Neighbourhoods and the implementation of city plans

This article addresses the alternatives posed by urban decentralization as a new institutional framework within which change in city planning goals and administrative practices can take place. Considering that, traditionally, the professions of city planning and public administration have been haunted by a low level of implementation of plans and a high level of dissatisfaction with public-service delivery, the attempt is made to identify the root causes of the two shortcomings. In the process, the thesis is sustained that neighbourhoods endowed with formal decision-making powers have the potential to increase the degree of implementation of plans and to ensure greater efficiency in, and satisfaction with, the delivery of public services. A case study provides a data base to illustrate a number of working hypotheses.     

Re-orientation of the city plan: Strategic planning and design competition in China

Rather than being abandoned along with the demise of the centrally planned economy, city planning as a profession is flourishing in China. New hybrid plans such as strategic development plans (concept plans) have been invented, and the planning procedure has become more flexible. Design competition and planning consultancy are widespread. This paper examines the development of new strategic development plans and design competition. It is argued that city planning has been re-orientated from a technical rationale, i.e. allocating state development projects to the city, to the imperative derived from market-oriented development, i.e. consolidating competitiveness during inter-city competition. The contradiction between market and planning is that while the status of city planning has been raised and its approach is becoming more strategic, the actual functionality of city planning has become more instrumental.     

山西大同“万人坑”展览馆建筑及配套景观设计

本文回顾了山西大同＂万人坑＂景区总体规划阶段,并记述了该项目从方案深化设计到施工图设计再到最终建成开馆的全过程。同时,指出了每一个设计阶段所面临的新挑战,必须有相应的灵感和创造加以应对。     

Urban policy and the rise of gated housing in post-socialist Poland

The aim of this article is to investigate regulations regarding housing and spatial planning to determine the extent to which these have influenced the development of gated housing in Poland since 1989. The focus is on how government policy with regard to spatial planning and housing, together with the law on property and ownership, influences the emergence and development of gated forms of housing in the country. Legal regulation documents concerning issues of housing and spatial planning between 1990 and 2013 have been studied. The article argues that the liberal policies and legal regulation in the country is resulting in a disregard for spatial planning and housing, but also the lack of integrated urban policies. Existing spatial plans are of a consultative nature and bear no regulatory capacity, at the same time as housing programmes and spatial planning in the country is strongly in favor of private investors and new construction. All these shortcomings have created a differentiated housing market, one in which housing developers maximize their profits by constructing gated housing complexes, combined with a tendency among those who have the means to move to newly built housing behind gates. The long period of developer-friendly policies and governmental support of purchasers of new construction, have resulted in increased popularity of gated communities in Poland and their spread to many Polish cities.     

基于“两规合一”的基本农田规划研究——以上海市嘉定区为例

＂两规合一＂要求在严格落实国家对基本农田保护和管控的前提下,在区级土地利用总体规划中,充分发挥基本农田的生产生态功能,优先保护具有较高粮食生产能力的耕地,并强化区域生态结构控制,因地制宜地分解落实规划指标;在镇级土地利用总体规划层面,应当充分发挥基本农田的阻隔功能,利用基本农田刚性的控制手段,阻挡建设用地无序蔓延,有效保护现状耕地,从而形成最佳的粮食生产区域和最优的生态空间。本文以上海市嘉定区为例,全面阐述了在＂两规合一＂要求下,本轮土地利用总体规划中基本农田保护区、保护指标和保护图斑的规划方案,实现了区、镇两级基本农田在功能、布局和数量的协调和统一,为大都市基本农田规划的理论和实证研究提供借鉴。     

Contextualizing public art production in China: The urban sculpture planning system in Shanghai

