巧是0.61。     

北京奥运期间场馆精细预报应用及分析

基于2008年8月1—24日国家体育场、顺义水上中心等5个奥运场馆自动站的5种地面气象要素(气温、相对湿度、风向、风速、和3小时累积降水量)的观测资料,对SVM和HPFF客观预报方法以及预报员在客观方法基础上制作的3天逐3小时预报产品进行检验评估。结果表明:(1)两种客观方法相比较,HPFF方法对于预报连续变化的气象要素(如气温、相对湿度)的精细预报比SVM方法更有优势,预报技巧要高;而对不连续变化的变量(如:风向)的预报技巧低于SVM方法。总体说来,HPFF方法比SVM方法的精细要素预报技巧高一些。(2)预报员对于5种气象要素的预报技巧略高于客观方法。体现了预报员对客观方法的修正能力。(3)0～12小时预报时效内,预报员气温预报平均绝对误差约为1.2℃,气温|F-O|≤1℃的预报准确率在57%上下;相对湿度预报平均绝对误差约为7%,相对湿度|F-O|≤10%的预报准确率约为74%;风向预报准确率约为30%;风速预报平均绝对误差为1m.s-1左右,预报准确率在92%左右。(4)12～63小时预报时效内,预报员气温预报平均绝对误差约为1.7℃,气温|F-O|≤1℃的预报准确率在36%上下;相对湿度预报平均绝对误...     

北京奥运演练精细化预报方法及其检验评估

2007年北京奥运演练期间精细化场馆客观预报方法,即支持向量机方法(SVM)和半周期函数拟合(HPFF)预报方法,为场馆精细化预报产品的制作提供了有力的技术支撑.利用2007年8月1-26日国家体育场、顺义水上中心等5个奥运场馆的5种地面气象要素(气温、相对湿度、风向、风速、和3小时累积降水量)观测资料,对SVM和HPFF客观预报方法以及预报员在客观方法基础上制作的3天逐3小时预报进行了检验评估.结果表明:(1)两种客观方法相比较,HPFF方法对于预报连续变化的气象要素(如气温、相对湿度和风速)的精细预报比SVM方法预报技巧高;而对不连续变化的变量(如:风向)的预报技巧低于SVM方法.(2)预报员制作精细要素预报在很大程度上依靠客观方法.预报员对于气温、相对湿度和风速的预报技巧略高于客观方法,对于降水和风向的预报技巧与客观方法相当.尽管预报员对客观方法的修正能力比较有限,但具有对两种客观方法结果做出择优选择的综合判别能力;(3)预报员0～63小时气温预报平均绝对误差约为1.8℃,气温预报误差≤1℃的准确率在43%左右,预报误差随预报时效变化不大;0～24小时相对湿度预报平均绝对误差约为10%,相对湿度预报误差≤10%的准确率是60%,误差随预报时效而有所增大;0～63小时风向预报准确率约20%,预报准确率随预报时效变化不大;0～63小时风速预报平均绝对误差在0.8～1.4m·s-1之间.     

Using soil moisture forecasts for sub-seasonal summer temperature predictions in Europe

Soil moisture exhibits outstanding memory characteristics and plays a key role within the climate system. Especially through its impacts on the evapotranspiration of soils and plants, it may influence the land energy balance and therefore surface temperature. These attributes make soil moisture an important variable in the context of weather and climate forecasting. In this study we investigate the value of (initial) soil moisture information for sub-seasonal temperature forecasts. For this purpose we employ a simple water balance model to infer soil moisture from streamflow observations in 400 catchments across Europe. Running this model with forecasted atmospheric forcing, we derive soil moisture forecasts, which we then translate into temperature forecasts using simple linear relationships. The resulting temperature forecasts show skill beyond climatology up to 2 weeks in most of the considered catchments. Even if forecasting skills are rather small at longer lead times with significant skill only in some catchments at lead times of 3 and 4 weeks, this soil moisture-based approach shows local improvements compared to the monthly European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) temperature forecasts at these lead times. For both products (soil moisture-only forecast and ECMWF forecast), we find comparable or better forecast performance in the case of extreme events, especially at long lead times. Even though a product based on soil moisture information alone is not of practical relevance, our results indicate that soil moisture (memory) is a potentially valuable contributor to temperature forecast skill. Investigating the underlying soil moisture of the ECMWF forecasts we find good agreement with the simple model forecasts, especially at longer lead times. Analyzing the drivers of the temperature forecast skills we find that they are mainly controlled by the strengths of (1) the soil moisture-temperature coupling and (2) the soil moisture memory. We find a negative relationship between these controls that weakens the forecast skills, nevertheless there is a middle ground between both controls in several catchments, as shown by our results.     

