阜东斜坡区齐古组自生绿泥石的赋存状态与影响因素

在野外剖面及岩心观察基础上,利用薄片鉴定、扫描电镜以及电子探针等多重手段,对阜东斜坡区齐古组砂岩储层中自生绿泥石的赋存特征和形成机制进行了详细的分析,为油气藏寻找以及开发方案的调整提供方向。结果表明,研究区齐古组储层砂岩中自生绿泥石在镜下呈现3种赋存状态：衬垫式、薄膜式和充填式,以衬垫式为主,相对应的储层物性较好;自生绿泥石为富铁绿泥石,凝灰质岩屑以及长石类矿物的溶蚀、黏土矿物之间的转化以及河流溶解的Fe所形成的絮状沉淀都为自生绿泥石的形成提供了重要的物质基础;粒径大的砂岩储层中流体流动性相对较好,有利于形成绿泥石大量发育的碱性环境;齐古组绿泥石的赋存状态一致,其含量不同对储层储集性能及敏感性有一定影响。     

基于确定性系数方法的龙门山地区地震滑坡影响因子敏感性分析——以汶川地震与芦山地震诱发滑坡为例

在我国西南地区,沿龙门山断裂带分别发生了2008年汶川M_S8.0级地震以及2013年芦山M_S7.0级地震,这两次地震均造成了严重的地表破裂,并诱发了大量的滑坡和崩塌等次生地质灾害。文章选择了位于青藏高原向四川盆地过渡的区域——以龙门山断裂带为中心的30°~34°N,102°~106°E区域作为研究区,借助GIS工具,基于确定性系数（CF）方法,选取了地震、地质构造、自然环境和人类活动4大类因子,包括烈度、震中距、岩性、断裂、高程、坡度、坡向、河流、降雨、公路共10个因子（子集）,对汶川和芦山地震诱发的次生滑坡灾害进行影响因子敏感性分析,基于z值确定该区域内地震滑坡的关键因子类以及基于CF值确定各类集（子集）下各特定因子的具体地震滑坡敏感性。研究结果显示：地震因子具有最高的z值,是龙门山地区地震滑坡产生的关键影响因子,表明地震活动的强弱直接关系到斜坡的稳定性和次生滑坡灾害的面积分布。而对比烈度子集中的具体CF值表明：当烈度小于Ⅷ度时,烈度对次生滑坡发生的影响极低,区域内的主要影响因子则由地震因子转变为震中距、自然因子等其他类别的因子;其次以坡度、高程、与河流的距离为主的自然因子类别以及与断层的距离在地震滑坡过程中也有较高权重,而人类活动对研究区内坡体的稳定性也有着不可忽略的作用。本研究结果可作为该地区后续区域地震滑坡相关研究和发展规划的基础科学依据。

     

基于广域电磁法的页岩气有利区预测——以渝东北巫山地区为例

渝东北巫山地区是重要的页岩气勘探远景区,勘探程度较低.本次研究以岩石物理和测井数据为基础,以广域电磁法为手段,开展该区的页岩气有利区评价.通过对地表样品及井孔电阻率测井资料的分析,揭示研究区目的层富有机质页岩层电阻率表现为明显低阻特征,与上覆下伏地层电性差异明显,表明本区分布的上奥陶统五峰—下志留统龙马溪组富有机质页岩具备开展电法勘探工作的物性条件.在对电磁资料处理解释的基础上,查明了重庆巫山地区“隆凹相间”的构造格局,断裂性质主要为逆断层;目的层上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统龙马溪组富有机质泥页岩连续稳定分布,低阻特征明显,埋深范围在800~4 800m之间.综合考虑目的层页岩电阻率、极化率、埋深等因素,预测出页岩气有利区3个,区内富有机质页岩发育,页岩气勘探前景较好.     

Characteristics and influencing factors of shale oil reservoir: A case study of Luojia area in Zhanhua sag

In order to find out the characteristics and influencing factors of shale oil reservoir in the lower third member of Shahejie Formation of Paleogene in Luojia area of Zhanhua sag, the authors studied the lithology, space type, influencing factors and evaluation parameters of shale oil reservoir by comprehensive analysis of cores, thin sections, SEM and so on. The results show that mineral composition and sedimentary structure are two important factors, based on which the shale oil reservoir can be divided into seven types. The reservoir space of different lithological types varies greatly. Laminated argillaceous limestone and limestone reservoirs were mostly developed, and laminated gray mudstone reservoirs were relatively developed, followed by massive mudstone. The massive argillaceous limestone, massive grey mudstone and laminated siltstone reservoirs were less developed. The reservoir space of shale oil reservoir in the study area was mainly influenced by mineral composition, sedimentary structure, organic matter content and occurrence mode as well as diagenesis. On this basis, calcite content, laminar structure, TOC content, R_o and porosity were selected as evaluation parameters and the shale reservoir in Luojia area of Zhanhua sag was classified into three types: high quality reservoir, favorable reservoir and unfavorable reservoir.     

