互花米草引种对苏北潮滩湿地TOC、TN和TP分布的影响

分析了TOC、TN和TP在苏北潮滩湿地不同生态带沉积物和植被中的分布状况,结果表明:TOC和TN的水平和垂向平均含量以互花米草滩为最高,其次分别为盐蒿滩、芦苇滩和光滩。TP的平均含量以光滩为最高,依次由海向陆逐渐减小。在生物量最大期间(秋季),单位面积上互花米草体内TOC、TN和TP的累积量远大于盐蒿和芦苇。互花米草主要通过以下4个方面对研究区潮滩湿地TOC、TN和TP的分布产生影响:(1)互花米草滩面较高的沉积速率;(2)互花米草对整个潮滩湿地不同植被分布格局的改变;(3)互花米草有着高生产力以及巨大的地下生物量;(4)互花米草的生长特性使其在生长过程中对磷的需求量很大。     

上海滨岸潮滩水沉积物中无机氮的季节性变化

对长江口南翼上海滨岸带3个站点潮滩上覆水，沉积物和间隙水中的3态无机氮的含量分布的年度季节性监测研究表明：潮滩上覆水中溶解无机氮以NO3－N为主：表层沉积物中可交换态无机氮以NH4－N为主，约占70％－85％，沉积物间隙水中主要无机氮为NH4－N和NO3－N。潮滩水体中NH4－N的季节性变化幅度不大，而NO3－N和NO2－N的季节性变化明显，在冬季含量明显降低；但沉积物和间隙水中氮氨和硝态氮的浓度在冬季则有较大增加。初步探讨了潮滩水和沉积物中无机氮分布季节性变化的主要影响因素，估算了潮滩表层沉积物－水界面无机氮的扩散通量，指出NH4－N的扩散释放对滨岸水环境质量影响较大。     

潮滩湿地N、P生物地球化学过程研究

潮滩湿地是一种特殊类型的海岸湿地,其生态系统表生环境生物地球化学过程以及特殊生态与生物多样性保护的基础研究已经日益成为海岸生态系统相关研究的热点问题之一。由于其独特的演化过程、地理位置、地理环境、和所受的动力条件,使N、P在其生态系统内的生物地球化学过程不同于其他湿地类型。通过对潮滩湿地N、P生物地球化学循环特点和循环过程、盐沼植物在N、P生物地球化学循环中的作用以及潮滩湿地生态系统N、P的输入和输出等几个问题进行了概述,分析了当前国内外潮滩湿地N、P生物地球化学过程的研究特点和存在问题,提出了今后相关问题的主要研究趋势。     

黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地土壤碳、氮的空间分异特征

2009年5月,运用地统计学方法研究了黄河口滨岸潮滩湿地土壤碳、氮的空间分布格局。结果表明,潮滩湿地土壤的TC、TN和C/N含量具有明显的水平变异性,自表层向下均呈显著降低趋势,总体表现为TN>C/N>TC。潮滩湿地土壤不同土层TN和C/N含量的水平分布空间结构明显,分别符合不同的变异函数理论模型,且具有强烈/中等程度的空间相关性,其空间变异性均以向低潮滩延伸且受潮汐涨落影响较大的方向为最大,自然结构因素在引起TN和C/N空间异质性中的贡献占优,随机因素的影响相对较小。潮滩湿地土壤不同土层TN和C/N具有明显的空间分布格局,表层土壤的TN含量向低潮滩延伸方向形成明显斑块低值区,边缘则形成斑块高值区,而不同土层的C/N以及亚表层的TN则与之相反。研究发现,微地貌特征和潮汐微域物理扰动强度是导致空间异质性的重要随机因素,而水盐条件、土壤类型和潮汐物理扰动是重要结构因素。湿地有机质来源以陆源为主,且越靠近海的方向,潮滩湿地土壤中的有机质受陆源的影响越大。     

滨海潮滩铁异化还原研究进展

铁异化还原在滨海潮滩沉积物的铁、硫和碳等元素生物地球化学循环过程中起着重要作用。滨海潮滩独特的地形、水文、植被和底栖生物扰动现象,使得其铁异化还原过程具有高度的时空异质性。加强滨海潮滩铁异化还原的研究,不仅能够深入理解其有机质厌氧氧化过程,同时也为估算滨海湿地温室气体排放提供重要的依据。本文在总结滨海潮滩铁异化还原对有机质厌氧氧化贡献的基础上,回顾了铁异化还原过程的有机质底物、Fe(III)的形态和空间分布、铁异化还原微生物、铁异化还原与硫酸根异化还原竞争以及铁异化还原的时间变化等方面的研究进展,提出了未来在中国滨海潮滩铁异化还原过程研究方面应加强的工作。     

