水稻植析光合产物分配,转移规律和生长动态模拟

在总结前人研究的基础上，结合１９８９－１９９２年田间试验资料，采用优化算法，计算了水稻植株光合交物分配系数αｉ和转移系数βｉ的最值，分析了两者随水稻生长发育的变化规律及天气气候因子对它们的影响，建立了水稻植株和各个器官的生长动态模型，并进行了检验。     

水稻发育进程动态模拟

以水稻的生物学特性为依据，利用田间试验实例资料，建立了水稻发育进程动态模拟模式。实践表明，在其他条件均适宜的情况下，本模式能够较发地反映天气气候条件对水稻发育进程的影响，可用来预测水稻发育期，以指导大田生产管理。     

水稻生长和产量形成的数值模拟研究

本文提出了水稻的“底物利用函数”H(t),以模拟控制作物体内底物分配的酶系统的功能。根据碳平衡关系和米切利斯-门腾规律,建立了从动力学观点出发的、定量描述水稻营养生长和产量形成与天气条件的关系的数值模拟模式。     

水稻发育进程动态模拟

以水稻的生物学特性为依据,利用田间试验实测资料,建立了水稻发育进程动态模拟模式。实践表明,在其他条件均适宜的情况下,本模式能够较好地反映天气气候条件对水稻发育进程的影响,可用来预测水稻发育期,以指导大田生产管理。     

秋白菜生长气象条件与产量动态模拟模式

依据田间试验所获取的实际观测资料，分析了哈尔滨市秋白菜生长期的农业气象条件，找出影响产量的关键气象因子，建立产量动态模拟模式，进行产量预报。     

水稻生长模拟模式的研究

根据1989和1990年的田间试验资料,建立晚稻南粳34生长和产量形成的模拟模式。着重考虑光合作用、呼吸作用和生长等生物学过程。光合受辐射、温度和叶面积等因素影响,呼吸包括生长呼吸、维持呼吸和光呼吸,生长以净光合产物的分配转移模拟,产量形成以净光合产物积累模拟.结果表明,模拟值与实测值较为一致。     

水稻群体动态预测与栽培决策

本文以作物计算机模拟技术为基础，根据天气，土壤，苗情，模拟预测水稻群体的发育群、茎蘖消长、叶面积动态、光合生产与产量形成。     

水稻旱育抛秧生长发育的动态模拟模型

通过分期播种田间试验资料,建立水稻旱育抛秧生长发育的动态模拟模型,包括叶面积发展,光合作用,呼吸作用,干物质积累与分配等。重点探讨叶面积发展与温度的关系,光合作用简化算法,净光含量的求算,分配系数随发育期的变化等。     

水稻干旱动态模拟及干旱损失评估

根据农田水分平衡原理, 结合水稻生育特点建立了稻田水分平衡方程; 以广东省早、晚稻大田生育期为例, 模拟各个生育阶段稻田水分逐日动态变化, 得出生育期缺水状况, 并分别就自然环境和灌溉条件下的水稻受旱损失进行了客观定量评估。首次根据试验资料就水稻作物的缺水敏感系数进行研究计算, 得出了十分有意义的结果。     

水稻干物质的数值模拟及类型区划

干物质积累是水稻经济产量的基础,利用分斯播种资料,运用作物生长模拟方法,根据水稻主要种植区域的光温资料,作出水稻干物质积累的理论计算。通过对干物质积累值的时空规律分析和区划,为分析生物学产量形成的生态条件提供数据。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF THE INFLUENCE OFO3,CO2 AND SPECTRUM VARIATION ON THE PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF CROP CANOPY*

Coupled the photosynthesis with transpiration and adjustment of stoma,a dynamic ecological model for simulating the canopy photosynthesis of winter wheat was established by scaling up from the biochemical scale to canopy scale,in which the effects of O₃,CO₂ and solar spectrum on crop photosynthesis were fully considered.Validation of the model against the data measured with CI-301PS portable photosynthesis analyzer showed that the leaf photosynthesis model passed the correlation significance test and had a fairly high accuracy.Numerical analysis showed that the canopy photosynthesis rate would be reduced by 29% if the O₃ concentration increases from 0 ppbv to 200 ppbv,whereas the canopy photosynthesis rate would increase by about 37% while the CO₂ concentration increases from 330 ppmv to 660 ppmv,and the canopy photosynthesis rate would be reduced by 27%0 or so under the condition that the spectrum coefficient changed from 0.5 to 0.4.If the O₃ concentration reached 200 ppbv at noon on the typical sunny day with higher radiation,the canopy photosynthesis will be reduced slightly in the suburb area where the pollution is serious and the photochemical fog is easy to be formed,contrast with that in the clear region and regardless of the climate change,due to the fact that the positive effect of CO₂ on crop photosynthesis can not compensate the negative effect of O₃ on crop photosynthesis.The canopy photosynthesis will be reduced by 35% or so than the BASE value at present,when the spectrum of photosynthetic active radiation(PAR) reduces to 0.4 or so.     