页岩油的储层特征及其影响因素分析——以沾化凹陷罗家地区为例

为查明沾化凹陷罗家地区古近系沙河街组三段下亚段页岩油的储层特征及其影响要素,通过岩心、薄片、扫描电镜等多种资料综合分析,开展页岩油储层岩性、储层空间类型、影响因素及页岩油储层评价参数的研究。结果表明: 综合矿物成分和沉积构造2个因素,可将研究区页岩油储层岩性划分为7种类型; 不同岩性储集空间发育有较大差异,纹层状泥质灰岩和纹层状灰岩储集空间最为发育,纹层状灰质泥岩储集空间较发育,块状泥岩储集空间发育一般,块状泥质灰岩、块状灰质泥岩及纹层状粉砂岩储集空间发育较差; 研究区页岩油储层储集空间的发育主要受矿物成分、沉积构造、有机质含量和赋存方式以及成岩作用的影响。以此为基础,选取方解石含量、纹层状构造、总有机碳(Total Organic Carbon,TOC)含量、镜质体反射率(R_o)及孔隙度作为页岩油储层评价参数,将沾化凹陷罗家地区页岩油储层分为优质储层、有利储层和不利储层3类。     

巴林石透明度的影响因素探讨

采用黄色系列巴林石,通过一系列实验初步查明了影响巴林石透明度的因素。通过透光率测试确定样品的透明程度,根据结果将样品分为好、中、差3个级别。运用扫描电镜观察和颗粒度统计、X射线粉晶衍射测试,从矿物平均颗粒度的大小及其均匀程度、高岭石族矿物的结晶有序度等方面对巴林石的透明度进行了研究。结果认为:高岭石族矿物的平均颗粒度大小、颗粒的均匀程度、结晶程度、杂质的含量和裂隙的发育程度是巴林石透明度的影响因素。     

基于粗糙集理论滑坡影响因子评价研究——以三峡库区青干河流域为例

运用地理信息系统和遥感技术,从LandsatTM遥感图像获取了一系列滑坡及其影响因子数据。结合粗糙集理论,对三峡库区秭归县青干河流域滑坡发生的影响因子进行了分析,提取了一组基本的滑坡影响条件属性因子,并导出了基于该因子集合的判断滑坡与非滑坡的规则集。研究结果表明,所选择的坡度、高程、斜坡类型、植被指数和岩石地层单元等5个条件属性因子对滑坡是重要的影响因素(核);由粗糙集生成的对预测滑坡相对较有价值的11条决策规则中,3条主要决策规则可作为滑坡影响因子的评价规则。     

On far field occurrence of seismically induced landslides

Earthquakes may induce landslides at large distances from the epicentral area. In the last two decades, there have been many studies of this phenomenon to determine the causes that contribute to the occurrence of landslides at very long distances from earthquake epicenter. In this study, which is based on previously published works, a worldwide database comprising 270 earthquakes, including 150 during the instrumental period, was compiled to analyse the features of those landslides that occur at much further distances than maximum expected distances. From the analysis of the compiled data, it was observed that susceptible slopes can be grouped into five broad geological categories: jointed rock, marly–clayey (cohesive) soils, granular alluvial and/or colluvial sediments, volcanic soils, and residual soil slopes. These categories were equally likely to be associated with far field disrupted landslides, whereas far field coherent landslides were more frequent on cohesive soil slopes. Other factors, along with slope susceptibility may also contribute to far field landslides and increase the size of the area affected. Among these factors, site effects, antecedent rain and occurrence of seismic series have been cited. The analysis of available data also showed that for events of the same magnitude, far field disrupted landslides may occur at greater distances than coherent ones. The same database has also been employed to determine, for the first time, the upper bound curves for the maximum observed epicentral distances of several types of landslides and the maximum area observed to be affected by landslides, both based on the epicentral intensity of the events.     

