青藏铁路多年冻土勘察的物探方法选择及其应用效果

在青藏铁路的建设过程中,多年冻土是一个关键问题,开展物探工作时,会遇到较非冻结区更为复杂和多变的勘测对象,因此,选择合理的工作方法就显得尤为重要.作者论述了目前开展的各种物探方法的优劣,给出了利用综合物探方法勘察青藏铁路多年冻土的结果.实践证明,开展综合物探是勘探多年冻土的一种行之有效的方法.     

青藏铁路多年冻土勘察的物探方法选择及其应用效果

在青藏铁路的建设过程中，多年冻土是一个关键问题，开展物探工作时，会遇到较非冻结区更为复杂和多变的勘测对象，论述了目前开展的各种物探方法的优劣，给出了利用综合物探方法勘察青藏铁路多年冻土的结果，实践证明，开展综合物探是勘探多年冻土的一种行之有效的方法。     

青藏铁路巴嘎榨岛状多年冻土的成因

青藏铁路地质条件复杂，多年冻土分布广泛，对多年冻土的调查评价是铁路设计与建设中的重要因素之一，本文通过对巴嗄榨岛状多年冻土的成因分析，并结合钻探、物探、测温等综合勘探成果，查明了该段多年冻土的工程地质条件，为铁路设计和施工提供了科学依据。     

青藏铁路多年冻土工程的研究与实践

青藏铁路建设需穿越高原多年冻土区, 在探明沿线多年冻土分布特征的基础上, 合理确定了青藏铁路线路的走向方案.在多年的冻土研究和工程实践的指导下, 有针对性地开展了 5 个不同类型冻土工程试验研究, 取得重要科研成果, 指导设计和施工.全面总结4 a来青藏铁路多年冻土工程的研究与实践, 提出了“主动降温, 冷却地基, 保护冻土”的设计思想, 制定了路基、桥涵、隧道成套工程技术措施和先进施工工艺, 对确保多年冻土工程质量发挥了重要作用.     

青藏铁路多年冻土工程地质综合分类探讨

根据影响青藏高原多年冻土工程特性的地温分区和冻土类型, 提出了冻土工程地质综合分类方法. 结合青藏铁路多年冻土区工程设计和施工情况的实践, 对铁路建设中如何应对全球气温变暖下冻土区工程安全提出了工程措施.     

青藏铁路多年冻土区旱桥桩基沉降病害及其治理启示北大核心CSCD

青藏铁路1401旱桥位于唐古拉山多年冻土区。青藏铁路正式运营后,1401旱桥桩基连续多年出现沉降现象,严重危害了铁路的安全运营。对2009—2018年间沉降数据的分析表明,经过2009年、2011—2012年以及2017年三期的整治,该旱桥桩基已经趋于稳定。进一步分析发现,1401旱桥桩基沉降的主要原因包括浅层多年冻土夏季升温、青藏铁路沿线气候变暖、深层承压水外泄导致的冻土升温和下限升高。青藏铁路1401旱桥桩基的整治措施表明,冻土区桩基沉降的治理工作是一个复杂长期的过程,必须综合考虑各项整治措施对多年冻土地基的热扰动,建议开展青藏铁路旱桥的监测,增强早期发现、治理桩基病害的能力,提高青藏铁路旱桥路段的运营水平。     

高原多年冻土隧道施工温度场控制的主要因素

施工温度场的控制对于多年冻土隧道的施工有着重要的意义. 结合青藏铁路昆仑山、风火山隧道的设计与施工, 通过对施工过程中环境温度的测试, 综合分析冻土稳定、混凝土施工、施工人员及施工机械等各方面的因素对施工环境温度的要求, 提出了适合于青藏铁路高原多年冻土隧道的施工环境温度控制范围.     

"冷却路基"方法在青藏铁路上的应用

青藏铁路穿越550 km多年冻土,其中约一半为高温多年冻土,其年平均地温为0~-1℃.青藏铁路是百年大计,必须考虑未来50~100 a的气候变化.在全球变暖的背景下,青藏铁路高温冻土段的建设必须改变单纯依靠热阻(增加路堤高度、采用保温材料等)的消极“保”温方法,而改用“冷却路基”的积极“降”温措施.青藏铁路的建设采用了一整套“冷却路基”的方法:通过遮阳板调控辐射;通过通风管、热管和气冷路堤调控对流;通过“热半导体”材料调控传导;通过这些调控方式的组合,加强冷却效果.这些方法均可有效地降低路基下多年冻土的地温,保证青藏铁路路基的稳定.     

青藏铁路多年冻土工程地质特征及其评价

青藏高原多年冻土是地质历史时期高海拔寒冷气候条件下的产物,也是青藏铁路建设的三大难题之一;而多年冻土工程地质特征及其评价工作是作出合理、可靠的工程设计的基础。结合青藏铁路沿线多年冻土区的15个地形地貌分区,在青藏铁路多年冻土区选择了70个典型断面进行了地质勘查,采用地质钻探和室内试验相结合的方法,研究了各区的工程地质特征并对其工程地质类型进行了评价。研究表明:青藏铁路多年冻土区冻土类型多样,高含冰量冻土、厚层地下冰广泛分布,不同区段地温差异性较大,工程地质条件复杂多变,良好、一般、不良和极差的工程地质区段交错分布。     

青藏铁路格拉段多年冻土上限的确定方法

影响多年冻土地区建筑物稳定性的主要部位是冻土上限附近及其上部的季节融化层.准确确定多年冻土上限的位置及掌握其变化规律是冻土地区工程勘察的基本工作和重要内容.介绍了青藏铁路多年冻土上限的勘察和确定方法.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.