鄂西地区震旦系陡山沱组二段页岩气储层测井评价初探

鄂西地区震旦系陡山沱组是中国页岩气勘查的新层系,其页岩储层矿物成分以白云石为主,测井响应特征与奥陶系五峰组—志留系龙马溪组、寒武系牛蹄塘组硅质页岩明显不同,原有储层"七性"关系测井评价对于陡山沱组页岩储层精细刻画和压裂施工解释评价存在一定的不适用性。本文以鄂阳页1井为例,综合利用常规测井、特殊测井和样品测试分析资料,研究发现不同于五峰组—龙马溪组和牛蹄塘组硅质页岩"四高四低"测井响应特征,陡山沱组二段云质页岩具有低伽马、低铀、低声波时差、低中子,高电阻率、高密度"四低两高"测井响应特征,认为元素测井是评价陡山沱组二段页岩地层总有机碳含量最直接和有效的方法,MRIL-P型核磁测井适用于该地层孔隙度参数评价。通过拟合计算完善了适用于该地层的含气量估算方法,获取了有利页岩储层评价参数,研究成果将为同类型页岩储层测井评价提供参考依据。     

Fracture development in Paleozoic shale of Chongqing area (South China). Part two: Numerical simulation of tectonic stress field and prediction of fractures distribution

A tectonics sedimentation evolution has been researched in Southeast Chongqing, and the reasonable Longmaxi shale highstand system tract (HST) and transgressive system tract (TST) geological model were built respectively based on the rock mechanical test and acoustic emission experiment which the samples are from field outcrop and the Yuye-1 well. The Longmaxi shale two-dimension tectonic stress field during the Cenozoic was simulated by the finite element method, and the distribution of fractures was predicted. The research results show that the tectonic stress field and the distribution of fractures were controlled by lithology and structure. As a result of Cretaceous movement, there are trough-like folds (wide spaced synclines), battlement-like folds (similar spaces between synclines and anticlines) and ejective folds (wide spaced anticlines), which are regularly distributed from southeast to northwest in the study area. Since the strain rate and other physical factors such as the viscosity are not taken into account, and the stress intensity is the main factor that determines the tectonic strength. Therefore, the stronger tectonic strength leads the higher stress intensity in the eastern and southeastern study area than in the northwest. The fracture zones are mainly concentrated in the fold axis, transition locations of faults and folds, the regions where are adjacent to faults. The fragile mineral contents (such as siliceous rock, carbonate rock and feldspar) in the shelf facies shale from south of the study area are higher than in the bathyal facies and abyssal facies shale from center of the study area. The shales characterized by low Poisson’s ratio and high elastic modulus from south of the study area are easily broken during Cenozoic orogenic movement.     

页岩储层可压裂性影响因素及评价方法

可压裂性是页岩在水力压裂中具有能够被有效压裂的能力的性质,是页岩开发中最关键的评价参数,影响因素包括页岩脆性、天然裂缝、石英含量、成岩作用及其他因素,目前常利用页岩矿物组成或岩石力学参数来表征,难以全面反映页岩在水力压裂过程中的综合性质。采用极差变换和经验赋值方法将参数标准化,使用层次分析法确定不同因数对可压裂性影响的权重,使用标准化值与权重系数加权得到可压裂系数的数学模型可对页岩可压裂性进行定量评价。可压裂系数越大,页岩可压裂性越强。采用该模型计算渝东南地区渝页1井龙马溪组页岩可压裂系数为0.485 5,Barnett页岩可压裂系数为0.484 4,总体处于同一水平;同时,使用该模型将页岩可压裂性分为3个级别,可压裂系数在0.132 0~0.282 0的页岩可压裂性低,水力压裂效果不佳;可压裂系数在0.282 0~0.456 7的页岩可压裂性中等,水力压裂能够取得较好的效果;可压裂系数在0.456 7~0.784 0的页岩可压裂性高,是优质的可压裂层。水力压裂应选择可压裂系数大于0.360 7的页岩。     

