中国近30年太阳辐射状况研究

该文统计了中国地区1961～1990年近30年地面总辐射、直接辐射和散射辐射的变化。结果表明,中国大部地区近年来太阳总辐射和直接辐射呈减少趋势。在排除了大部分云的影响后,对太阳辐射的统计也给出了类似结果。对云量和地面能见度近30年变化规律的统计分析发现,中国大部分地区的能见度呈下降趋势,但云量的变化并不明显。初步认为,近年来大气混浊度和大气中悬浮粒子浓度的增加是引起中国某些地区直接辐射量下降的可能原因之一。     

安徽省1955-2005年城市大气能见度变化趋势

利用安徽省17个地级市气象站1980-2005年的能见度观测资料,分析了安徽省城市大气能见度的地理分布特征,并用Ridit、累积百分率和"非常好"能见度出现频率分析法分别对5个代表性城市1955-2005年的大气能见度进行了研究和分析.结果表明,安徽省城市大气能见度的地理分布大致呈:南北方向,淮北和江南两头高,沿江到沿淮中间低;东西方向,西高东低,安庆、铜陵经合肥到蚌埠为一低值带;各城市的大气能见度总体呈下降趋势,其中夏季下降的幅度最大.1980s末-1990s初开始,5个城市大气能见度均呈下降趋势,"非常好"能见度出现频率明显下降,近几年来下降趋势有些缓解,个别城市大气能见度有所好转.     

天津地区大气能见度变化特征及影响因子

基于能见度资料等级分析法、Ridit 方法、“非常好”能见度及“较差”能见度出现频率分析法,分析了天津西青、塘沽两个气象观测站2000—2010年大气能见度变化趋势及低能见度天气特征,研究了影响大气能见度的主要因子。结果表明：11年间,两站能见度超过40 km的情况均未出现,西青站2~9 km能见度出现频率逐年上升,塘沽站从2006年开始20~39 km能见度出现频率呈明显下降趋势;西青站从2006年开始,Ridit 中值降至0.5以下,塘沽站Ridit 中值呈波动式下降趋势,2006年Ridit 中值最小（为0.43）;两站“非常好”能见度出现频率呈逐渐下降趋势,“较差”能见度出现频率呈上升趋势;秋冬两季是西青、塘沽站低能见度天气的多发季,常伴有高湿度、低风速,两站的盛行风向存在差异;相对湿度与能见度呈负相关,风速与能见度呈正相关,与能见度波动式下降的趋势相反,能源消耗总量为逐年增加趋势。     

南京大气能见度变化规律及影响因子分析

利用累积百分率法、Ridit中值分析法、"非常好"能见度出现频率法以及平均能见度年际和季节变化法,对1980—2005年南京大气能见度年际变化趋势进行分析,发现1980—1984年能见度呈上升趋势,1985年以后则在波动中呈明显下降趋势。26 a中,日均大气能见度最小值为0.55 km,最大值为29.25 km,平均值为8.59 km。大气能见度具有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,一日之中,14时最好,08时最差;一年之中,冬季能见度最低,夏季最高。能见度与相对湿度呈负相关,与风速呈正相关,与温度和气压的相关性相对较小。PM10是影响南京地区大气能见度的首要污染物,通过对能见度与PM10平均质量浓度进行曲线拟合发现,二者呈负相关,复相关系数在秋季最高,夏季最低。由统计预报方程可知,空气污染和气象条件协同作用对能见度的影响在春季、秋季、冬季较为明显,夏季则相对较差。     

基于Z指数的河北省旱涝多尺度变化特征

利用1961—2009年京、津、冀73个气象站降水资料,计算降水Z指数,采用趋势分析、小波分析等方法,对河北省旱涝特征进行了分析。结果表明：近49 a来,河北省年降水Z指数呈下降趋势,并存在多时间尺度变化特征,具有7、9 a和15 a尺度的周期。夏季降水Z指数呈下降趋势,存在15 a显著的变化周期;冬、春季和秋季的降水Z指数均呈上升趋势,10—11 a的周期震荡明显。     

