多普勒声雷达测风与直接测量仪器的观测比较

文中对多普勒声雷达测风和325 m铁塔上风速、风向仪及超声风速仪的测量值进行了观测比较。结果表明,当信噪比大于1时,两种方法测量的平均风速、风向的相关较好,风速、风向廓线较为接近;声雷达测量的垂直风速平均值和均方根差比超声风速仪的测量值略偏大。这与国外进行的观测比较结果一致。 需要指出,声雷达和直接测量仪器的观测比较中存在一定差异,特别是对比每一次的观测值就可以看出,在某些情况下还存在明显差异。进一步分析声雷达测风产生偏差的原因,对误差做出合理的订正是十分必要的。     

山东即墨风电场风力资源分析

以即墨气象站风速风向为参考,利用其30年风速资料确定风电场代表年,根据铁塔气象观测资料分析即墨风电场的风力资源状况;依据“风能资源评价技术规定”对即墨风电场的风速风向进行了检验修正。分析了测风塔各高度风速日、年变化,风向频率年月变化。计算分析了测风塔不同高度平均风速、风功率密度、有效小时数等风能参数。计算了不同风电机型60~70 m轮毂高度年发电量及其随高度变化规律;估算了风电场年发电量。得出即墨风电场达到3级风场标准,具有开发价值。     

Cross-Spectrum of Wind Speed for Meso-Gamma Scales in the Upper Surface Layer over South-Eastern Australia

Analytical expressions for the cross-spectrum of wind speed are developed for the stochastic simulation of wind power in south-eastern Australia. The expressions are valid for heights above the ground in the range 40–80 m, site separations of 1–30 km, and frequencies of (1/6)–3 cycles h⁻¹. The influence of site separation distance is taken into account, as are variables that are defined for blocks of time. These variables include the mean and standard deviation of wind speed and the mean wind direction. The parameters of the model equations are determined by non-linear least-squares regression with cross-validation over 10 years of wind measurements from 84 towers in south-eastern Australia.     

BOUNDARY LAYER GROWTH AND LAPSE RATE CHANGES DETERMINED BY LIDAR AND SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN SOFIA*

In this study the results from a boundary layer experiment,conducted in autumn 1991 over a flat,build-up urban area in Southeast Sofia,together with some models for mixed layer growth rates are used to investigate the layered structure of the vertical atmospheric stability distribution in the Sofia Valley.Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heights and morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heat and moisture fluxes,profiles of temperature and humidity,wind speed and wind direction.A diagnostic method is presented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological measurements and lidar returns observed during the transition from nighttime stable stratification to daytime convective boundary layer after the sunrise.     

Evaluation of atmospheric boundary layer characteristics simulated by the regional model

Carried out is the comparison of the temporal courses of temperature and wind speed at different levels as well as of the wind and temperature profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer obtained from the WRF regional model forecasts and using the upper-air in situ and remote measurements in Moscow region. The errors in temperature and wind speed forecasts at different levels are computed as well as the statistical estimates of the forecast of temperature inversions, atmospheric stratification types, and monthly mean wind speed profiles on the basis of model forecasts and acoustic sounding.     

Maximum fluctuations of wind direction in limited time intervals at the levels up to 300 m from observations at a meteorological tower

On the basis of wind direction measurements with 1-s discreteness at the meteorological tower VMM-310 in the town of Obninsk, maximum fluctuations of wind direction are obtained with 10-s averaging over limited time intervals that correspond to the transport of pollutant puffs at distances about 10 km from the source at altitudes up to 300 m. Average values of maximum fluctuations of wind direction decrease with increasing wind speed, level of measurements, and stratification stability. Examples are presented of distributions of maximum fluctuations of wind direction as dependent of these factors. Parameters are given of distributions of maximum fluctuations of wind direction at six levels under different wind speeds and different atmospheric stability. The empirical distributions are approximated by Weibull distribution, and parameters of the latter are presented for separate levels. The results obtained can be used for estimation of an angular size of an area of possible pollution under different conditions of atmospheric stratification, wind speed, and levels of transport of an instantaneous puff of pollutants for the pollutant cloud motion up to a distance of 10 km from the source.     