滇东地区马龙区块筇竹寺组海相页岩储层特征及对比研究

利用最新钻探的马页1井的井下资料和大量岩心样品的测试分析数据,并结合野外地质调查资料,从富有机质页岩的有机地化、矿物组分、储集特性和裂缝特征等方面,系统地研究了滇东地区马龙区块下寒武统筇竹寺组黑色页岩的储层特征。研究区筇竹寺组黑色页岩有机碳丰度较高,TOC含量普遍大于2%;由于筇竹寺组地层较老,黑色页岩的有机质均处于高成熟过成熟阶段;黑色页岩的矿物组分主要为碎屑矿物、碳酸盐矿物和黏土矿物。脆性矿物含量较高,脆性指数平均值为0.62。黏土矿物主要以伊利石为主,其次为伊蒙混层和绿泥石,高岭石含量较低;该区筇竹寺组页岩的孔、渗较低,孔隙类型复杂多样,主要包括“墨水瓶”孔、板状孔和狭缝型孔。页岩主要发育纳米级中孔,且比表面积和总孔体积偏小,平均值分别为9.18 m2/g和10.38×10-3cm3/g;储层裂缝以高角度缝为主,上部碳质页岩裂缝发育,下部粉砂质页岩裂缝不发育。有机碳含量和脆性矿物含量促进了页岩裂缝的发育;与国内外典型海相页岩储层对比,滇东地区马龙区块筇竹寺组页岩以粉砂质页岩为主,碳质页岩层较薄,而Fort Worth盆地Barnett页岩、焦石坝地区龙马溪组页岩和岑巩区块牛蹄塘组页岩主要为硅质页岩和碳质页岩,筇竹寺组页岩的岩相与这3组海相页岩相比较差;筇竹寺组页岩有机碳含量低于其他3组海相页岩,有机质丰度中等;筇竹寺组页岩脆性矿物含量与龙马溪组页岩相当,稍低于牛蹄塘组页岩,脆性较好;Barnett页岩和龙马溪组页岩无论在储集物性上还是有机质孔隙发育程度上都要优于筇竹寺组页岩和牛蹄塘组页岩,筇竹寺组页岩有机质孔隙主要发育于有机质与黏土的混合物中;筇竹寺组页岩裂缝发育程度低于Barnett页岩、龙马溪组页岩和牛蹄塘组页岩。此外,筇竹寺组页岩含气量低于其他3组海相页岩,但吸附能力较强。     

川南地区下古生界页岩气储层矿物组成与脆性特征研究

应用X射线衍射(XRD)分析技术,对川南地区下古生界下寒武统筇竹寺组和下志留统龙马溪组两套海相页岩气储层岩心样品进行了矿物组成与脆性特征研究。结果表明,川南地区筇竹寺组和龙马溪组海相页岩具有差异的矿物组成和含量特征。筇竹寺组页岩中,石英含量最高(28.4%~42.8%,平均35.7%),黏土矿物含量次之(25%~35.3%,平均28.7%),碳酸盐矿物含量较低(1.4%~21.7%,平均11.2%)。龙马溪组页岩中,黏土矿物和碳酸盐矿物含量高,前者为13.4%~66.1%(平均34.7%),后者为14.6%~80.0%(平均35.9%),石英含量相对较低(5.2%~41.4%,平均21.0%)。另外,这些页岩中还含有少量黄铁矿、长石、白云石等其他矿物。总的来说,该区下古生界海相页岩的矿物组成特征与北美海相页岩比较相似。川南地区筇竹寺组和龙马溪组页岩中脆性矿物丰富、含量高,前者为55.6%~73.9%(平均64.1%),后者为26.9%~86.6%(平均62.5%),整体上具有良好的脆性和可压性,有利于该区海相页岩气的压裂改造。     

Weathering characteristics of the Lower Paleozoic black shale in northwestern Guizhou Province,south China

