模糊集合理论在化学中的应用Ⅲ酸碱指示剂的研究

本文根据模糊集合理论对9种酸碱指示剂作了研究,提出指示剂变色范围宽度和变色转折半宽度的新概念,测定了9种指示剂在不同浓度下的变色转折点和变色转折半宽度。实验结果说明,与经典指示剂理论不同,即使是双色指示剂其变色区间也受指示剂浓度的影响。     

模糊集合理论在化学中的应用Ⅰ、中和滴定选择指示剂的一种新规则(英文)

本文根据模糊集合理论,通过实验邮据和计算机推宋出确定红、橙、黄颜色模糊概念的隶属函数μ(x)。提出指示剂变色转折点和变色转折区间的两个新概念,从而提出中和滴定法中选择指示剂的新规则:指示剂的变色转折区间至少应有一个全部落在滴定突跃范围内。应该强调指出新规则是根据指示荆的变色转折区间而不是传统的指示剂变色区间。甲基橙变色转折区间为pH3.01～3.24及4.38～4.59,甲基红的为4.29～4.70及6.12～6.45。     

指示剂颜色模糊特性的研究——模糊集合理论在化学中的应用V

研究了酸碱指示剂茜素黄R颜色的模糊特性。测出其变色转折点为pH=9.96和12.03,变色转折区间为9.80～10.11及11.86～12.20。反应时间是模糊程度的函数,颜色愈模糊,反应时间愈长。根据反应时间或反应时间标准差对pH的关系曲线,求出的变色转折点与上述值完全相符。     

茜素黄R变色现象的研究

本文通过实验证实,酸碱指示剂茜素黄R只有一个变色区间,即:黄色<10.0～12.1<红色,糾正了目前普遍刊载在国内化学手册及教科书中的混乱数据。它们认为茜素黄R有两个变色区间,即:红色<1.9～3.3<黄色,及:黄色<10.0～12.1<紫色。     

阳平关—洋县—麻柳坝—钟宝弧形断裂带的基本特征

习惯所称扬子地台与秦岭地槽的“槽台分界断裂”—阳—钟断裂带,实质上是由不同时期、不同活动表现的四组断裂带组成。它们是在燕山期以来的同一应力场作用下,按照各自所处的边界条件,受局部应力作用,形成各具活动特征的断裂,彼此相互复合而形成的统一构造现象。     

CO2—咸水—方解石相互作用实验

为揭示咸水环境中CO2与方解石相互作用的特点,选取方解石作为研究对象,设计在不同温压条件下(85℃,5.0MPa;
135℃,5.7MPa;185℃,8.8MPa)进行了3组CO2-咸水-方解石的系列实验研究,重点探讨了方解石溶解现象的成因和温度对
于方解石溶解程度的影响。实验前后岩样扫描电镜观察、反应液离子变化分析表明,实验后,3组实验中的方解石均表现出溶蚀
坑、溶蚀带和溶蚀晶锥的溶解现象;方解石的溶解度在85℃时最低,185℃次之,135℃最高。研究结果表明,在含CO2的咸水中,方
解石的溶解现象有溶蚀坑、溶蚀带和溶蚀晶锥,各自的分布规律及规模与温度有关。在含CO2的咸水中,方解石也具有各向异性
的溶解特点。使方解石产生最大溶解度的温度峰值可能出现在135~185℃之间。超过这一温度,温度的升高会使方解石的溶解
度下降。实验再现了方解石在咸水环境中的溶解、沉淀过程,对于CO2 地质封存示范工程具有非常重要的意义。      

琉璃的搭配

琉璃与22K金的搭配 金不变色,琉璃永不褪色,两者的搭配代表着天长地久。金的贵重与琉璃的明澈,又是财富与高贵的象征,精致中不失幽雅,是与佩带者心灵相通的桥梁。     

新密大平—超化滑动构造特征分析

本文从边界构造、滑动形态特征与力学性质、滑动系统、下伏系统、运动方向等方面 ,系统地分析研究了新密大平—超化滑动构造的总体特征。新密大平—超化滑动构造南北以背斜为界 ,东西受断层切割 ;滑面具有穿层现象且次级滑面发育 ;其力学性质为压扭性 ,南翼还兼有张性 ;滑动系统总体表现为向斜构造 ;滑动方向晚期呈现出先南后北的特征。     