étude expérimentale de la couche limite de montagne

The characteristics of the boundary layer over complex terrain (Lannemezan - lat.: 43.7° N and, long.: 0.7 ° E) are analyzed for various scales, using measurements obtained during the COCAGNE Experiment. In this first part, the dynamic characteristics of the flow are studied with respect to atmospheric stability and the relief at small (~20 km) and medium scales (~100 km). These relief scales depend on the topographical profile of the Lannemezan Plateau along the dominant axis of the wind (E-W) and the Pyrénées Mountains located at the south of the experimental site. The terrain heterogeneities have a standard deviation of ~48 m and a wavelength of ~2 km.The averaged vertical profiles of wind speed and direction over the heterogeneous terrain are analyzed. The decrease of wind speed within the boundary layer is greater than over flat terrain (WANGARA Experiment). However, a comparison between ETTEX (complex terrain) and COCAGNE vertical wind speed profiles shows good agreement during unstable conditions. In contrast, during neutral conditions a more rapid increase with normalized height is found with COCAGNE than with ETTEX and WANGARA data. The vertical profiles of wind direction reveal an influence of the Pyrénées Mountains on the wind flow. The wind rotation in the BL is determined by the geostrophic wind direction-Pyrénées axis angle (negative deviation) as the geostrophic wind is connected with the Mountain axis.When the geostrophic wind does not interact with the Pyrénées axis, the mean and turbulent wind flow characteristics (drag coefficient C _D, friction velocity u _*) depend on the topography of the plateau. When the wind speed is strong (>6 m s ^-1), an internal boundary layer is generated from the leading edge of the Plateau.     

Characteristics of wind speed and wind direction in the atmospheric boundary layer on the southern coast of Bulgaria

The characteristics of wind speed and wind direction in the boundary atmospheric layer measured at the meteorological station in Akhtopol (Bulgaria) are presented. The measurements were carried out with the Scintec sodar and MK-15 automatic meteorological station. The sodar measurement data on wind parameters at different heights in different months are presented as well as the frequency of inshore and offshore wind directions, that enables to trace the intensity of the breeze circulation. The frequency of calms and wind speeds at the heights of 50, 100, and 200 m according to gradations for different months and the probability of wind of various speeds depending on the direction are also given. The breeze front characteristics in June–September of 2009 are computed from the speed and direction of surface wind measured with the acoustic anemometer of MK-15 complex.     

呼和浩特市不同观测频次风资料对比及对应污染风频分析

文章对呼和浩特市每日24观测频次和每日4观测频次的平均风速、最大风速、风向频率及对应污染风频进行了对比分析,结果表明:两者在平均风速、风向频率及主导风向污染风频方面具有比较一致的变化特征;而在最大风速、最大污染风频、静风污染风频上相差较大,差值分别达2.1 m﹒s-1、1.4%、3.0%。说明两者在定性判断上具有较好的一致性,而在专项研究和定量分析上,每日24观测频次较每日4观测频次风资料更具客观性。     

Coherence between low‐level cloud motion vectors and surface wind measurements Near 0°, 152°W from April 1979 to February 1980

Abstract

Low‐level cloud motion vectors determined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the University of Wisconsin in a 5‐degree square centred at 0°, 152°30’ W were intercompared with moored buoy wind measurements made at 0°, 152°W during April 1979‐February 1980. At the site of the intercomparison test the prevailing wind direction was easterly; monthly mean values of the meridional wind speed were less than 20% of the zonal component. The surface winds measured during the observational period were similar to the climatological‐mean wind conditions. Although the satellite wind speeds were larger than buoy wind speeds, as a priori expected, because of the vertical separation between the measurements, the comparison indicated that in the case of the zonal component there was a maximum usable frequency (muf) below which cloud drifts and surface wind vectors were 95% significantly correlated and the correlation was greater than the 50% noise level. The muf were 0.17 and 0.3 cpd for the NOAA and Wisconsin cloud motion vectors, respectively. At frequencies below the muf, an algorithm describing the frequency‐dependent differences of the rms zonal wind speed amplitudes was developed. Coherences involving the meridional wind speeds were too low for the estimation of a muf.     

Wind profiles,momentum fluxes and roughness lengths at Cabauw revisited

We describe the results of an experiment focusing on wind speed and momentum fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer up to 200 m. The measurements were conducted in 1996 at the Cabauw site in the Netherlands. Momentum fluxes are measured using the K-Gill Propeller Vane. Estimates of the roughness length are derived using various techniques from the wind speed and flux measurements, and the observed differences are explained by considering the source area of the meteorological parameters. A clear rough-to-smooth transition is found in the wind speed profiles at Cabauw. The internal boundary layer reaches the lowest k-vane (20 m) only in the south-west direction where the obstacle-free fetch is about 2 km. The internal boundary layer is also reflected in the roughness lengths derived from the wind speed profiles. The lower part of the profile (< 40 m) is not in equilibrium and no reliable roughness analysis can be given. The upper part of the profile can be linked to a large-scale roughness length. Roughness lengths derived from the horizontal wind speed variance and gustiness have large footprints and therefore represent a large-scale average roughness. The drag coefficient is more locally determined but still represents a large-scale roughness length when it is measured above the local internal boundary layer. The roughness length at inhomogeneous sites can therefore be determined best from drag coefficient measurements just above the local internal boundary layers directly, or indirectly from horizontal wind speed variance or gustiness. In addition, the momentum and heat fluxes along the tower are analysed and these show significant variation with height related to stability and possibly surface heterogeneity. It appears that the dimensionless wind speed gradients scale well with local fluxes for the variety of conditions considered, including the unstable cases.     