This research examines urban sculpture production to understand how a public art (called “urban sculpture” in China) scene is produced in the country, using Shanghai as a case study. Theories of Chinese urban planning are innovatively applied. The findings generate theoretical implications for “contextualizing” public art production in geographical studies. All the chief officials in charge of urban sculpture planning in Shanghai were interviewed, and documentary analyses were conducted. The article argues that urban sculptures are conceived of as both symbolic capitals and didactic tools in the cultural policies of Shanghai. Urban sculpture planning plays an important role in coordinating and manipulating development of symbolic resources to advance urban entrepreneurialism within the ideological framework of the Communist Party’s leadership. The main features of the urban sculpture planning system of China are twofold: (1) The two-tier planning structure combines a master plan at the municipal level and detailed plans for site analysis and design guidance at the district level, all collaboratively working to create an attractive city image for urban entrepreneurialism. (2) An authoritarian style of planning system controls the contents and expression of urban sculpture within the ideological framework of urban sculpture planning.     

发展战略、体制机制与国土空间规划

我国土地研究领域知名学者,原中国土地勘测规划院(现中国国土勘测规划院)院长、党委书记,曾担任中国土地学会副理事长的黄小虎研究员,应邀于2020年11月21日在清华大学土地利用与住房政策研究中心主办的“后疫情时代:国土空间规划与城乡高质量发展”论坛上作主题报告。他在发言中指出:传统规划体系存在多类型规划矛盾冲突的问题,多规合一为解决这一问题指明了方向、奠定了基础。十八大以后,中央对经济社会的发展战略、路线方针等陆续做出重大调整,国家发展内涵发生转变,要求突出发展质量,强调环境保护、农业农村优先。在体制机制上明确由新组建的自然资源部负责建立空间规划体系,其他部门不再编制涉及空间布局的规划,“多规合一”得到实现。国土空间规划的核心内容是国土利用和土地利用的功能分区,这也是用途管制的依据。     

Regional planning in the U.S.S.R.: Methodological principles and practice

Regional planning in the U.S.S.R. is part of a comprehensive and hierarchical spatial and sectoral planning system. Four levels are described: (a) the national level, involving the total settlement system; (b) the major regional level, handling major development schemes; (c) the minor regional level, with plans for administrative districts; and (d) the urban level, where city master plans are produced. The amount of detail and scale of working increased downwards through the hierarchy. The most pressing problem is planning for the emergence and growth of cities of 100,000 population or more. Moscow city-region is used as an illustration.     

Spatial plans and urban development trajectory in Kumasi,Ghana

This research uses empirical data to explore the link between spatial plans and ‘actual development’ occurring in Kumasi, Ghana. The research found that urban development is determined by both spatial plans and spontaneous informal development patterns (i.e. self-organisation). However, self-organisation is more widespread compared to spatially planned neighbourhoods. This phenomenon was expressed in a context of uncertainty created by weak institutional planning system which promote and reinforce haphazard development disregarding urban planning requirements. These findings provide a perspective on urban development that differs from that occurring in cities of developed countries, where planning institutions in consultation with urban residents determine the patterns of urban development. Unfortunately in Kumasi, self-organisation is not viewed as important in mainstream planning system. The paper concludes that more needs to be done in terms of understanding self-organisation processes, and the way they could be integrated into mainstream planning process to respond more fully to the urban development challenges in Kumasi.     

Planning in Jordan: Coping with uncertainty

Jordan is an Islamic state with planning based on Islamic principles. The execution of plans, though, has been constrained by geopolitical realities. In the last decade Jordan has moved from strictly sectoral planning to a strongly focused system of regional planning in order to achieve more growth in less developed regions. The prospects for these regions and the country as a whole will turn on the success of the peace process in the region.     

Approaches to strategic monitoring: A case study approach

The monitoring of plans in a strategic context aims to do more than accumulate and corroborate breadth and depth of all information requirements of a complex organisation. Strategic monitoring, whilst including the quantitative role of gathering facts to improve analytical decision-making, is necessarily qualitatively involved with the fostering of relationships with various tiers of authorities and associations, and with environmental groups. The system requirements of qualitative monitoring are not always as reliant upon specialised, sophisticated computer monitoring as upon flexible organisations of internal staff who are encouraged, at the earliest phases of decision-making, to investigate the deficiencies and criticisms of county plans. Qualitative monitoring is a more sensitive instrument for determining how politics affects planning, and vice versa, and for gradually reconciling conflicts. The nature and extent of both approaches to monitoring are here examined in the cases of two U.K. county planning departments.     