The northwestern Guizhou in the Yangtze Craton of south China has a tremendous potential of shale gas resource. In this paper, we present results from major and trace elements, total organic carbon, mineralogical composition analysis and petrophysical parameters to characterise shale weathering features. Further, the differences of black shale between underground and outcrops have also been presented to examine the changes of black shale after weathering. Our results show that the trace elements of shale have varying degrees of loss in the weathering leaching process, both in Niutitang shale and Longmaxi shale, the loss of B, V, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ba is obvious, but the element migration quantity in the former is greater than in the latter. Decomposition of minerals such as pyrite, feldspar and calcite result in the leaching of Na, Ca, Mg and Fe. The loss rate of total organic carbon (TOC) in black shales ranges from 18% to 70% with an average of 43%; moreover, the loss of organic carbon in samples with high TOC content is larger than in those samples with low TOC content. Results following the testing of porosity and permeability show that porosity increases significantly after weathering but permeability changes little. Furthermore, the increment of porosity is greater in the Niutitang shale (with more sulphide minerals) than in the Longmaxi shale, suggesting that the oxidation of sulphide minerals may have led to the formation of an acidic environment, causing the other minerals in the black shale to weather more quickly, thus resulting in increased porosity. The content of clay minerals in the core samples is slightly lesser than the outcrop samples, but the TOC content in the core samples is greater and has a larger specific surface area. This suggest that the TOC content played a decisive role on the specific surface area of shale. In addition, changes in the black shale caused by the weathering process mainly depend on the mineral composition and the TOC content in shale. In this study, we try to establish relations between outcrop samples and core samples, in order to better understand the underground characteristics of shale reservoir.     

基于统计学方法的页岩孔容预测

页岩气储集空间与储层矿物特征关系密切,以四川盆地东缘龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,利用矿物组成、微量元素、地球化学等测试结果,结合低温氮气吸附法和高分辨率成像技术,采用多元统计分析方法,建立了页岩孔容预测方程,并分析孔隙分布特征和影响因素。结果表明,龙马溪组中部和底部页岩组分含量差异较大,生物成因的自生石英发育是龙马溪组底部石英含量高的主要原因;页岩纳米级孔隙以2~5 nm为主,对孔容贡献率介于64.2%~70.1%;建立的页岩组分含量与孔容的预测模型高度显著。脆性矿物孔、黏土矿物片间孔及其粒内孔是富黏土矿物页岩的主要孔隙类型,孔隙呈微缝状,小于2 nm孔隙不发育;有机质含量是富有机质页岩孔容大小的主控因素,有机质孔的面孔率介于8.8%~12.5%;有机质含量及成熟度是小于2 nm微孔发育的主控因素,大于50 nm孔隙的发育则受控于黏土矿物、石英及长石含量。      

渝东南彭水地区彭页1井龙马溪组储层特征及含气性研究

渝东南地区是我国页岩气勘探开发的重点地区.以彭水地区彭页1井龙马溪组泥页岩为研究对象,结合钻井资料、全岩分析、薄片观察、扫描电镜、核磁共振与氮气吸附等实验,对页岩岩矿特征、有机地球化学、储层特征与含气性进行系统分析.研究表明：彭页1井龙马溪组泥页岩厚度约80 m,脆性矿物含量高,以石英为主,约占48%,其次为长石与碳酸盐矿物;黏土矿物占29%,以伊利石为主,占黏土矿物总量的65%,与美国Barnett页岩矿物成分及含量相近,有利于后期压裂.该井区页岩有机质类型为II₂型,TOC为1%～3%,平均1.84%,成熟度2.5%～4.4%.储集空间多为纳米级—微米级孔隙,有机质孔和粒间孔为主,可见粒内溶蚀孔、微裂隙、黏土矿物层间孔和少量晶间孔,平均孔隙度2.43%,孔径以微小孔为主,介于2～80 nm,渗透率主要集中在0.005～0.01 mD,含气性中等—偏低,解析气量平均1.15 m³/t,饱和吸附量（V_L）平均2.56 m³/t,均低于Barnett页岩和焦页1井的含气量,有机质丰度、储层孔隙度是该区页岩含气量的主控因素,其次还受脆性矿物和黏土矿物含量影响.     