雷州半岛雷暴发生频次变化特征及其与作物布局调整的相关分析

为了探究雷州半岛作物布局调整对雷暴发生的可能影响,以达到趋利避害,利用相关分析、11种模型拟合和全变量回归分析等数理统计方法进行了分析和研究。结果表明：雷州半岛年雷暴日数总的变化趋势是明显下降,一年四季均有雷暴天气,午后热雷雨占雷暴天气的大多数,其中5～9月雷暴日数最多,开雷、收雷年际变化差异大。随着稻田的减少,糖蔗、水果种植面积的增加,雷州半岛植被结构得到改善,雷暴天数呈明显减少趋势;蔬菜的种植改变了冬季闲田植被性质,不利于冬初、春末雷暴天气的生成;花生种植面积的调整对雷暴天数变化影响不大。雷州半岛水稻、糖蔗、水果、蔬菜等主要农作物布局调整对雷暴发生可能有明显的影响,主要农作物对雷暴天数可能影响从大到小依次为糖蔗、水稻、蔬菜和水果,农作物布局调整对年开雷、收雷的迟早没有影响。     

我国水稻生育期的生态规律及其区划

在总结水稻生育期生态规律研究成果的基础上,提出了一个水稻发育速度的优化模式。该模式综合考虑了温度和日长对水稻发育速度的影响,经回代检验,预报效果良好。以模式为仿制,用全国主要稻区１６５站１９５１￣１９８０年的光温资料求算早、中、晚稻的生育期,并绘出生育期的日数的距平百分率空间分布图,据图分析我国水稻生育期的时空变化规律并解释其生态原因。     

云中粒子谱形状因子变化对云及降水影响的数值研究

鉴于目前云数值模式和中尺度数值模式中云和降水过程大多用体积水参数化的方式描述,而不同模式所用的粒子谱不同或粒子谱的参数不同,用这些模式模拟研究云和降水的物理过程、降水形成机制、催化防雹和催化增雨机理以及预报降水等就遇到这样一个问题粒子谱或谱参数不同对研究结果有何影响?因此利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的三维冰雹云催化数值模式,做雹云中粒子谱参数变化的数值试验,分析了冰雹云中雨滴谱、冰晶谱、霰谱的形状参数对降雨降雹、云中微物理过程的影响.结果表明,雨滴谱形状参数变化,对降雨形成机制基本没有影响,对与雨滴有关的物理过程有直接影响.霰谱对地面降雹量、降雹强度、雨强的影响较大,对降雨量影响较小;对冰晶、霰以及冰雹的质量和数量产生率都有明显的影响,云中的所有微物理过程均受到了不同程度的影响,对有些过程影响最为显著,它不但影响粒子的产生过程,也影响粒子的增长过程.冰晶谱对降水量的影响较小,但对各种粒子的某些形成或增长过程影响较大,有的很大.此外,冰晶谱型的变化,对不同地区云或不同个体云降水的影响程度不同,反映了滴谱谱型对云和降水影响的复杂性.利用这些研究结果,讨论了云模式的使用问题.     

O3,CO2浓度及太阳光谱变化对作物光合作用影响的数值模拟研究

对光合作用 蒸腾作用 气孔调节进行耦合 ,从生物化学尺度扩展至冠层尺度 ,发展了一个冬小麦冠层光合作用生态动力模式 ,模式考虑了O3,CO2 和光谱变化对作物光合的综合影响。利用美国光合作用实测资料对模式进行验证 ,叶片模式通过了相关显著性检验并具有较高的准确度。数值分析表明 :当O3 浓度由 0× 10 -9V/V上升至2 0 0× 10 -9V/V时 ,冠层光合速率下降 2 9%左右 ;当CO2 浓度由 330× 10 -6V/V上升至 6 6 0× 10 -6V/V时 ,冠层光合速率增加大约 37% ;当光谱比例系数由目前的 0 .5下降至 0 .4时 ,冠层光合速率将下降 2 7%左右。对于污染严重、易发生光化学烟雾的城郊附近 ,在阳光强烈的典型晴天 ,中午O3 浓度达到 2 0 0× 10 -9V/V时 ,即使气候条件不发生改变 ,CO2 浓度对作物光合作用的正效应也不足以弥补O3 浓度升高所造成的负效应 ,冠层光合速率将比目前干洁地区略有下降 ,如果进一步考虑光合作用有效辐射光谱成分下降至 0 .4左右 ,冠层光合作用将比目前的BASE值下降 35 %左右。     