苏宏图地区地下淡水形成机制

本文在前人工作的基础上,通过进一步的地质、水文地质调查,地球物理勘探,水文地质钻探,在阿拉善北部苏宏图寻找了可资应用的地下淡水,依据地貌、地层结构、地质构造和补径排特征分析了该区地下淡水的赋存和运移机制,对于同类干旱区地下水的勘查具有重要的意义。     

贵州革东地区带状热储赋存规律研究

通过对贵州革东变质岩地区地热水的水化学、氢氧同位素及地热井的地温场垂向变化的分析,结果表明:(1)区域地热井热储呈带状(Ⅱ-2型);(2)区域大地热流量供热,补给来源为大气降水,补给高程下限1100m,地热水循环深度下限2400m,围岩与上层地下水影响其化学组分;(3)挽近期革东活动断层具有导热导水性,经循环的地热水沿断层上盘构造裂隙向上运移在此断层破碎带富集,位于断层上盘3km范围内的地热钻孔揭穿该断裂带深度约1200m,均有流量约994m3/d、井口水温40℃的地热水。研究结果可为黔东南地区带状热储的开发与利用提供参考。     

空气扰动技术修复氯苯污染地下水的影响因素研究

通过实验室一维砂柱模拟研究了不同影响因素下空气扰动技术(air sparging,AS)修复氯苯污染地下水的效果,包括介质渗透性、曝气方式、共存污染物、残余饱和态氯苯。结果表明:介质渗透性极大地影响着AS的效果,渗透系数越大,去除效果越好。对渗透系数为10-5m/s数量级及其以下的介质应用AS较为困难;在曝气时间相同的情况下,对于渗透系数为5.1×10-4m/s的中砂,脉冲曝气较连续曝气效果好,对于渗透系数为6.2×10-3m/s的粗砂,2种曝气方式效果相仿;苯和氯苯共存时各污染物的去除存在协同作用;AS对残余饱和态氯苯的去除存在着明显的拖尾效应。     

北京平原区浅层地温场特征及其影响因素研究

本文在大量钻孔测温资料的基础上,系统分析了平原区浅层地温场分布特征,对影响浅层地温场的多种因素进行了系统研究。该区20～300 m深度内平均地温梯度为7.2℃/100 m,高于北京深部(基岩)地温梯度2.5~3.0℃/100m,大地热流值为66.35~84.14 mW/m2,较高的热流值显示岩石圈相对较薄且存在隐伏断裂。该区现今浅层地温场与深部地温场联系密切,形态分布与平原区重要隐伏活动断裂走向基本一致,主要受新构造运动控制,地下水、岩土体岩性及结构是浅层地温场分布的重要影响因素。     

土壤氡浓度日变化影响因素研究

地表壤氡可以反映地下深部的水文、地质、矿产、热源等信息,但土壤氡浓度有年变和日变的特点。为了研究土壤氡浓度日变化规律及其影响因素,采用α能谱测氡仪对土壤氡进行连续测量。结果表明:土壤氡浓度呈单峰型日变化特征,最大值出现在19:00~22:00,最小值出现在11:00~14:00,土壤温度是影响土壤氡浓度的关键因子,土壤氡浓度与土壤温度呈正相关。降雨对土壤氡浓度有显著的影响,降雨后土壤氡浓度出现双峰型日变化特征,其变化与土壤湿度和空气温度等气象因素有关。     

三峡库区巫山县工程地质环境信息系统

本文在对三峡库区巫山县的工程地质条件分析的基础上，利用MAPGIS的二次开发库，初步建立了巫山县工程地质环境信息系统。本文对地理信息系统的应用在地质信息图文管理、环境质量分析和预测及工程建筑合理的选址进行了探讨。     

锰钾矿光催化降解苯酚及其影响因素研究

利用回流法合成隧道结构的锰钾矿,并研究其光化学降解苯酚的效果及影响因素。分别采用X射线衍射、原子吸收光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜和BET氮气吸附法对锰钾矿的晶体结构(包括晶型、晶胞参数和结晶度)、化学组成、微观形貌和比表面积进行了表征。研究表明,非光照时锰钾矿对苯酚的降解效果较差,光照能显著促进锰钾矿对苯酚的降解;光照条件下,p H值减小能显著促进锰钾矿对苯酚的降解;锰钾矿用量增加至1.00 g/L时能显著促进锰钾矿降解苯酚,但继续增加矿物用量却显著降低苯酚降解率;非光照条件下,p H值减小和矿物用量增加不能显著促进锰钾矿降解苯酚。     

Risk analysis of landslides – A case study

The effects of uncertainty due to the variability of soil parameters on the risk of landsliding in the Himalayan region are investigated using a random field model combined with slope stability analyses. Effects of spatial variability both in horizontal and vertical directions, number of test samples, variations in piezometric level and the influence of earthquake on the reliability of a typical slope in a slide area are investigated. The results show that the reliability of slopes in the slide area is significantly affected by the coefficients of variation of soil parameters, spatial variations of soil parameters, number of test samples and piezometric variations. The results also show that the assumption of isotropic variations to assess slope reliability isconservative. The results of the study are useful in providing guidelines and pointing to remedial measures in the form of sub-surface drainage to improve slope reliability in the area.     