Pore Types and Quantitative Evaluation of Pore Volumes in the Longmaxi Formation Shale of Southeast Chongqing,China

The common microscale to nanoscale pore types were introduced and divided into organic and inorganic pores to estimate their contributions to porosity in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Following the material balance principle, the organic porosity values, which changed with formation subsidence and thermal evolution, were calculated using chemical kinetics methods and corrected via the organic porosity correction coefficient, which was obtained from field emission scanning electron microscopy. Grain density values were determined using the contents and true densities of compositions in the shale samples. The total porosity was calculated based on the grain and bulk densities. The inorganic porosity was determined from the difference between the total porosity and organic porosity at the same depth. The results show that inorganic pores mainly contain microfractures, microchannels, clay intergranular pores, intercrystalline pores and intracrystalline pores in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation shale of southeast Chongqing. Organic pores mainly include organopore and fossil pore. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity of organic-rich shale samples can be quantitatively evaluated using this method. The total porosity, organic porosity and inorganic porosity values of the Longmaxi Formation shale samples from the well Py1 in southeast Chongqing lie in 2.75%–6.14%, 0.08%–2.52% and 1.41%–4.92% with average values of 4.34%, 0.95% and 3.39%, respectively. The contributions of the inorganic pores to the total porosity are significantly greater than those of the organic pores.     

湘西北下古生界海相页岩储层特征与含气性分析

基于野外地质和钻井资料,结合相关实验测试结果,对湘西北地区下古生界海相页岩储层特征进行了深入研究,并探讨了页岩甲烷含气性及影响因素。结果表明：牛蹄塘组黑色页岩以深水陆棚斜坡相沉积为主,厚度范围为50~250 m;龙马溪组为闭塞海湾沉积,底部黑色页岩发育。两组页岩有机质类型均属于Ⅰ型,有机碳含量平均为3.57%和1.16%,热演化程度较高,平均达2.61%和2.08%。受沉积环境和成岩作用影响,两组页岩均具有高石英、低黏土、少量碳酸盐矿物的组成特征。页岩储集空间可划分为3大类：矿物基质孔、有机质孔、微裂缝。受有机质和黏土矿物等因素影响,页岩内部孔隙结构参数各不同,但主体上孔径小于50 nm的微孔和中孔提供了大部分比表面积和孔体积,为气体存储主要场所。牛蹄塘组页岩甲烷最大吸附量平均为1.98 cm3/g;龙马溪组页岩甲烷最大吸附量较低,为1.16 cm3/g。其中有机质与黏土矿物对页岩甲烷吸附量均有一定的贡献,而过高的成熟度和含水量可导致页岩吸附能力下降。     

沉积相带对川南龙马溪组页岩气富集的影响

为查明沉积相带对川南龙马溪组页岩气富集的影响,结合地层分布、岩性特征、沉积构造、有机碳含量、矿物组成、储集空间类型等特征,对龙马溪组页岩沉积相类型进行划分,并探讨沉积相带对有效页岩发育的影响,以期为页岩气富集条件评价提供依据。通过研究区6口页岩气井的钻井岩心观察,结合测井响应、实验测试分析,将龙马溪组划分为浅水泥质陆棚亚相、半深水陆棚亚相和深水陆棚亚相3种沉积亚相类型。有机碳含量、有效页岩的发育和分布、矿物组成以及孔隙发育特征是影响页岩气富集的关键因素,而这些因素均受控于沉积相带:沉积水体越深TOC含量越高,距离沉积中心越近TOC含量越高;龙马溪组地层厚度较大,但有效页岩厚度并不大,深水陆棚亚相沉积层段为页岩气富集的有效层段,且有效页岩层向沉积中心方向逐渐增厚;深水陆棚亚相丰富的生物供应为有效页岩带来了更高的有机质含量以及更多的脆性矿物,提高了岩石脆性;龙马溪组页岩中的孔隙类型主要为黏土矿物层间孔与有机质孔,且TOC含量高的沉积相带中有机质孔越发育。综上,深水陆棚亚相页岩具备有机质含量丰富、岩石脆性高、有机质孔发育等特征,是页岩气富集的最有利相带。     