SPATIOTEMPORAL DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS AND VARIATION TRENDS OF HIERARCHICAL PRECIPITATION IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS

The climatic characteristics of the precipitation in Guangdong province over the past 50 years were analyzed based on the daily rainfall datasets of 86 stations from 1961 to 2010. The rainfall was divided into five categories according to its intensity, and their spatiotemporal characteristics and variation trends were investigated. The annual rainfall amount was within 1,500 to 2,000 mm over most parts of Guangdong, but substantial differences of rainfall amount and rainy days were found among different parts of the province. There were many rainy days in the dry seasons (October to March), but the daily rainfall amounts are small. The rainy seasons (April to September) have not only many rainy days but also heavy daily rainfall amounts. The spatial distributions of light rainy days (1 mm 100 mm) are generally concentrated in three regions, Qingyuan, Yangjiang, and Haifeng/Lufeng. The average rainfall amount for rainy days increases form the north to the south of Guangdong, while decreasing as the rainfall intensity increases. The contributions from light, moderate and heavy rain to the total rainfall decreases form the north to the south. The annual rainy days show a decreasing trend in the past 50 years. The light rainy days decreased significantly while the heavy, rainstorm and downpour rainy days increased slightly. The annual total rainfall amount increased over the past 50 years, which was contributed by heavy, rainstorm and downpour rains, while the contribution from light and moderate rains decreased.     

THE EFFECTS OF THE PLATEAU'S TOPOGRAPHIC GRADIENT ON ROSSBY WAVES AND ITS NUMERICAL SIMULATION

By using barotropic model equations, this article analyzed the characteristics of Rossby waves, the propagation features of wave energy and the influence of dynamic and thermal effects of the Tibetan Plateau on Rossby waves, and the focus is on discussing the plateau's topographic gradient effects on atmospheric Rossby waves. Then based on the WRF3.2 and the NCEP/NCAR FNL reanalysis data, we devised comparative tests of changing the plateau's topographic gradient and simulated a process of persistent heavy rain that happened in May 2010 in South China. The results are shown as follows. The Tibetan Plateau’s topography is conducive to the formation of atmospheric Rossby waves. while the plateau's terrain, its friction and heating effects can all make the atmospheric Rossby waves develop into the planetary waves; The effects of plateau's north and south slopes on the Rossby wave’ phase velocity is opposite, and when the slope reached a certain value can the quasi-steady normal fluctuations be generated; Simultaneously, due to the plateau's topographic gradient, descending motion appears at the west side of the plateau while ascending motion appears at the east side, and the vertical movement increased with the amplification of topographic gradients. The plateau's topographic gradient also obviously amplified the precipitation in South China, and the rainfall area increased with the amplification of topographic gradients and gradually moved from south to north and from west to east, which is conducive to the occurrence and development of convective activities in the downstream areas of the Tibetan Plateau; Moreover, for the plateau’s dynamic and thermal effects, the Rossby wave’ propagation shows upstream effects of energy dispersion, so the plateau can then affect the weather in downstream areas. Moreover, the wave group velocity increased with the degree of topographic slope.     

大气环流对中国稻飞虱危害的影响及其预测

稻飞虱是中国和许多亚洲国家水稻生产上最重要的害虫。文中通过对上一年1月至当年8月74项大气环流特征量构建所有不同时段的组合,全面分析了大气环流特征量与中国稻飞虱发生面积率的相关关系。筛选出了影响中国稻飞虱发生面积率的关键环流特征因子52项,其对中国稻飞虱发生影响的重要次序为副热带高压类→极涡类→槽类→其他类;影响的时段主要为当年7—8月,其次为上年6月至当年6月。其中,副热带高压类、极涡类关键环流因子分别有35项和12项,占全部关键环流特征因子的67%和23%,在很大程度上决定着中国稻飞虱发生的面积。确定的直接影响中国稻飞虱发生的关键环流特征因子有11项,其中6项较好地表征了中国稻飞虱发生面积率轻、偏轻、偏重、重4个级别的气候特征。用直接影响中国气候的关键环流特征因子建立了当年3—9月的中国稻飞虱发生面积率月预测模式,每月初可以制作预报。该模式历史拟合效果较好,对2003年中国稻飞虱发生面积率的外延预报准确率分别达85.6%、90.5%、90.5%、90.4%、90.9%、93.2%、96.3%。同时,本研究还利用1—11月稻区月降水量、平均气温、日照时数所构建的所有不同时段的组合,分析了关键环流特征因子与稻区生态气象条件、中国稻飞虱发生面积率之间的关系。结果表明:三者之间相关密切,这种关系表现为大气环流通过影响稻区日照、气温和降水的变化导致稻飞虱发生条件的灾变,进而影响稻飞虱发生面积率。