Long-Term Profiles of Wind and Weibull Distribution Parameters up to 600 m in a Rural Coastal and an Inland Suburban Area

An investigation of the long-term variability of wind profiles for wind energy applications is presented. The observations consists of wind measurements obtained from a ground-based wind lidar at heights between 100 and 600 m, in combination with measurements from tall meteorological towers at a flat rural coastal site in western Denmark and at an inland suburban area near Hamburg in Germany. Simulations with the weather research and forecasting numerical model were carried out in both forecast and analysis configurations. The scatter between measured and modelled wind speeds expressed by the root-mean-square error was about 10 % lower for the analysis compared to the forecast simulations. At the rural coastal site, the observed mean wind speeds above 60 m were underestimated by both the analysis and forecast model runs. For the inland suburban area, the mean wind speed is overestimated by both types of the simulations below 500 m. When studying the wind-speed variability with the Weibull distribution, the shape parameter was always underestimated by the forecast compared to both analysis simulations and measurements. At the rural coastal site although the measured and modelled Weibull distributions are different their variances are nearly the same. It is suggested to use the shape parameter for climatological mesoscale model evaluation. Based on the new measurements, a parametrization of the shape parameter for practical applications is suggested.     

BOUNDARY LAYER GROWTH AND LAPSE RATE CHANGES DETERMINED BY LIDAR AND SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN SOFIA

In this study the results from a boundary layer experiment,conducted in autumn 1991 over a flat,build-up urbanarea in Southeast Sofia,together with some models for mixed layer growth rates are used to investigate the layered struc-ture of the vertical atmospheric stability distribution in the Sofia Valley.Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heightsand morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heatand moisture fluxes,profiles of temperature and humidity,wind speed and wind direction.A diagnostic method is pres-ented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological measurements and lidar returns observed duringthe transition from nighttime stable stratification to daytime convective boundary layer after the sunrise.     

EVALUATION OF SURFACE-LAYER WIND PROFILES WITH HEIFE OBSERVATIONS

In this paper the mean wind speed profiles in the atmospheric surfacelayer over oasis, sand, and Gobi desert surfaces in the HEIhe river FieldExperiment (HEIFE) area are discussed for various stability conditions. Themathematical representation of mean wind speed profiles obtained fromdifferent sources are used to estimate the mean wind speeds, and the resultsare compared with observed wind speed data obtained at 20 m meteorologicaltowers over different ground surfaces. It is found that for unstable and neutral conditions, a compositeexponential profile and flux-profile relationship can be used to describe thewind speed profile in the atmospheric surface layer over homogeneoussurfaces, the composite exponential profile giving a relatively high accuracyin the estimation of wind speed profiles. For stable conditions, thecomposite exponential profile also can be used to estimate the wind speedprofile, but for very stable conditions, the accuracy is not good. For thoseconditions, flux-profile equations can give estimates of the wind speedprofile with relatively high accuracy.     

Characteristics of the lower 1000-m atmospheric layer in the area of the Leningrad NPP-2

The calculated aeroclimatic characteristics of the lower 1000-m atmospheric layer needed to study the conditions for the atmospheric diffusion of pollutants are considered. The measurements of temperature profiles with the MTP-5 microwave temperature profiler and the data of weather balloon observations on wind speed and wind direction from the special meteorological station located at the Leningrad NPP-2 (LNPP-2) construction site are used as initial data. The characteristics of the vertical distribution of temperature and wind obtained from the observations in the LNPP-2 construction area and at the Voeikovo upper-air network station are compared.     

TK-2GPS人影探空火箭与L波段探空数据差异性分析

开展TK-2GPS人影探空火箭探测数据的分析检验,对于了解试验仪器的适用性和数据可靠性及其在人影中的应用前景非常重要.利用TK-2GPS人影探空火箭和L波段探空资料,采用平均偏差、均方根误差和相关系数等分析方法,对两种探空的温度、相对湿度、风向及风速等要素的差异性和变化特征进行了对比分析,并对可能造成差异的原因进行了探...     