过成熟页岩在半封闭热模拟实验中孔隙结构的演化特征

为研究过熟页岩孔隙结构的演化规律及控制因素,选用上扬子寒武系牛蹄塘组和志留系龙马溪组2套过熟页岩开展热模拟实验,结合X-衍射、氮气和二氧化碳吸附以及扫描电镜研究其孔隙结构的演化特征.龙马溪组样品孔体积在500℃时得到最大提高,为原样的1.35倍; 牛蹄塘组样品孔体积在450℃时上升为最高,较原样提高到1.13倍.利用吸附数据计算出牛蹄塘组样品微孔体积是龙马溪组样品的1.72倍,龙马溪组中孔体积是牛蹄塘组样品的1.44倍.结果表明:（1）牛蹄塘组页岩有机质生烃潜力弱且原始微孔体积高,生烃量少又不易排出,孔隙结构改善较差; （2）龙马溪组页岩石英含量较高抗压能力较强,利于中-大孔隙的发育与保存,也有利于烃类生成后排出,孔体积得到较大提高.      

黔北镇远牛蹄塘组黑色页岩沉积环境与有机质富集关系

通过矿物组分、主量元素、微量元素、碳氧同位素等特征,分析了黔北地区镇远县ZX井牛蹄塘组黑色页岩的岩相类型和不同岩相页岩的沉积环境及其与有机质富集间的关系。结果表明,牛蹄塘组下段以硅质页岩为主,TOC含量4. 96%~10. 10%;上段以富泥硅质页岩为主,TOC含量1. 43%~9. 04%。下段硅质页岩沉积于水流停滞的深水陆棚环境,沉积古水体为贫氧的还原状态;上段富泥硅质页岩沉积时期,仍为贫氧的还原环境,但水体滞留程度、还原性较下段硅质页岩沉积期弱。贫氧的还原环境是影响牛蹄塘组黑色页岩有机质富集的主要因素,热液作用和陆源碎屑对牛蹄塘组黑色页岩有机质富集的影响较小。     

潍北凹陷孔店组二段含页岩气层矿物特征及其意义——以昌页参1井为例

运用X射线衍射技术,对潍北凹陷昌页参1井孔店组二段泥(页)岩岩芯样品进行了分析。结果表明,孔店组二段泥(页)岩中矿物主要有：黏土矿物、石英、方解石,平均含量分别为517%、293%、96%;还有长石及少量白云石、黄铁矿等矿物。该矿物组成反映出孔店组二段属潮湿气候条件下的深湖 半深湖相沉积环境,为页岩气藏的形成与储存提供了一定的沉积条件;黏土矿物特征反映出孔店组有机质演化进入成熟—高成熟阶段,具有页岩气形成的成熟度条件。孔店组二段两层含页岩气岩层厚分别为6048m、6809m,伊利石和绿泥石含量低、相应孔隙率高且颗粒状矿物(石英+方解石)含量多在30%～50%之间,是较理想的页岩气重点勘探开发层位。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部上古生界山西组页岩储层特征

鄂尔多斯盆地山西组发育一套厚度大且有勘探潜力的陆海陆过渡相页岩。应用岩芯观察、X衍射、扫描电镜和显微镜观察以及高压压汞等方法,对该盆地中部山西组页岩的岩石学、矿物学、页岩储集空间、孔隙结构和物性特征进行分析研究。结果表明:研究区山西组页岩以黑色泥岩、黑色页岩夹纹层或薄层状深色粉砂岩为主,页岩主要由黏土矿物和石英两类矿物组成,二者平均含量分别为59.6%和36.9%。页岩宏观和微观裂隙发育,显微镜下统计的显微裂缝平均面密度达到116.6/m。除了发育与矿物和成岩作用有关的矿物孔隙外,页岩中有机显微组分发育较多的有机质孔。页岩孔隙度平均为0.77%,渗透率平均为0.06×10-3 μm2。山西组页岩总有机碳（TOC）、镜质体反射率（R_o,%）和黏土矿物含量是影响页岩孔隙度的主要因素,具有正相关性,而石英含量与页岩孔隙度呈一定的负相关关系。山西组页岩中裂缝的普遍发育提高了页岩的渗透率,有利于页岩气聚集成藏。综合分析表明山西组页岩气储层地质条件一般,开发难度较大,但在裂缝发育、物性较好的层位和地区仍具有较好的页岩气资源前景。     

湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气储集条件研究

为客观评价湘西北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气资源勘探潜力,本研究利用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、高倍扫描电镜、扫描探针显微镜等系统研究了其页岩气储集条件。XRD分析结果表明, 泥页岩中脆性矿物含量为53.8%-98.1%, 平均77.9%,脆性矿物含量丰富,其高值区主要分布在张家界柑子坪、三岔及其周边地区。高倍扫描电镜分析结果显示,湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩中发育残余原生孔隙、有机质微孔隙、不稳定矿物溶蚀孔、矿物层间微裂隙和构造裂缝,其中构造裂缝、有机质微孔隙和不稳定矿物溶蚀孔是页岩基质孔裂隙的主要组成部分。扫描探针显微镜分析结果显示,湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩中蜂窝状的有机质丰富,主要呈分散状和条带状分布,其内部纳米级孔隙发育。Ultrapore-200A氦孔隙仪测试结果显示,湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩孔隙度较低,为0.6%～11.7%,平均4.6%,其影响因素主要是构造裂缝,其次是泥页岩有机碳含量和长石含量。ULTRA-PERMTM200渗透率仪测试结果显示,湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩的渗透率度较低,为 0.002mD~0.06mD,平均0.014mD,其影响因素主要是构造裂缝,其次是矿物层间微裂隙。等温吸附实验结果表明,湘西北下寒武统牛蹄塘组泥页岩具有较好的吸附气性能,其影响因素主要是有机碳含量,其次是粘土矿物含量。     

柴达木盆地鱼卡凹陷侏罗系泥页岩地球化学特征及储集条件——以柴页1井为例

柴达木盆地北缘鱼卡凹陷发育的侏罗系泥页岩是中国北方陆相页岩气勘探的目的层系之一。为进一步明确鱼卡凹陷侏罗系泥页岩地化-储集条件,系统采集了柴页1井泥页岩岩心样品,开展了总有机碳、热解氢指数、镜质体反射率、孔隙度和渗透率、扫描电镜、矿物组成及等温吸附特征实验分析。结果表明,柴页1井中侏罗统大煤沟组泥页岩有机质类型和成熟度利于有机质孔隙发育,较高的总有机碳含量利于页岩气富集;粘土矿物的存在虽然抑制了泥页岩微孔隙的发育,但对其吸附能力有促进作用。鱼卡凹陷具有良好的页岩气生成和储集条件,是页岩气勘探的有利地区。     

滇黔北下古生界海相页岩气藏赋存条件评价

页岩气区域地质调查和钻探成果表明,滇黔北坳陷属于改造残留型构造坳陷,海相下志留统龙马溪组和下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩发育,单层厚度达50m以上.评价区页岩的厚度、埋深、TOC、含气性、力学性质、物性和矿物成分等评价参数与北美已商业开发页岩气田的具有一定相似性,具备形成页岩气藏的有利地质条件,是现实的页岩气勘探开发重要目的...     

页岩组分对五峰-龙马溪组与牛蹄塘组页岩孔隙发育差异的影响——以渝东南焦页1井与湘西北慈页1井为例

根据页岩样品不同孔径范围的累计孔体积与累计比表面积,结合焦页1井五峰-龙马溪组与慈页1井牛蹄塘组页岩样品的地球化学参数与岩样各矿物组分百分含量,分析页岩组分对两套地层孔隙发育差异的影响.结果显示,TOC与微孔呈正相关关系,表明有机质微孔对页岩孔隙发育提供了一定的贡献,五峰-龙马溪组页岩较牛蹄塘组更为发育有机质微孔.石英...     

湘西北HY1井下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层可压性评价

为系统深入研究湘西北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩储层可压裂性,以HY1井为依托,通过密集取心采样、实验测试分析、测井综合解释等多种方法手段,系统分析了牛蹄塘组页岩储层有机地球化学特征、储集物性、裂缝发育特征、脆性矿物组成、岩石力学性质,进而探讨了牛蹄塘组富有机质页岩可压裂性.结果表明:HY1井牛蹄塘组有机碳含量高(0.25...