石家庄地区能见度变化特征及其与相对湿度和颗粒物浓度的关系

利用1980—2013年石家庄地区12个气象台站能见度资料,结合相对湿度和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度数据,分析了石家庄地区能见度的时空分布特征,通过研究能见度与相对湿度和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度的关系,建立大气能见度的多元非线性预报模型。结果表明:(1)1980年以来石家庄地区年平均能见度以-1.0 km·(10 a)~(-1)的速率呈下降趋势,夏季下降趋势最明显,春季下降趋势最小;(2)1998年前后石家庄地区能见度变化较大,1999—2013年平均能见度较1980—1998年下降了15.3%,且空间变化也较明显,1998年之前分别在中北部和中南部存在2个高值中心,在市区和赵县存在2个低值中心,1998年之后则呈由东向西逐渐递减的分布形势;(3)能见度与相对湿度存在显著的指数函数关系,而与PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度均呈幂函数关系。据此建立的能见度与相对湿度和PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)浓度的多元非线性拟合模型能较好地反映能见度的变化规律,并对能见度具有一定的预报能力。     

河北省低能见度事件特征分析

利用1981—2010年河北省99个地面气象站资料,分析河北省低能见度事件变化特征,为河北环境保护及综合治理提供参考。结果表明:低能见度事件地理分布呈北少南多特点,冀北高原少,太行山东麓、燕山南部地区多,低能见度出现频次排在前6位的站点都集中在太行山东麓;20世纪80年代低能见度频次相对较少,90年代迅速增长,2000年后随着对环境保护的重视,低能见度出现频次有所下降;12和1月低能见度出现频次明显偏多,占全年总频次的37.9%,5和6月低能见度出现频次较少,约占全年的5%,季节变化明显;低能见度变化增加趋势的站点主要分布在太行山东部和唐山、张家口东南部,经济工业相对比较发达且交通便利地区,呈现减少变化趋势的站点主要分布在冀北高原、衡水经济工业相对滞后地区,秦皇岛、沧州沿海一带也呈减少趋势;相对湿度与能见度有显著的负相关,小于2km的低能见度主要出现在相对湿度>80%的天气,5 km以上的低能见度主要出现在相对湿度<60%的天气条件下。     

河北省1960～2002年城市大气能见度的变化趋势

用累积百分率分析法、 Ridit分析法和"非常好"能见度出现频率分析法分别对河北省11个城市1960～2002年的大气能见度进行了研究和分析.结果表明, 河北省11个城市大气能见度的地理分布大致呈现自北向南其值由高到低的势态; 43年来由于空气污染, 11个城市的大气能见度均显著下降, 夏季能见度下降的幅度最大.1979～1981年为大气能见度变化的转折期, 在此期间11个城市的能见度迅速降低、 "非常好"能见度出现频率很快下降.1998～2002年, 石家庄、承德、秦皇岛、唐山、邯郸的大气能见度出现上升     

南京市大气能见度的变化趋势及特征

利用南京国家气候基准站1980—2008年能见度、相对湿度和天气现象等气象要素资料,剔除气象因素对能见度影响,采用百分位分析法、等级分析法和Ridit分析法,分析了由于空气污染造成南京地区大气能见度的变化趋势。结果表明,近30 a来,南京市年平均和四季大气能见度整体显著下降,但其中“较差”和“一般”能见度出现频率显著上升,“较好”能见度则明显下降;四季能见度及其分布均呈现春、夏季节变化不同,秋、冬季节变化显著的特点;能见度呈逐年代降低但降幅减缓;能见度季节差异也呈逐年代减小趋势;此外,冬季能见度早在1987年起变差;并且本世纪以来,冬季能见度以“较差”和“一般”为主,其余三季均是以“一般”为主。     

华东地区能见度时空变化特征及影响因子分析

为探究华东地区能见度变化情况,利用1973—2020年的能见度数据、2014—2019年的气象要素和污染物浓度数据,采用趋势分析、经验正交函数(Empirical Orthogonal Function, EOF)分解、相关分析的方法,分析了能见度时空变化特征及影响因子。结果表明：(1)1973—2020年能见度呈显著(p<0.01)下降趋势,变化倾向率为-1.315 km/10a,季节之间存在差异,夏、秋季能见度下降速率较大分别为1.681 km/10a、1.443 km/10a;冬、春季下降幅度相对较小分别为1.092 km/10a、1.091 km/10a。其中,1973—2012年能见度呈显著(p<0.01)下降趋势,变化倾向率为-1.204 km/10a, 2013—2020年能见度呈不显著(p>0.05)增加趋势,变化倾向率为2.229 km/10a,近8年(2013—2020年)来能见度存在明显改善。(2)华东地区南部、北部能见度较好,中部能见度较差。EOF分解第1模态表明华东地区能见度整体变化趋势一致,第2模态具有明显的区域差异。(3)能见度与相对湿度...     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.