云微物理方案参数扰动对华北“7.20”暴雨的 集合预报试验

基于WRF v4.0模式,选择Lin方案降水粒子(雨、雪和霰)谱截断参数和霰密度,在对流尺度下对"7.20"华北特大暴雨进行参数扰动集合预报试验。按照参数序列依次设置单/双/多截断参数组合、四参数组合和霰参数组合,对比分析其对降水和大气变量的预报技巧,及扰动影响的敏感性。结果表明,四参数组合明显降低了大暴雨空报概率,有效提升了500~925 hPa经向风和近地面温度场的离散度技巧;随组合中参数的增多,扰动对预报的整体影响依次增强,多截断参数组合对中低层水汽场和近地面温度的预报技巧均有所改善;其他组合存在离散度/降水预报负技巧等问题,四参数和多截断参数组合是更好的对流尺度云微物理方案参数扰动选择。     

区域气候模式RegCM_NCC对华北冬季气温和降水的预报评估

利用国家气候中心全球海气耦合模式CGCM_NCC的输出结果驱动区域气候模式RegCM_NCC对华北地区1991—2010年冬季气温和降水进行了数值回报试验,并采用国家气候中心的业务预报评分(P)等5个评估参数对模式的回报结果进行了评估分析。结果表明:RegCM_NCC回报的华北地区20年冬季气温的P评分多年平均值为70.4分,其中大部分年份平均气温的P评分在60分以上,80分以上的有11年,11年的预报相对于随机预报和气候预报有正技巧;20年冬季降水的P评分多年平均值为66.3分,13年冬季降水的P评分在60分以上,在80分以上的有5年,8年的预报相对于随机预报有正技巧,有11年的预报相对于气候预报有正技巧。冬季Nino3.4区海温距平为负和东大西洋-俄罗斯西部型遥相关指数为负,均有利于回报的华北冬季气温P评分提高。     

Decadal predictability and forecast skill

The “potential predictability” of the climate system is the upper limit of available forecast skill and can be characterized by the ratio p of the predictable variance to the total variance. While the potential predictability of the actual climate system is unknown its analog q may be obtained for a model of the climate system. The usual correlation skill score r and the mean square skill score M are functions of p in the case of actual forecasts and potential correlation ρ and potential mean square skill score $\mathcal{M}$ are the same functions of q in the idealized model context. In the large ensemble limit the connection between model-based potential predictability and skill scores is particularly straightforward with $q=\rho^{2}=\mathcal{M}.$ Decadal predictions of annual mean temperature produced with the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis coupled climate model are analyzed for information on decadal climate predictability and actual forecast skill. Initialized forecast results are compared with the results of uninitialized climate simulations. Model-based values of potential predictability q and potential correlation skill ρ are obtained and ρ is compared with the actual forecast correlation skill r. The skill of externally forced and internally generated components of the variability are separately estimated. As expected, ρ > r and both decline with forecast range τ, at least for the first five years. The decline of skill is associated mainly with the decline of the skill of the internally generated component. The potential and actual skill of a forecast of time-averaged temperature depends on the averaging period. The skill of uninitialized simulations is low for short averaging times and increases as averaging time increases. By contrast, skill is high at short averaging times for forecasts initialized from observations and declines as averaging times increase to about three years, then increases somewhat at longer averaging times. The skills of the initialized forecasts and uninitialized simulations begin to converge for longer averaging times. The potential correlation skill ρ of the externally forced component of temperature is largest at tropical latitudes and the skill of the internally generated component is largest over the North Atlantic, parts of the Southern Ocean and to some extent the North Pacific. Potential skill over extratropical land is somewhat weaker than over oceans. The distribution of actual correlation skill r is broadly similar to that of potential skill for the externally forced component but less so for the internally generated component. Differences in potential and actual skill suggest where improvements in the forecast system might be found.     

Evaluation of summer temperature and precipitation predictions from NCEP CFSv2 retrospective forecast over China

National Centers for Environmental Prediction recently upgraded its operational seasonal forecast system to the fully coupled climate modeling system referred to as CFSv2. CFSv2 has been used to make seasonal climate forecast retrospectively between 1982 and 2009 before it became operational. In this study, we evaluate the model’s ability to predict the summer temperature and precipitation over China using the 120 9-month reforecast runs initialized between January 1 and May 26 during each year of the reforecast period. These 120 reforecast runs are evaluated as an ensemble forecast using both deterministic and probabilistic metrics. The overall forecast skill for summer temperature is high while that for summer precipitation is much lower. The ensemble mean reforecasts have reduced spatial variability of the climatology. For temperature, the reforecast bias is lead time-dependent, i.e., reforecast JJA temperature become warmer when lead time is shorter. The lead time dependent bias suggests that the initial condition of temperature is somehow biased towards a warmer condition. CFSv2 is able to predict the summer temperature anomaly in China, although there is an obvious upward trend in both the observation and the reforecast. Forecasts of summer precipitation with dynamical models like CFSv2 at the seasonal time scale and a catchment scale still remain challenge, so it is necessary to improve the model physics and parameterizations for better prediction of Asian monsoon rainfall. The probabilistic skills of temperature and precipitation are quite limited. Only the spatially averaged quantities such as averaged summer temperature over the Northeast China of CFSv2 show higher forecast skill, of which is able to discriminate between event and non-event for three categorical forecasts. The potential forecast skill shows that the above and below normal events can be better forecasted than normal events. Although the shorter the forecast lead time is, the higher deterministic prediction skill appears, the probabilistic prediction skill does not increase with decreased lead time. The ensemble size does not play a significant role in affecting the overall probabilistic forecast skill although adding more members improves the probabilistic forecast skill slightly.     

