青岛一次大暴雨过程风廓线雷达特征分析

2011年7月2—3日青岛地区出现一次大暴雨过程,全区平均降水量达到114．5mm。利用青岛上马对流层风廓线雷达资料,计算了整层和高、中、低不同层次风暴相对螺旋度（SRH）、最大风速及其高度、急流强度指数等,并分析了演变特征。结果表明：利用风廓线雷达资料计算的风暴相对螺旋度能够清楚地反映高空整层和高、中、低三层暖平流的变化。风暴相对螺旋度对降水系统的移近和降水的开始具有一定的预示作用。较大的雨强出现在高、中、低三层风暴相对螺旋度峰值之后。中层急流向低层扩展的程度与降水的强度有密切关系。计算得到的急流强度指数与降水强度有着较好的对应关系。     

ECMWF细网格模式探空在阿勒泰地区短时强降水预报中的统计检验

采用2013—2018年5—9月ECMWF细网格资料和阿勒泰地区36次短时强降水资料,用Micaps平台的模式探空模块计算T-log P图及其对流参数,运用统计学方法进行了误差检验。结果表明:模式探空T-log P图48 h预报时效内一致性较高(72%),尤其是24 h预报时效内(92%);72 h预报时效内总指数和干暖盖指数及垂直风切变、60 h预报时效内沙氏指数、48 h预报时效内风暴相对螺旋度和36 h预报时效内850与500 hPa温度差、对流温度、最大抬升指数、抬升指数以及24 h预报时效内K指数、700与850 hPa假相当位温差、大风指数等对流参数的3种误差均较小(3.5),相关系数较高(0.60),特别是沙氏指数、K指数、700与850 hPa假相当位温差、垂直风切变和风暴相对螺旋度的3种误差1.5。T-log P图的一致性随时效的延长而减小,对流参数的误差随预报时效的延长变化不一致,在强对流潜势预报业务中注意订正运用。     

兰州周边地区地闪闪区统计特征Ⅰ：环境风场及稳定度特征

统计分析了兰州周边地区6h内地闪闪区分布特征与200hPa高空急流、垂直风切变、高低空辐合辐散等环境风场以及K指数、条件对流性稳定度指数的关系,得到了地闪闪区与通气管指数分布的5种主要类别以及与高低空辐合辐散、稳定度指数分布的结构模型;指出了目前研究地闪频次与气象参数关系中存在的问题,通过分析不同时间或空间范围内的地闪频数与K指数的相关关系证实了这些问题的存在,建议在分析地闪频次和气象参数的关系时考虑选取有益的统计地闪次数的时间或空间范围。     

副高边缘两次暴雨过程的地闪特征

利用闪电定位、雷达回波、自动气象站等资料,对山西省2005年8月11～12日副高西进北抬过程中其边缘的对流性强暴雨和2005年8月16日副高东退南压过程中其边缘的持续性暴雨过程的闪电特征进行了对比分析.发现两次暴雨地闪均出现在500hPa的5840～5880 gpm之间的区域,都具有负地闪占主导地位、正地闪频数很低、正地闪强度远大于负地闪强度的特征.对流性强暴雨,负地闪的分布与中气旋和中辐合线的位置相对应,负地闪出现在回波强度达50 dBz或以上的区域内,正地闪出现在45 dBz左右的范围;同一次暴雨过程,不同的对流风暴存在不同的地闪分布.持续性暴雨,地闪出现在地面冷锋与700hPa切变线之间的区域,且正地闪出现在锋区的中后部靠近700hPa切变线、500hPa靠近5840 gpm线的区域;负地闪则出现在锋区的中前部靠近地面冷锋、500hPa靠近5880 gpm线一侧的逆风区或负速度区的大值区;稳定性降水出现在700hPa切变线与500 hPa槽线之间、雷达强度图上正地闪的西北部区域.局地地闪频数随时间的演变不能代表整个对流风暴地闪频数随时间的演变,但局地闪电的出现及其频数的增加或减少却能指示风暴对该地区的影响程度,尤其是地闪频数峰值的出现可以指示雨强峰值的即将来临,这对强对流暴雨的临近预报是十分有意义的.     

雷暴中雷电活动与WRF模式微物理和动力模拟量的对比研究

利用WRF模式模拟发生在成都地区的典型雷暴天气过程,得到相应雷电活动过程中微物理和动力输出场,将其与雷电监测定位网所探测到的地闪资料进行对比分析,在电荷分离的微物理学基础上讨论了WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式输出的不同微物理及动力因子与地闪的相关性。结果表明:-10℃到-20℃之间的电荷分离区域内,冰晶粒子与霰粒子质量混合比最大值与地闪频数随时间变化趋势基本保持一致。在雷电活动中后期,霰、冰晶及雪晶粒子最大值位置与地闪密度大值中心位置对应性较好,空间上均能指示地闪发生区域。最大上升速度与风暴相对螺旋度可以指示地闪频数变化,风暴相对螺旋度空间上可指示地闪密度大值中心。模拟结果表明WRF模式微物理及动力输出场可以指示地闪活动的发生时间和位置,表现了日益成熟WRF模式进行雷电数值预报与研究的潜能。     