登陆台风边界层风廓线特征的地基雷达观测

为了分析登陆台风边界层风廓线特征,利用2004—2013年中国东南沿海新一代多普勒天气雷达收集的17个登陆台风资料,采用飓风速度体积分析方法,反演登陆台风的边界层风场结构特征。与探空观测对比表明,利用雷达径向风场可以准确地反演登陆台风的边界层风场结构,其风速误差小于2 m/s,风向误差小于5°。所有登陆台风合成的边界层风廓线显示,在近地层(100 m)以上,边界层风廓线存在类似急流的最大切向风,其高度均在1 km以上,显著高于大西洋观测到的飓风边界层急流高度(低于1 km)。陆地边界层内低层入流强度也明显大于过去海上观测,这主要是由陆地上摩擦增大引起。越靠近台风中心,边界层风廓线离散度越大,其中,径向风廓线比全风速以及切向风廓线离散度更大。将风廓线相对台风移动方向分为4个象限,分析边界层风廓线非对称特征显示,台风移动前侧入流层明显高于移动后侧。最大切向风位于台风移动左后侧,而台风右后侧没有显著的急流特征,与过去理想模拟的海陆差异导致的台风非对称分布特征一致。     

Diabatic wind speed profiles in coastal regions: Comparison of an internal boundary layer (IBL) model with observations

A model is presented to transform wind speed observations at a single height over sea or near the coast to any possible location and height in a topographic flat coastal region (up to distances of about 5 km from the coast and up to heights of 100 m). Only moderate and strong winds from the sea are considered, which are particularly important for wind energy applications. The model, called diabatic coast model, which is based on the well known internal boundary layer (IBL) concept and Monin-Obukhov similarity theory, describes the effects of the roughness transition from sea to land as well as the effect of stability on the shape of the profiles and the IBL growth. The predicted IBL heights are compared with published data.In the second part of this paper, the model is compared with measurements taken at the Maasvlakte location near the Dutch coast. It is shown that a neutral formulation of the IBL height is sufficient to model the overall mean wind speed with height, but that stability corrections are needed to describe the diurnal variations in wind speed properly. Finally, an application is given, where a single routine wind speed observation at the coast, combined with air-water temperature differences is used to predict the wind speed at 500m from the coast at heights of 10 and 53 m. The results are in good agreement with the measurements.     

Effects of Turbulence and Flow Inclination on the Performance of Cup Anemometers in the Field

Four commercial and one research cup anemometers were comparatively tested in a complex terrain site to quantify the effects of turbulence and flow inclination on the wind speed measurements. The difference of the mean windspeed reading between the anemometers was as much as 2% for wind directions where the mean flow was horizontal. This difference was large enough to be attributed to the well-known overspeeding effect related to the differing distance constant (ranging from 1.7 to 5 m) of the cup anemometers. The application of a theoretical model of the cup-anemometer behaviour in athree-dimensional turbulent wind field proved successful in explaining theobserved differences.Additional measurements were taken with the anemometers tilted at known angles into and out of the incident wind flow. Thus, a field-derived angular response curve is constructed for each anemometer and the deviations from publishedwind-tunnel results are discussed.The uncertainties of, or false assumptions about, the angular response characteristics of the anemometers contribute the largest amount inthe observed errors of mean wind speed even for a horizontal mean flow. The angular response curves are finally used to correct the 10-min mean windspeed. The necessary information for the correction is the turbulent intensity (preferably in the vertical direction) and the mean flow inclination.For demanding applications, the angular response parameters of cup anemometers should be taken into account. The incorporation of the angular response parameters in a correction scheme would be most robustly applied if their variation with inclination and wind speed was smooth.     

Wavy Vertical Motions in the ABL Observed by Sodar

Some characteristics of wavelike motions in the atmospheric boundary layer observed by sodar are considered. In an experiment carried out in February 1993 in Milan, Italy, Doppler sodar measurements were accompanied by in situ measurements of temperature and wind velocity vertical profiles using a tethered balloon up to 600 m. The oscillations of elevated wavy layers containing intense thermal turbulence, usually associated with temperature-inversion zones, were studied by using correlation and spectral analysis methods. The statistics of the occurrence of wavelike and temperature-inversion events are presented. The height distributions of Brunt–Vaisala frequency and wind shear and their correlation within elevated inversion layers were determined, with a strong correlation observed between the drift rate of the wavy layers and the vertical velocity measured by Doppler sodar inside these layers. Spectral analysis showed similarities regarding their frequency characteristics. The phase speed and propagation direction of waves were estimated from the time delay of the signals at three antennae to provide estimates of wavelength. Moreover, wavelengths were estimated from the intrinsic frequency obtained from sodar measurements of the Doppler vertical velocity and oscillations of wavy turbulent layers. The two wavelength estimates are in good agreement.