二元1—4次趋势面分析程序

本程序用PC—1500计算机作二元1—4次趋势面分析,模拟面上的一些连续变化地质现象。如勘探区中,已知某地层上界面在各钻位置上的标高和钻孔地理坐标X、Y,然后对已知资料进行趋势模拟计算,选择最佳拟合系数代回原方程。即可算出该地层上界面在本区的趋势值。也可分离叠加的物化课异常。     

朝阳洞—山东第一个旅游溶洞

提起岩溶现象,人们自然会联想到华南的两广、云南和贵州等省奇特多姿的岩溶地貌,特别是桂林的芦笛岩、七星岩、云南的路南石林、广东的肇庆乃至江苏宜兴的善卷洞。现在在我国更多的地区,特别是华北也发现了喀斯特溶洞。笔者于今年三月五日——六日访问并调查了樵岭前村东南的朝阳洞。该溶洞洞口标     

Balancing Carbon Emission Reductions and Social Economic Development for Sustainable Development: Experience from 24 Countries

The impact of human carbon emissions on climate has generated widespread global concern. We selected 24 countries as research objects and analysed the changes in carbon emissions in different countries between the establishment of emission reduction actions in 1990 and 2014. Then, we selected 19 factors representing four categories(economy, population, technology and energy) to explore the key factors that led to changes in carbon dioxide(CO_2) emissions in different countries. Emission reduction actions since 1990 did not lead to marked improvements, and only five countries(Russia, Germany, the United Kingdom, Italy and France) achieved reductions in carbon emissions. The factors that influenced CO_2 emissions varied among countries. In most developing countries, reductions in CO_2 emissions were caused by reductions in poverty and inherent natural conditions. Moreover, the extent of influence of a given factor on CO_2 emissions differed among countries. The global economic crisis may cause similar fluctuations in CO_2 emissions in many countries. Adjustments to energy and industrial structures are the main reason for the reduction in carbon emissions, whereas economic growth and urbanization are the two major contributors to the growth of carbon emissions. According to historical carbon emissions data, a green energy revolution must be implemented to address global climate change and ensure the sustainable development of human societies.     

Effect of climate change on seasonal water use efficiency in subalpine Abies fabri

Abies fabri is a typical subalpine dark coniferous forest in southwestern China. Air temperature increases more at high elevation areas than that at low elevation areas in mountainous regions,and climate change ratio is also uneven in different seasons. Carbon gain and the response of water use efficiency(WUE) to annual and seasonal increases in temperature with or without CO_2 fertilization were simulated in Abies fabri using the atmospheric-vegetation interaction model(AVIM2). Four future climate scenarios(RCP2.6,RCP4.5,RCP6.0 and RCP8.5) from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5) were selectively investigated. The results showed that warmer temperatures have negative effects on gross primary production(GPP) and net primary production(NPP) in growing seasons and positive effects in dormant seasons due to the variation in the leaf area index. Warmer temperatures tend to generate lower canopy WUE and higher ecosystem WUE in Abies fabri. However,warmer temperature together with rising CO_2 concentrations significantlyincrease the GPP and NPP in both growing and dormant seasons and enhance WUE in annual and dormant seasons because of the higher leaf area index(LAI) and soil temperature. The comparison of the simulated results with and without CO_2 fertilization shows that CO_2 has the potential to partially alleviate the adverse effects of climate warming on carbon gain and WUE in subalpine coniferous forests.     