Integrating Environmental Education Into Business Schools' Educational Plans in Finland

Environmental education in business school context has a significant effect on the way companies view environmental problems. Business schools train the future decision makers who can, with their own attitudes and practical actions, influence the contribution of business to the process of ecologically sustainable development. However, several studies show that no systematic thinking has been undertaken within business education as to what the educational prerequisites of the process of ecologically sustainable development are. In this article, I will firstly analyze by means of environmental education how business polytechnics in Finland have taken into consideration ecologically sustainable development. Secondly, I will raise the starting points for the development of the implementation of environmental education as part of the business schools▪ educational plans. Integrating environmental education into the vocational courses is identified as being one of the most effective ways of increasing the effectiveness of environmental education. Thirdly, the emphasis is on identification of barriers of integrating environmental education into the educational plans of business polytechnics. Theoretically, the article is attached to the objectives and learning concepts of environmental education and to educational planning theory in general. The empirical data are based on interviews I conducted 1999–2000 in all Finnish polytechnics offering business education. My article increases theoretical and practical understanding of how environmental education should be implemented in business education and how the current situation could be developed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The cities of Russia: some recent trends and experience of regional and urban planning

The author examines the recent situation in the development of cities in Russia. Recent trends include a lack of growth and even a decrease in population; extensive economic restructuring; a grave ecological situation in cities; and recent peculiarities in the geopolitical situation and population migration. Due to the new economic, demographic, geopolitical and social situation in Russia it is necessary to re-evaluate the prospects for the development and growth of the big cities in this country. The system of basic documents for regional and city planning in the former USSR and in Russia includes different stages: from The General Scheme for the Settlement Systems of the Country and The Regional Territorial Complex Schemes of Environmental Protection in different regions to the detailed plans for the different parts of cities and towns. The shortcomings of this system and in the process of the realization of the schemes of regional planning and general plans for cities are documented.     

Strategic planning in the Paris region and French urban policy

Many of the imbalances which the successive strategic plans for the Paris region sought to correct have persisted, whether in employment location, transport access or structure and location of the housing stock. The reasons for these relative failures can be found, in part, in the content of the strategies, in housing, land and transport policies and in shortcomings of the urban planning and economic planning systems. The weakness of the Paris Region as the strategy's executor in relation to the central and local governments and public corporations cannot, however, be underestimated. In the first part, French strategic planning is assessed within the urban planning system, followed in the second part by a detailed study of the failures of plan implementation in transport policy and housing and office location.     

Implementing post-earthquake reconstruction plans in China: a resilience perspective

This paper offers a critical investigation on the implementation of reconstruction plans in China following Wenchuan Earthquake through the lens of disaster resilience. The analysis is built upon a resilience in planning framework which consists of nine attributes. Empirical cases of two typical towns in Wenchuan County, Weizhou and Yingxiu, are discussed and compared. This paper upholds an evolutionary perspective of resilience and argues that reconstruction planning is a contested and politically laden field for different stakeholders, such that social aspect resilience is key to understanding plan implementation.

