基于SPIHT小波的DEM自适应压缩方法研究

海量地形数据给其存储、分发和实时渲染带来了极大的挑战,因此迫切需要适合网络环境下地形可视化的数据压缩方法。该文探讨地形复杂度与DEM压缩方法的关系,研究可视化中地形复杂度的计算方法,并提出一种改进的SPIHT小波压缩方法:采用小波分解后的系数对DEM的地形复杂度进行评估,并针对地形复杂度对编码算法进行自适应调节。实验证明,这种改进的SPIHT小波压缩方法采用合适的压缩比进行DEM数据压缩,能够在满足地形可视化需要的同时提高压缩效率。     

顾及数据特性的格网DEM分辨率计算

水平分辨率是格网DEM的决定性变量之一,直接决定着DEM对地形的逼近程度和地形参数计算、地学模拟的精度。基于地统计学理论和非参数密度估计方法,提出了地形宏观变异和微观变异相结合的DEM适宜分辨率计算方法。即首先按系列支撑对采样数据进行格网划分,形成具有不同尺度的支撑域;然后利用正则化理论,对高程点数据进行正则化变换,通过不同支撑上正则化变量的半变异函数分析,探索不同支撑尺度上的地形宏观变异规律,从而确定地形宏观变异的最佳支撑尺度;第三,在所确定的宏观变异最佳支撑尺度内,借鉴非参数密度估计中直方图的理论方法,从微观角度计算DEM适宜分辨率。最后通过陕北黄土高原的实际采样数据,对本文提出的方法进行了验证。     

DEM结构特征对坡度坡向的影响分析

数字高程模型已严格定义为按规则格网阵列记录的地形高程数据,其固有的结构特征(如格网分辨率、格网方向、高程数据准确度等)直接影响DEM对地形表达和坡度、坡向的计算精度。该文通过理论和数据独立的DEM实验分析方法,研究了DEM结构特征对坡度、坡向的影响,得出如下结论:1)高分辨率的DEM并不一定能给出高精度的坡度、坡向计算结果;2)可通过g=bm/ms×180/π×cos2S来选择合适的DEM分辨率;3)三阶不带权差分算法的坡度、坡向计算结果对DEM方向有较强的依赖性。     

基于球面DQG的矢量与地形数据无缝集成

现有的全球大规模空间数据可视化系统主要侧重于影像和地形数据的综合表达,针对矢量与地形的集成可视化能力相对较弱。该文以球面退化四叉树格网(Degenerate Quad-tree Grids,DQG)为基础,通过DQG格网的三角化过程构建了地表DEM模型,并提出了从矢量线对象到地形格网表面的映射方法。采用GTOPO30数据集和国界矢量数据进行了相关实验,结果表明:该方法能实现矢量数据与多分辨率DEM的无缝集成,并能有效地避免矢量对象"悬浮"和"入地"等现象。     

面栅格表达方式引起的DEM地形表达误差

通过对规则格网DEM对地面表达方式的分析,指出基于面栅格理解的DEM的表达方式会产生DEM对实际地形的表达误差,该误差与格网尺寸密切相关。在一个DEM格网内,地形表达误差分为正负两个部分,在上坡方向,误差为负值,下坡方向则为正值;格网尺寸越大,误差的其空间分布越复杂;在地面坡度较大时,距离格网中心点越远,误差越大。通过基于全数字摄影测量得到的黄土高原区陕西省绥德县多种格网尺寸DEM数据系列的比较验证,结果表明,在格网内部的误差分布随格网尺寸密切相关,特别是在地形复杂的地区,误差的绝对值较大,且空间分布越加复杂。根据对该误差的统计特征及中误差与DEM格网尺寸关系分析,可利用格网尺寸估计误差的统计特征及中误差。随着格网尺寸增大,中误差和误差最大值都在增大,均值基本不变;且无论基准DEM格网尺寸大小,在增大格网尺寸的情况下,均有此规律。在实际DEM生产及应用过程中,需要注意区分上述地形表达误差与我国测绘标准中定义的中误差的区别,避免在DEM的实际应用中出现偏差。     