盐城潮滩湿地对N、P营养物质的截留效应研究

研究了盐城潮滩芦苇（Phragmites australis）、盐蒿（Artemisia schrenkiana）、互花米草（Spartina alterniflora）和淤泥光滩4种湿地对N、P营养物质的截留效应.在所选取的4种湿地中,分别采集了水、土壤和生物样;水样的总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）用过硫酸氧化还原法测定,土壤和生物样的TN、TP分别用凯氏定N法和钼锑抗比色法测定.研究结果显示,不同污染程度的水源灌溉下的芦苇湿地,其截留N、P的效果差异显著.其中,黄沙港不定期污水灌溉的芦苇湿地每年平均可截留TN 0.095 t/hm^2、TP 0.026 t/hm^2;而采取三灌三排方式用河水灌溉的新洋港芦苇湿地每年可分别截留TN 0.030 t/hm^2、TP 0.001 t/hm^2.比较盐蒿、互花米草和淤泥光滩3种湿地每年对湿地水中N、P的截留效果,淤泥光滩的效果最差,仅截留TN 0.385 kg/hm^2、TP 0.042 kg/hm^2;互花米草效果最好,分别截留TN 220.660 kg/hm^2、TP 36.754 kg/hm^2.尽管互花米草生物量大于芦苇,但其截留效果仍低于芦苇湿地（芦苇1 a收割1次）.     

人类活动对苏北潮滩发育的影响

江苏北部潮滩宽阔而平坦,历史上就是人类活动比较频繁的地区。随着对潮滩开发利用强度和深度的增加,人类对潮滩发育的影响越来越显著。潮滩剖面自然发育的均衡形态为上凸型;潮滩被围垦并建堤后,改变了原有的水沙动态平衡关系,潮滩剖面形态发生了调整,海堤附近的潮水沟则不断被淤积。大米草和互花米草等植被的引种改变了潮滩生态结构,由于植被能降低水流流速和波浪能量,起到捕捉沉积物的作用,因此能增加潮间带滩面的淤积速率,改变潮滩分带结构;此外,植被的存在还影响到滩面潮水沟的形态。港口工程的建设改变了沉积物的输运方向。     

排污活动对长江口滨岸潮滩营养元素N累积运移的影响及作用机制

选择长江口滨岸潮滩作为典型研究区,研究了排污活动对潮滩营养盐N环境地球化学过程的影响。结果发现排污口滨岸潮滩上覆水、表层沉积物孔隙水和表层沉积物中的NH₄⁺-N、TIN等都有显著累积效应,而NO_x^--N在长江口滨岸潮滩上覆水、表层沉积物孔隙水和表层沉积物中并未出现累积高峰值,表明外源输入不是潮滩环境中NO_x^--N主要来源。分析结果还显示,排污口潮滩沉积物-水界面间N分子扩散通量明显大于非排污口,表明排污活动加剧了潮滩沉积物-水界面间营养盐N的扩散过程。     

长江口长兴,横沙岛潮滩沉积特征及其影响机制

长兴、横沙潮滩是典型的河口潮滩。其沉积物粒度在总体上较四周河道细，且具有从潮下带向潮上带沉积物质逐渐变细的趋势，但由于风浪和植被等因素的影响，局部高程的变化往往较为复杂；在沿岸方向上，以面向口外的开敞岸段最粗，顶江迎流的洲头滩次之，顺江两岸物质相对较细。在此基础上，提出了分汊河口冲积岛潮滩的基本沉积模式和河口潮滩与正常海岸潮滩的区别。     