中国区域月平均温度和降水的模式可预报性分析

基于中国台站降水和温度观测资料、中国气象局国家气候中心月动力延伸预报的回算和预测结果讨论了中国区域月平均温度和降水模式可预报性的时空变化特征。文中以持续性预报来表征中国区域月平均温度和降水受外强迫影响下的可预报性,持续性预报技巧存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征;春末夏初和秋季预报评分相对偏低;在中国区域气候变暖和平均降水强度极值增加的背景下,温度的持续性预报评分有明显提高,降水的持续性预报略有下降。月动力延伸预报对月降水和温度的预报能力也存在明显的年际和年代际变化特征;与持续性预报相比,月动力延伸温度预报总体优于持续性预报,降水预报在初春略差,温度预报在8月相对最低。近20余年,月动力延伸预报相对于持续性预报的温度和降水的均方根误差技巧均大于零,其年际变化表现为模式对降水的预测略有提高。两种预报评估结果的空间分布分析表明月动力延伸预报达到显著性水平的正相关区域总体上比持续性预报的范围大,并基本涵盖了持续性预报的高相关区。原因是可预测信息部分来源于外强迫异常的影响,部分来源于对大气内部动力过程的模拟。     

Skill as a function of time scale in ensembles of seasonal hindcasts

Forecast skill as a function of time lead and time averaging is examined in two 6-member ensembles of seasonal hindcasts. One ensemble is produced with the second generation general circulation model of the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (GCM2) and the other with a reduced resolution version of the numerical weather prediction model of the Canadian Meteorological Centre (SEF). The integrations are initiated from the NCEP/NCAR reanalyzed data. Monthly sea surface temperature anomalies observed prior to the forecast period are maintained throughout the forecast season. A statistical forecast improvement technique, based on the singular value decomposition of forecast and reanalyzed fields, is discussed and evaluated. A simple analogue of the hindcast integrations is used to examine the behavior of two common skill scores, the correlation skill score and the explained variance skill score. The maximal skill score and the corresponding optimal forecast in this analogue are identified. The total skill of the optimal forecast is a sum of two terms, one associated with the initial conditions and the other with the lower boundary forcing. The two sources of skill operate on different time scales, with initial conditions being more important in the first one-two weeks and the atmospheric response to the boundary forcing becoming more dominant for longer time leads and time averages. This suggests that these sources of skill should be considered separately in forecast optimization. The statistical technique is moderately successful in improving the skill of monthly to seasonal forecasts of 500 hPa height (Z ₅₀₀) and 700 hPa temperature (T ₇₀₀) in the Northern Hemisphere and in the North Pacific/North America sector. The improvement is better when the forecasts for the first week and for the rest of the season are optimized separately. The SEF model produces better Z ₅₀₀ and T ₇₀₀ forecasts than GCM2 in the first one-two weeks whereas GCM2 performs slightly better at longer time leads. The skill of zero time lead forecast decays rapidly with averaging interval for time averages up to about 30–45 days and stabilizes, or even rises, for longer time averages. Excluding the first week from seasonal forecasts results in substantial degradation of predictive skill. Received: 1 November 1999 / Accepted: 24 May 2000     

中国冬季气温的集合典型相关分析和预报

以欧亚大陆地面温度、北半球500 hPa高度、热带印度洋SST(sea surface temperature)以及北太平洋SST为预报因子,通过典型相关分析(canonical correlation analysis,简称CCA)建立预报关系,然后用集合典型相关分析预报(ensemble canonical correlation prediction,简称ECC)方法预报中国冬季气温,并分析预报技巧及进行独立样本检验.结果表明,不同的预报因子对各个地区有不同的预报技巧,以欧亚大陆地面温度为预报因子预报技巧较高,而ECC模式对中国冬季气温有更好的预报能力,预报技巧高于任何一个单因子场的CCA预报;采用回归法的集合平均比简单的等权集合平均预报技巧更稳定.     

北半球中纬度地区地面气温的超级集合预报

基于TIGGE资料中的ECMWF、JMA、NCEP和UKMO四个中心2007年6月1日-8月31日北半球中纬度地区地面气温24～168 h集合预报资料,分别利用固定训练期超级集合(SUP, Superensemble)和滑动训练期超级集合(R-SUP, Running Training Period Superensemble )对2007年8月8-31日预报期24 d进行超级集合预报试验.采用均方根误差对预报结果进行检验评估,比较了两种超级集合方法与最好的单个中心模式预报、多模式集合平均的预报效果.结果表明,SUP预报有效降低了预报误差,24～144 h的预报效果优于多模式集合平均(EMN, Ensemble Mean)和最好的单个中心预报,168 h的预报效果略差于EMN.R-SUP预报进一步改善了预报效果.对于24～168 h的预报,R-SUP预报效果都要优于EMN.尤其对于168 h的预报,R-SUP改进了预报效果,优于EMN.