DEM地面形态重构方法的精度差异特征研究

依据DEM地形建模过程,阐述了DEM地面形态重构概念,并以黄土丘陵1∶5万DEM数据为例,采用高程数值误差场和局地坡面形态误差场相结合的分析技术,实验分析了双线性、三次卷积、局部二次多项式、规则样条函数等常用插值方法在基于加密格网的DEM地面形态重构过程中的精度差异,以及DEM地面形态可重构的基本条件等问题。研究表明:在高程数值误差的极值大小、离散程度、空间分布等方面,规则样条函数插值法具有最好的地面形态重构精度,其次为局部二次多项式、三次卷积和双线性插值法;对于已确定综合尺度的地形,存在满足高保真地面形态描述要求的最佳DEM格网分辨率阈值,只有当实际DEM格网分辨率等于或高于该阈值时,才有可能无歧义、高精度地重构出DEM所描述的综合地形的地面形态。     

《地理与地理信息科学》2004年第20卷总目次

第 1期基于内容的虚拟地理场景检索与智能导航技术探讨林　珲 ,杨育彬 ,朱　庆 (1)………………………………………基于规则的植被地图综合的研究高文秀 ,潘郑淑贞 (7)……GIS中矢量多边形网格化问题研究朱良峰 ,吴信才 ,刘修国 (12 )………………………………………………………陇西黄土高原陆面蒸散的遥感研究詹志明 ,冯兆东 ,秦其明 (16 )………………………………………………………区域生态系统的数据整合研究刘劲松 ,陈　辉 ,高吉喜 ,等 (2 0 )…………………………………………………………基于小波变换和混合熵编码的山区格网DEM…     

基于DEM的秦岭温度场模拟

考虑到秦岭地形对温度场的影响因素,以主分水岭为界分为南北两部分,在普通插值的基础上,采用一种基于DEM的辅助插值方法,同时考虑秦岭南北坡坡向的差异,对秦岭的温度场进行了模拟。采用气象观测站点数据和格网精度为100 m的DEM数据,利用GIS空间分析方法,模拟了秦岭的温度场,并对模拟结果进行了交叉验证分析。实验表明,基于DEM的秦岭温度场模拟,结果较精确地反映秦岭山地的温度场分布特征,同时验证了秦岭对南北气温具有明显的分异作用和气候效应。     

坡度的尺度效应及其对径流模拟的影响研究

研究不同尺度的数字高程模型所带来的坡度差异对水文模型径流模拟的影响.从坡度的尺度效应出发,讨论了相同DEM条件下不同格网大小造成的坡度差异,通过模拟研究发现,随着格网的增大,流域平均坡度在整体上虽然呈减小的趋势,但在不同的格网范围,流域平均坡度的变化趋势并不一致,对平均坡度与不同阶段变化的DEM格网大小采用不同的曲线进行拟合后发现,在某个范围平均坡度的变化比较缓慢,进而可以得到研究区水文模型最佳的DEM格网大小.研究表明,合适的DEM尺度对于水文模型的研究和应用具有重要作用.     

规则格网DEM坡度坡向算法的比较分析

DEM的主要用途之一就是提取坡度和坡向。目前基于格网DEM的坡度坡向算法比较多,正确分析和评价现有算法是当前较为关心的问题。通过对格网DEM的算法进行了简要的归纳,然后对坡度坡向算法进行了理论分析。并通过实验对相关的结论进行了验证。本研究澄清了目前有关DEM坡度坡向算法中存在的一些问题,对实际应用有一定的指导意义。     

Glacier mapping based on Chinese high-resolution remote sensing GF-1 satellite and topographic data

The precise glacier boundary is a fundamental requirement for glacier inventory,the assessment of climate change and water management in remote mountain areas.However,some glaciers in mountain areas are covered by debris.The high spatial resolution images bring opportunities in mapping debris-covered glaciers.To discuss the capability of Chinese GaoFen-1 satellite lacking the short wave infrared band and thermal infrared band in mapping glaciers,this study distinguished supraglacial terrain from surrounding debris by combining GaoFen-1(GF-1)wide-field-view(WFV)images,the ratio of the thermal infrared imagery and morphometric parameters(DEM and slope)with 30 m resolution.The overall accuracy of 90.94%indicated that this method was effective for mapping supraglacial terrain in mountain areas.Comparing this result with the combination of GF-1 WFV and low-resolution morphometric parameters shows that a high-quality DEM and the thermal infrared band enhanced the accuracy of glacier mapping especially debris-covered ice in steep terrain.The user's and producer's accuracies of glacier area were also improved from 89.67%and 85.95%to 92.83%and 90.34%,respectively.GF data is recommended for mapping heavily debris-covered glaciers and will be combined with SAR data for future studies.     