Life-cycle CO_2 Emissions and Their Driving Factors in Construction Sector in China

As the construction sector is a major energy consumer and thus a significant contributor of CO_2 emissions in China,it is important to consider carbon reduction in this industry.This study analyzed six life-cycle stages and calculated the life-cycle CO_2 emissions of the construction sector in 30 Chinese provincial jurisdictions to understand the disparity among them.Results show that building materials production was the key stage for carbon reduction in the construction sector,followed by the building operation stage.External variables,e.g.,economic growth,industrial structure,urbanization,price fluctuation,and marketization,were significantly correlated with the emission intensity of the construction sector.Specifically,economic growth exhibited an inverted U-shaped relation with CO_2 emissions per capita and per area during the period examined.Secondary industry and land urbanization were negatively correlated with CO_2 emission intensity indicators from the construction sector,whereas tertiary industry and urbanization were positively correlated.Price indices and marketization had negative effects on CO_2 emission intensity.The policy implications of our findings are that cleaner technologies should be encouraged for cement providers,and green purchasing rules for the construction sector should also be established.Pricing tools(e.g.,resource taxes)could help to adjust the demand for raw materials and energy.     

Effects of Environmental Conditions and Aboveground Biomass on CO_2 Budget in Phragmites australis Wetland of Jiaozhou Bay,China

Estuarial saline wetlands have been recognized as a vital role in CO_2 cycling.However,insufficient attention has been paid to estimating CO_2 fluxes from estuarial saline wetlands.In this study,the static chamber-gas chromatography(GC) method was used to quantify CO_2 budget of an estuarial saline reed(Phragmites australis) wetland in Jiaozhou Bay in Qingdao City of Shandong Province,China during the reed growing season(May to October) in 2014.The CO_2 budget study involved net ecosystem CO_2 exchange(NEE),ecosystem respiration(Reco) and gross primary production(GPP).Temporal variation in CO_2 budget and the impact of air/soil temperature,illumination intensity and aboveground biomass exerted on CO_2 budget were analyzed.Results indicated that the wetland was acting as a net sink of 1129.16 g/m~2 during the entire growing season.Moreover,the values of Reco and GPP were 1744.89 g/m~2 and 2874.05 g/m~2,respectively;the ratio of Reco and GPP was 0.61.Diurnal and monthly patterns of CO_2 budget varied significantly during the study period.Reco showed exponential relationships with air temperature and soil temperature at 5 cm,10 cm,20 cm depths,and soil temperature at 5 cm depth was the most crucial influence factor among them.Meanwhile,temperature sensitivity(Q10) of Reco was negatively correlated with soil temperature.Light and temperature exerted strong controls over NEE and GPP.Aboveground biomass over the whole growing season showed non-linear relationships with CO_2 budget,while those during the early and peak growing season showed significant linear relationships with CO_2 budget.This research provides valuable reference for CO_2 exchange in estuarial saline wetland ecosystem.     

Assessing the influence of highway and high-speed railway construction on local climate using Landsat images in karst areas

Large-scale transportation infrastructure construction in ecologically vulnerable areas such as the karst region of Southwest China requires estimation method for better project design. This research was carried out on a four-lane highway(the Guilin-Guiyang highway, G76) and a two-lane highspeed railway(the Guilin-Guiyang high-speed railway,GGHSR) in karst areas in Guizhou and Guangxi provinces. The highway and high-speed railway were constructed in the 2010 s and covered by Landsat images whose multispectral information could be used for research purposes. In this study, the severity of the impact and the CO_2 emissions from the G76 and GGHSR construction were evaluated. Landsat images and field meteorological measurements were applied to calculate the surface functional parameters(surface temperature and surface wetness) and heat fluxes(latent, sensible and ground heat flux) before and during the highway and high-speed railway construction; the amount of CO_2 emissions during the G76 and GGHSR construction were determined by using budget sheets, which record the detail consumptions of materials and energy. The results showed that the decrease of water evaporation from the highway and high-speed railway construction can reach up to 26.4 m~3 and 20.1 m~3 per kilometer, which corresponds to an average decrease in the vegetation cooling effect of 18.0 MWh per day per highway kilometer and 13.7 MWh per day per high-speed railway kilometer, respectively. At the meantime, the average CO_2 emission densities from the G76 and GGHSR construction can reach up to 24813.7 and 36921.1 t/km, respectively. This study implied that extensive line constructions have a significant impact on the local climate and the energy balance, and it is evident that selecting and planting appropriate plant species can compensate for the adverse effects of line constructions in karst mountain regions.     