动力和能量参数在强对流天气预报中的应用研究

较强的热力不稳定和适宜的动力环境是强对流发展的基础 ,造成灾害的强对流一般是一种深厚对流 ,深对流指数和对流有效位能可反映对流上升运动的潜势和强度 ,对流有效位能还隐含地反映了对流层大气总体垂直热力结构。下沉对流有效位能和大风指数反映了对流下沉运动和下击暴流潜势 ,对流下沉和中层干空气的入侵高度、干燥程度及对流层中下层的稳定度和湿度有关。强风暴特别是超级单体一般都具有很高的螺旋性 ,高螺旋度有利于风暴生命的维持 ,而风暴相对螺旋度则对风暴发生及风暴类型有一定的预示。粗里查逊数反映了对流能量和环境场动力之间的平衡关系 ,能量螺旋度指数反映了动力和能量对强对流天气发展的共同效应 ,它们都综合了动力和热力两方面的因子 ,对强风暴及其类型的预报有指示意义。风暴强度指数和瑞士雷暴指数成功地把动力和对流能量参数结合起来 ,在实际研究和业务工作中这种方法值得借鉴。随着高分辨率中尺度和风暴模式的发展 ,模式输出的对流动力和能量参数将有广泛的应用前景。     

安徽闪电分布特征和不稳定条件分析

利用安徽2008—2011年LD-Ⅱ型闪电定位系统资料,以统计方法分析安徽闪电分布特征,发现安徽闪电的发生较为集中在7—8月,闪电极性以负闪为主(约占总闪的93%以上),同时存在南北差异。南部的闪电数和平均电流强度比北部大,但北部正闪比例略高于南部。进一步结合2008—2011年阜阳、安庆两站探空资料,选取了抬升指数、对流有效位能、700~400 hPa平均相对湿度、700 hPa假相当位温、850~500 hPa温差、沙氏指数与K指数7个大气不稳定参数,以两站为中心的0.5个纬距范围内,分析了探空放球时间后6 h内,大气不稳定参数与闪电活动的关系,确定了闪电活动的不稳定参数阀值,为闪电活动预报奠定基础。     

螺旋度在对流天气预报中的应用研究进展

螺旋度表征流体旋转与沿旋转方向运动的强度,在等熵流体中具有守恒性。螺旋性是维持大气运动的基本物理图案：边界层流体、湍流、强风暴、热带气旋等都有较强的螺旋结构;对流风暴常发生在螺旋度值大的地方,流体稳定性与螺旋度密切相关,高螺旋度阻碍了扰动能量串级,对超级单体风暴的维持有重要作用;z螺旋度对大范围暴雨有较好的指示意义。风暴相对螺旋度对决定对流风暴类型有重要作用,其大小决定超级单体是否能形成中气旋,同时,其对冰雹预报有一定的指示意义;风暴相对螺旋度用于预报时计算的难点在于确定预报风暴移动速度。热力场与螺旋度有内在联系,地面相对螺旋度可视为地转风或实际风引起温度平流的一个量度。     

河西走廊一次强沙尘暴天气的螺旋度诊断

应用NCEP再分析资料计算了螺旋度,通过总螺旋度、螺旋度的水平和垂直分布特征对河西走廊一次区域性强沙尘暴天气进行了诊断分析。结果表明:沙尘区位于总螺旋度负值区或零线附近;沙尘暴爆发区水平螺旋度高层300 hPa为负螺旋度控制,低层700 hPa为正螺旋度控制;在沙尘暴发生时,高层负螺旋度中心有一个明显增大的过程,沙尘暴爆发区对应高空低层螺旋度强梯度区内;沙尘暴爆发区的垂直螺旋度分布特征是上负下正;螺旋度对沙尘暴爆发区有较好的指示意义。     

CAPE等环境参数在华北罕见秋季大暴雨中的应用

采用中尺度数值模式MM5(V3)对2003年10月10～12日发生在华北地区的一次大暴雨过程进行模拟,利用模拟结果计算分析了对流有效位能(CAPE)、风暴相对螺旋度(SRH)、能量螺旋度指数(EHI),结果表明,以上3个参数对这次大暴雨的发生发展有较好的指示作用:在大暴雨发生前能量得到充分积累,大气处于强不稳定状态,强对流天气爆发后,不稳定能量逐渐释放减弱;大暴雨中心位于低层局地螺旋度大值中心南部等值线密集区。低层局地螺旋度大值中心轴线与切变线和地面倒槽辐合线走向一致,高层局地螺旋度与高空急流相对应;大暴雨过程主要发生在高风暴相对螺旋度结合低对流有效位能的环境中(SRH>200m2·s-2,CAPE<1500J·kg-1)。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.