基于DEM的单位汇水面积尺度转换(英文)

Specific Catchment Area (SCA) is defined as the upstream catchment area of a unit contour. As one of the key terrain parameters, it is widely used in the modeling of hydrology, soil erosion and ecological environment. However, SCA value changes significantly at different DEM resolutions, which inevitably affect terrain analysis results. SCA can be described as the ratio of Catchment Area (CA) and DEM grid length. In this paper, the scale effect of CA is firstly investigated. With Jiuyuangou Gully, a watershed about 70 km2 in northern Shaanxi Province of China, as the test area, it is found that the impacts of DEM scale on CA are different in spatial distribution. CA value in upslope location becomes bigger with the decrease of the DEM resolution. When the location is close to downstream areas the impact of DEM scale on CA is gradually weakening. The scale effect of CA can be concluded as a mathematic trend of exponential decline. Then, a downscaling model of SCA is put forward by introducing the scale factor and the location factor. The scaling model can realize the conversion of SCA value from a coarse DEM resolution to a finer one at pixel level. Experiment results show that the downscaled SCA was well revised, and consistent with SCA at the target resolution with respect to the statistical indexes, histogram and spatial distribution. With the advantages of no empirical parameters, the scaling model could be considered as a simple and objective model for SCA scaling in a rugged drainage area.     

SWIM水文模型的DEM尺度效应

数字高程模型(DEM)极大地促进了分布式流域水文模型的快速发展。本文引入SWIM水文模型,以淮河上游长台关地区为研究区,将15种不同分辨率DEM数据输入水文模型,分析DEM分辨率对径流模拟的影响,并探讨最佳DEM分辨率选取及DEM分辨率对流域地形参数与径流模拟影响等问题。研究表明:(1)研究区水文模拟效果较理想DEM分辨率在90～120m之间,采用栅格面积与流域面积比值(G/A)小于0.05和"thousandmillion"经验公式作为DEM选取参考等均适用;(2)DEM分辨率下降,水文模拟纳希效率系数呈波动下降,分辨率超过250m后,虽纳希效率系数有所提高,但此时DEM已不能刻画真实流域特征从而造成假象;(3)15种分辨率DEM在水文极端事件模拟上差异较大,高纳希效率系数时不能较好地反映水文极端事件,尤其是峰值,而在枯水期15种DEM水文模拟效果均较好,DEM分辨率降低导致水文模型对降水等反应敏感。     

Spatial and temporal variations of vegetation in Qinghai Province based on satellite data

This paper used five years (2001-2006) time series of MODIS NDVI images with a 1-km spatial resolution to produce a land cover map of Qinghai Province in China. A classi-fication approach for different land cover types with special emphasis on vegetation, espe-cially on sparse vegetation, was developed which synthesized Decision Tree Classification, Supervised Classification and Unsupervised Classification. The spatial distribution and dy-namic change of vegetation cover in Qinghai from 2001 to 2006 were analyzed based on the land cover classification map and five grade elevation belts derived from Qinghai DEM. The result shows that vegetation cover in Qinghai in recent five years has been some improved and the area of vegetation was increased from 370,047 km2 in 2001 to 374,576 km2 in 2006. Meanwhile, vegetation cover ratio was increased by 0.63%. Vegetation cover ratio in high mountain belt is the largest (67.92%) among the five grade elevation belts in Qinghai Prov-ince. The second largest vegetation cover ratio is in middle mountain belt (61.80%). Next, in the order of the decreasing vegetation cover ratio, the remaining grades are extreme high mountain belt (38.98%), low mountain belt (25.55%) and flat region belt (15.46%). The area of middle density grassland in high mountain belt is the biggest (94,003 km2), and vegetation cover ratio of dense grassland in middle mountain belt is the highest (32.62%), and the in-creased area of dense grassland in high mountain belt is the greatest (1280 km2). In recent five years the conversion from sparse grass to middle density grass in high mountain belt has been the largest vegetation cover variation and the converted area is 15931 km2.     