黄河三角洲新生湿地不同生境下翅碱蓬锰和锌含量的季节变化

锰和锌元素是植物生长所必须的微量元素,对植物的光合作用和氮的代谢起到重要的影响;锌元素还与植物生长素——吲哚乙酸的合成息息相关,锰元素则能够调节植物体内氧化还原状况,是盐生植物适应环境不可缺少的元素。于2008年5～11月,在黄河三角洲新生湿地不同生境下,对翅碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)的锰和锌含量与累积的季节变化特征进行了研究。结果表明,中潮滩翅碱蓬和低潮滩翅碱蓬的锰和锌含量分布存在明显差异,中潮滩翅碱蓬不同器官的锌含量都大于低潮滩翅碱蓬,而低潮滩翅碱蓬除了根的锰含量小于中潮滩翅碱蓬外,其他器官的锰含量都大于中潮滩翅碱蓬;二者不同器官的锰和锌含量都具有明显季节变化,其变化模式虽存在一定差异,但整体上都表现为生长初期锰和锌含量较低,之后波动增加;二者枯落物的锰含量变化较为一致,但锌含量差异显著(p<0.05);尽管中潮滩翅碱蓬与低潮滩翅碱蓬不同部位的锰和锌含量间的相关性都未达到显著水平,但不同表现型植被间差异较大,原因可能与其生理生态结构以及对锰和锌元素吸收与利用程度的差异有关。中潮滩翅碱蓬、低潮滩翅碱蓬不同部位的锰和锌储量亦具有明显季节变化,且其变化模式大多符合Gauss曲线;在翅碱蓬生长阶段,根为中潮滩翅碱蓬锰和锌元素的主要储库,其含量分别为(26.23±5.43)%和(2.84±1.06)%;根也为低潮滩翅碱蓬锌元素的主要储库,其含量为(19.58±10.95)%;而茎为低潮滩翅碱蓬锰元素的主要储库,其含量为(42.09±4.08)%。二者枯落物中锰和锌储量,特别是锌储量,所占比例很高,这可能与翅碱蓬生长末期,其地上不同器官中残存的大量锰和锌元素,在其死亡前因移动性较差而无法大量转移有关。研究发现,中潮滩翅碱蓬、低潮滩翅碱蓬不同部位锰和锌含量和储量的变化及差异主要与其生态学特性、不同器官营养功能以及所处生境的水盐状况有关。     

Heavy metals and phosphorus in tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze estuary

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd), and phosphorous (P) were determined in surface tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze estuary and Shanghai coast. Results demonstrate that there were significant differences among the accumulation of the heavy metals in sediments, following the order: Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. The spatial distribution and chemical forms of heavy metals in tidal flat sediments were closely related to the distribution of pollution resources (outlet of sewage) and the local sedimentary and hydrodynamic conditions. The dominated form of non-residual heavy metals is bound to Fe/Mn oxides, and the next form is bound to carbonates. Moreover, contents of total P in sediments range from 18.0 μmol.g-1 to 31.4 μmol.g-1 along the coastline, speciation of P in sediments was different, most of P in tidal flat sediments is associated with calcium phases (as Ca-P) similar to marine sediments.     

Heavy metals and phosphorus in tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze estuary

Concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr and Cd), and phosphorous (P) were determined in surface tidal flat sediments of the Yangtze estuary and Shanghai coast. Results demonstrate that there were significant differences among the accumulation of the heavy metals in sediments, following the order: Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd. The spatial distribution and chemical forms of heavy metals in tidal flat sediments were closely related to the distribution of pollution resources (outlet of sewage) and the local sedimentary and hydrodynamic conditions. The dominated form of non-residual heavy metals is bound to Fe/Mn oxides, and the next form is bound to carbonates. Moreover, contents of total P in sediments range from 18.0 μmol.g⁻¹ to 31.4 μmol.g⁻¹ along the coastline, speciation of P in sediments was different, most of P in tidal flat sediments is associated with calcium phases (as Ca-P) similar to marine sediments.     