Effects of Seawater Acidification on Early Development of Clam Cyclina sinensis

Anthropogenic emission of atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_2) has led to a rapid increase in atmospheric CO_2 concentration. Increasing atmospheric CO_2 can reduce seawater pH and carbonate ions, which may adversely affect the survival of the larvae of calcareous animals. Cyclina sinensis is a commercially and ecologically important species in several Asian countries. Living in coast shallow waters, this species has experienced the coastal environmental changes frequently throughout its life cycle. In this study, we simulated possible future seawater pH values including 8.2, 7.8 and 7.4 and examined the effects of ocean acidification on the early development of C. sinensis. Clam embryos were incubated for 48 h(2 d) in control and high-CO_2 seawater to compare embryogenesis, larval growth and swimming behavior. Fertilization rate was quite sensitive to pH, and moderate acidification could induce a significant decrease in fertilization rate. However, only extreme acidification could bring significant negative effect to hatching rate, body size, and average path velocity of trochophora. Moreover, with seawater acidification, C. sinensis needs much more time to reach the same developmental stage, which increases the risk of larva survival. Together with recent studies demonstrating negative impacts of high CO_2 on fertilization and larva swimming behavior, the results imply a future decrease of C. sinensis populations in oceans if its acclimation to the predicted environmental alteration does not occur.     

Geochemical constraints on CO2-rich mantle source for the Kocebu Seamount,Magellan Seamount chain in the western Pacific

The alkaline oceanic island basalts(OIBs) with under-saturated SiO_2 and high contents of CaO and alkaline are usually attributed to mantle sources different from typical tholeiitic OIBs.Based on the results of high pressure and temperature experiment study,the genesis of silica under-saturated alkaline basaltic melts could be explained by the role of CO_2, thus,the genetic relationship of alkaline basalts with CO_2 has become a topic of relevance because it is closely related to the deep carbon cycle.The Magellan Seamount chain in the West Pacific Seamount Province has wide distribution of alkali basalts.For the first time,we collected alkaline basalt samples from the Kocebu Seamount of the Magellan Seamount chain and found that magmatic apatites widely occur in the less evolved volcanic rock samples,and the high contents of phosphorus should be a feature of the alkaline OIB s of the Magellan Seamounts.Compared with typical OIBs,these alkaline volcanic rocks have higher CaO and P_2 O_5, lower SiO_2 content,negative anomaly of high field strength elements(HFSEs),more distinctly negative anomaly of potassium(K) and the ubiquity of titanaugite,indicating a CO_2-rich mantle source.Based on the relatively high K2 O and TiO_2 contents and La/Yb ratio and low MgO content of these alkaline rocks,we suggest that the volcanic rocks of the Magellan Seamounts are originated from carbonated eclogites derived possibly from ancient subducted altered oceanic crust.     

五龙背热矿泉水化学特征

五龙背热矿泉水为高氟热水,除含有通常的地下水常规组分外,还含有F~-、SiO_2等特殊组分,水质类型为重碳酸钠型。气体成分有CO_2、O_2、N_2,其体积百分含量比仍在大气降水含量比范围内。地下热水中的F~-、Na~+、SiO_2、CO_3~(2-)、SO_4~(2-)、pH值、矿化度等与水温呈正相关;Ca~(2+)、Mg(2+)、HCO_3~-以及硬度与水温呈负相关。地下热水化学组分主要来源于围岩,即地下热水对围岩的溶解、水解、溶滤作用,使围岩化学组分进入地下热水中所致。在不同的温度条件下,或地下热水形成的不同阶段,存在着不同的水化学平衡。F~-、SiO_2可作为五龙背热矿泉型地下热水的水化学标志。