基于地理格网的新疆地貌区划方法与实现

利用遥感影像和Srtm-DEM等多源信息解译的新疆数字地貌图为基础数据源,运用地理格网方法对新疆地貌类型分布进行定性与定量分析,在此基础上,通过自下而上的合并与自上而下的划分相结合的系统聚类分析法,确定各级地貌区划单元及其区划界线,实现新疆地貌的智能化分区。将新疆地貌分为一级、二级和三级地貌区划。其中,一级为6个地貌区 ,二级为23个地貌区,三级为200个地貌区。研究结果表明,在所依据的地貌数据基础上,采用地理格网地貌区划方法,能够实现地貌区划的智能化分区。本研究中的地貌分区和区划等级合理,区划界线准确可靠,利用地理格网方法实现了区划的定量化和数字化。     

论DEM地形分析中的尺度问题

DEM及其地形分析具有强烈的尺度依赖特征。本文以黄高原地区的研究为例,结合地学建模和地学模拟的需求,重点讨论DEM地形分析中的尺度问题。文中从DEM建立与应用出发,首先建立了DEM地形分析中的尺度概念体系,剖析了各类尺度之间的关系,其次讨论了尺度所引起的各种地形分析效应问题,最后探讨了DEM地形分析中的尺度转换类型和方法。     

大尺度分布式水文模型数字流域提取方法研究

构建大尺度分布式水文模型是当前大气水文模型耦合研究的一项重要内容。本文介绍一 种根据1km DEM 生成更大网格尺度DEM 数据, 同时可以保持流域河网信息并减缓高程、坡度 等地貌参数信息量衰减速度的有效方法———ZB算法。利用该方法和常规的网格平均法生成黄河 唐乃亥以上流域的5km、10km、15km 和20km 两套DEM 数据, 分别提取高程、坡度、地形指数、河 网密度、主河道长度、流域面积等流域特征参数, 并与1km DEM 提取的上述参数进行比较, 对两 种方法作出评价。结果显示, 随着网格尺度的增大, ZB 算法获得的DEM 数据可以保持河网的连 续性, 提取出合理的流域范围, 减缓地形信息量的衰减速度。该方法满足构建大尺度分布式水文 模型提取数字流域的需要。     

基于DEM的中国地形起伏度适宜计算尺度研究

基于SRTM和ASTER DEM数据,在全国范围内选取13个实验区,在渐变尺度下计算平均起伏度变化曲线的"突变点",据此确定中国地形起伏度的适宜计算尺度;结合山地界定标准计算各实验区山地面积,并采用人工解译的山地范围对计算结果进行检验。研究结果表明:1)地形起伏度适宜计算尺度与所采用的DEM数据有关,DEM分辨率越小,地形起伏度适宜计算尺度越大;2)针对同一分辨率DEM数据,中国境内的地形起伏度适宜计算尺度随地貌特征变化而变化,但总体变化幅度不大;3)针对SRTM和ASTER DEM两种常用数据源,分别选择4.72km2和3.20km2作为地形起伏度适宜计算尺度是合理的,山地界定精度达90%以上。     

Bias estimation and correction for triangle-based surface area calculations

The calculation of surface area is meaningful for a variety of space-filling phenomena, e.g., the packing of plants or animals within an area of land. With Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data we can calculate the surface area by using a continuous surface model, such as by the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). However, just as the triangle-based surface area discussed in this paper, the surface area is generally biased because it is a nonlinear mapping about the DEM data which contain measurement errors. To reduce the bias in the surface area, we propose a second-order bias correction by applying nonlinear error propagation to the triangle-based surface area. This process reveals that the random errors in the DEM data result in a bias in the triangle-based surface area while the systematic errors in the DEM data can be reduced by using the height differences. The bias is theoretically given by a probability integral which can be approximated by numerical approaches including the numerical integral and the Monte Carlo method; but these approaches need a theoretical distribution assumption about the DEM measurement errors, and have a very high computational cost. In most cases, we only have variance information on the measurement errors; thus, a bias estimation based on nonlinear error propagation is proposed. Based on the second-order bias estimation proposed, the variance of the surface area can be improved immediately by removing the bias from the original variance estimation. The main results are verified by the Monte Carlo method and by the numerical integral. They show that an unbiased surface area can be obtained by removing the proposed bias estimation from the triangle-based surface area originally calculated from the DEM data.