     

美丽乡村建设背景下村土地利用规划编制技术探索——以浙江省为例

美丽乡村建设的现实需求催生了村土地利用规划。但在我国土地利用规划体系中,村土地利用规划还是新生事物,编制经验不足,技术方法不成熟。为有效引导美丽乡村建设有序开展,浙江省率先开展了村土地利用规划编制技术试点,着重在规划编制的数据基础、调查方法、空间布局、需求驱动、地方特色、公众参与和协调衔接等方面进行了有益尝试,并结合实际对不同比例尺数据衔接、规划法律定位和编制主体和审批权限等问题进行了探讨。     

The limits of ‘Rational’ planning: A study of the politics of coastal mineral extraction

This paper is a critical analysis of the rational model in planning. As political science and theory have contributed little to the environmental debate, natural resources problems have often been misunderstood as technical instead of political in every sense. The ‘implementation gap’, or the failure of plans and policies to produce intended outcomes, is blamed on problems of process. Solutions are sought in improved institutional arrangements and rational techniques. Yet there are significant political, administrative and technical/scientific constraints to rational planning and implementation. This is illustrated by an assessment of the British planning system in regulating mineral development in coastal areas. A brief case study examines the 30-year attempt of Dorset County officials to phase out beach gravel extractions from the internationally significant Chesil Beach coast. The analysis reveals that a decision which is ‘rational’ from a planning point of view has been influenced by the exercise of political discretion, scientific uncertainty and an administrative legacy of multiple and overlapping jurisdictions.     

基于防治地质灾害四大体系编制地质灾害防治规划——以陕西省铜川市为例

根据《国务院关于加强地质灾害防治工作的决定》,围绕调查评价体系、监测预警体系、防治体系和应急体系的建设工作编制铜川市地质灾害防治规划。旨在为铜川市政府指导地质灾害防治工作提供决策依据,也为铜川境内各区县编制地质灾害防治规划提供指导。我国目前尚无地质灾害防治规划技术要求,该文章为我省乃至全国市级地质灾害防治规划的编制提供示范。     

Making a reservoir: Heterogeneous engineering on the Kemi River in Finnish Lapland

This article tells the story of long-lasting and ongoing struggles surrounding the construction plans for a major reservoir on the headwaters of the Kemi River in the Finnish Province of Lapland. A point of contention since the beginning of hydropower development on the river in the mid twentieth century, the reservoir project has been promoted and abandoned multiple times in waves of land purchasing, legal procedures, opposition campaigns, and the delineation of nature reserves. Despite a Finnish Supreme Administrative Court ruling officially setting an end to the project, it never entirely left public discourse and is currently being re-negotiated in slightly adapted form. Articulating voices and documenting practices of riverbank inhabitants, activists and hydro electricity managers, this article presents the struggle as multiple modes of heterogeneous engineering, where both proponents and opponents work towards creating different realities. The article develops the metaphor of heterogeneous engineering by drawing attention to three temporal dimensions central to the reservoir struggle: moments, which refer to the situated emergence of practices and strategies; futures, which speak to the attempts to build and contest expectations regarding conflicting projects; and durations, which consider the cumulative aspects of a decades-long struggle on people and landscapes. Thereby, the article contributes to discussions on making, planning and environmental management, and illustrates ways of studying these processes as situated practices in relation to time.     

Coastal geologic hazards and land-use planning in northwestern Oregon

Detailed mapping of geology-related development risks was completed for seven small, relatively remote communities along the northern Oregon coast in Clatsop and Tillamook counties. More than 45 previously unmapped, active landslides up to 20 km² in area were mapped along one 15-km section of the 26 km of coastline studied Additional geologic constraints to land use in the study area include marine erosion, ocean and estuarine flooding, wind erosion of dune areas, soil erosion, and, in one community, soil piping Recommendations made on the basis of this mapping were incorporated into comprehensive land-use plans prepared by each community as required by the State of Oregon The principal changes in land-use regulations in the area obtained from this investigation are the rezoning of large tracts of undeveloped land to better reflect geologic limitations, the requiring of site-specific studies by licensed geotechnical experts for developments proposed in certain hazardous areas, the adoption of Chapter 70 of the Uniform Building Code by several communities, and the addition of numerous special regulations on site preparation methods This article shows that geologic data of sufficient detail can be effectively incorporated into local land-use plans when required by state law This is facillitated when state and federal agencies provide good regional geologic information and land-use planning guidelines.