长江北支口门圆陀角附近潮滩沉积物元素地球化学特征及其环境指示意义

圆陀角地处长江北支与江苏海岸的交汇处,发育了典型的粉砂淤泥质潮滩,潮滩沉积物元素可记录海岸环境变化的信息。在圆陀角附近潮滩采集了长度为218 cm的YY孔岩芯,常量与微量元素分析结果显示,岩芯沉积物平均粒径与大多数元素之间相关性好,“粒控效应”特征明显。除Ca、Na、Ti、P、Sr外,岩芯大部分元素含量自下向上呈现由低变高再变低的趋势,并在岩芯132 cm深度出现最大值。根据圆陀角附近海岸沙嘴长江北支变迁的证据,苏北岸外海域是长江北支的重要泥沙来源;粒度和粘土校正后的元素含量呈自下而上由低变高的趋势。邻近区域沉积物元素富集系数分析显示,在1956年前后,圆陀角附近潮滩沉积物发生了较大的变化,1956年以前的主要来源于长江,1956年以后演变为主要来源于南黄海辐射沙洲南翼。     

The variation of sediments organic carbon content in Chongming east tidal flat during Scirpus mariqueter growing stage

The investigations on the organic carbon (OC) of core sediments were carried out in Chongming east tidal flat (CM) during Scirpus mariqueter growing stage (from April to December 2004) in Yangtze Estuary. The Yangtze River annually transports a runoff discharge of 30,000 m3/s, carrying about 480 million tons of sediments to the estuarine and coastal area, which formed a great OC pool. In the sampling spots, seven quadrats of 50 cm × 50 cm and five sediments cores of 20 cm deep (40 cm deep in December) were randomly established in order to collect vegetations and core sediments samples during the low tide each month except November. After pretreatment, the core sediments were sieved and their OC contents were measured according to the potassium dichromate method. The results show that the higher surface sediment OC content in summer comes from allochthonous terrigenous particle settlements on the Chongming east middle tidal flat S. mariqueter zone. In autumn and winter, the decomposing of the defoliated S. mariqueter increases the surface sediments OC content. Settling velocity, sediment temperature and S. mariqueter growth are the main factors that can control the sediment carbon content. Summer is the "carbon losing" period of the tidal flat sediments, while from September, it changes into the "carbon accumulating" period of sediment OC pool because of the decomposing of dead S. mariqueter community in the sediments. From this alternation of "carbon losing" period and "carbon accumulating" period, we conclude that carbon in the OC pool of the middle tidal flat S. mariqueter zone sediments mainly comes from the atmospheric carbon rooted by S. mariqueter photosynthesis.     

南通海岸带滩涂开发类型选择与空间功能配置研究

海岸带滩涂开发类型选择与空间布局是海岸带综合管理研究的重要内容,对于促进海岸带可持续发展具有重要意义。以海岸带资源环境-社会经济条件与滩涂开发类型对应关系透视为基础,结合南通海岸带滩涂条件、开发类型演变和区域发展背景分析,提出该地区生态旅游、农业和港口–工业–城镇多元化的滩涂综合利用模式,集成适宜性评价与分区、多部门规划冲突与协调等方法,探讨了南通海岸带滩涂地区生态与旅游、农业和港工城等功能区的空间配置路径。南通海岸带地区三类空间适宜比例分别23.5%,32.7%和43.8%,可以作为海岸带综合管理政策制定的参考。     

崇明东滩海三棱藨草生长期沉积物有机碳含量变化

The investigations on the organic carbon （OC） of core sediments were carried out in Chongming east tidal fiat （CM） during Scirpus mariqueter growing stage （from April to December 2004） in Yangtze Estuary. The Yangtze River annually transports a runoff discharge of 30,000 m^3/s, carrying about 480 million tons of sediments to the estuarine and coastal area, which formed a great OC pool. In the sampling spots, seven quadrats of 50 cm × 50 cm and five sediments cores of 20 cm deep （40 cm deep in December） were randomly established in order to collect vegetations and core sediments samples during the low tide each month except November. After pretreatment, the core sediments were sieved and their OC contents were measured according to the potassium dichromate method. The results show that the higher surface sediment OC content in summer comes from allochthonous terrigenous particle settlements on the Chongming east middle tidal fiat S. mariqueter zone. In autumn and winter, the decomposing of the defoliated S. mariqueter increases the surface sediments OC content. Settling velocity, sediment temperature and S. mariqueter growth are the main factors that can control the sediment carbon content. Summer is the “carbon losing” period of the tidal fiat sediments, while from September, it changes into the “carbon accumulating” period of sediment OC pool because of the decomposing of dead S. mariqueter community in the sediments. From this alternation of “carbon losing” period and “carbon accumulating” period, we conclude that carbon in the OC pool of the middle tidal fiat S. mariqueter zone sediments mainly comes from the atmospheric carbon rooted by S. mariqueter photosynthesis.