Rainfall-induced landslides in Hulu Kelang area, Malaysia

Hulu Kelang is known as one of the most landslide-prone areas in Malaysia. The area has been constantly hit by landslide hazards since 1990s. This paper provides an insight into the mechanism of rainfall-induced landslide in the Hulu Kelang area. Rainfall patterns prior to the occurrences of five selected case studies were first analyzed. The results showed that daily rainfall information is insufficient for predicting landslides in the area. Rainfalls of longer durations, i.e., 3–30 days prior to the landslides should be incorporated into the prediction model. Numerical simulations on a selected case study demonstrated that both matric suction and factor of safety decreased steadily over time until they reached the lowest values on the day of landslide occurrence. Redistribution of infiltrated rainwater in the soil mass could be a reason for the slow response of failure mechanism to rainfall. Based on 21 rainfall-induced landslides that had occurred in the area, three rainfall thresholds were developed as attempts to predict the occurrence of rainfall-induced landslide. The rainfall intensity–duration threshold developed based on the local rainfall conditions provided a reasonably good prediction to the landslide occurrence. The cumulative 3- versus 30-day antecedent precipitation index threshold chart was capable of giving the most reliable prediction with the limiting threshold line for major landslide yielded a reliability of 97.6 %.     

京津冀山区水平衡演变及其影响因素识别

定量识别水平衡演变影响因素及其贡献是开展生态环境保护和水资源科学管理的前提。以往成果对人类活动中不同影响因子的归因识别与定量研究较少。在识别京津冀山区水平衡演变的基础上,采用双累计曲线法、径流变化定量分离法分析了降水变化和人类活动对水平衡演变的影响;分别选择涞源盆地、清水河小流域,分析了用水增加以及林业耗水增加对水平衡演变的影响。结果显示：（1）近65 a来,京津冀山区年降水量总体呈缓慢减少趋势,速率为0.97 mm/a,21世纪以来,年降水量有小幅增加趋势;（2）相比于1956—1979年基准期,1980—2000年降水变化和人类活动对天然径流衰减的影响程度分别为49.25%、50.75%,水土保持和植树造林是影响水平衡变化的主要人类活动因素,2001—2020年天然径流衰减的主要原因为人类活动,影响程度达到68.2%,其中地下水开采增加是主要人类活动因素,林业耗水量增加是重要人类活动因素;（3）山区水库蓄水及用水增加直接造成实际径流衰减,是造成平原区水平衡加剧的主要原因;（4）清水河小流域研究结果表明,在一定规模下,林地耗水增加与山区径流衰减呈正相关关系。林地面积增加对径流衰减的影响存在15～20 a的滞后性。林地面积达到23.48%后,林地耗水增加对天然径流产生了明显负作用,平均每增加1 km2林地,耗水量增加37.25×104 m3/a,天然径流量衰减59×104 m3/a,林地年均耗水增加量占流域天然径流衰减量的63.22%,表明林地面积增加起到水源涵养的作用,同时也造成了有效径流的减少。研究成果对开展京津冀山区生态环境保护、水资源科学管理以及水平衡调控具有重要意义。     

泥石流容重的时空变化特征及影响因素研究

为了探索泥石流容重在不同时空条件下的动态演化特征及其影响机制,基于蒋家沟1995年以来的泥石流观测数据和汶川震区2008年以来的调查资料,研究了典型泥石流灾害的水土耦合过程和容重动态变化的互馈作用,对比分析了常用的容重计算方法在汶川震区泥石流计算中的差异性,并从计算公式和灾害特征两方面探索误差产生的原因。结果表明：容重随泥石流孕灾条件的时空演化而动态变化;在时间尺度上,物源活动性与容重呈正相关,物源赋存状态从极度活跃演化至高度活跃时,容重将下降10.0%～27.8%;泥石流峰值流量与容重成幂函数关系,容重随着流量增大而增大,但具有明显的上限值;在空间尺度上,容重与沟床纵比降变化趋势一致,随着侵蚀作用而增大,淤积作用而减小;常用的6种泥石流容重计算方法在龙门山区的应用结果偏差幅度为10%～30%,仅使用某种计算方法确定容重参数将导致一定误差。文章最后利用物质组成计算容重的方法,基于冲淤总量和颗粒参数建立了不同沟道段泥石流容重经验计算公式,并在雍家沟泥石流进行应用,结果显示该方法针对具有完整序列观测资料的泥石流沟,具有较好的适用性。