How reliable are finite-size Lyapunov exponents for the assessment of ocean dynamics?

Much of atmospheric and oceanic transport is associated with coherent structures. Lagrangian methods are emerging as optimal tools for their identification and analysis. An important Lagrangian technique which is starting to be widely used in oceanography is that of finite-size Lyapunov exponents (FSLEs). Despite this growing relevance there are still many open questions concerning the reliability of the FSLEs in order to analyse the ocean dynamics. In particular, it is still unclear how robust they are when confronted with real data. In this paper we analyze the effect on this Lagrangian technique of the two most important effects when facing real data, namely noise and dynamics of unsolved scales. Our results, using as a benchmark data from a primitive numerical model of the Mediterranean Sea, show that even when some dynamics is missed the FSLEs results still give an accurate picture of the oceanic transport properties.     

A Comprehensive Lagrangian Transport Study in A Long-Narrow Bay,Xiangshan Bay,China

Study on the transport and mixing in coastal waters is of great concern to the ocean resources exploitation and ecological system protection. Lagrangian methods are direct and effective of researching mass transport. Two Lagrangian tools were adopted and combined to describe water transport in a long-narrow bay, Xiangshan Bay,China. Based on the fields of tidal velocity simulated from the 3-D hydrodynamic model, Lagrangian Coherent Structures(LCSs) and synoptic Lagrangian maps(SLMs) were calculated in the study area. Through comparison of the results, the features and relation of the two tools were discussed. The results show that the LCSs act as the separatrix of the water regions with different transport characteristics and can identify the water areas with different transport time scales. The comprehensive application of the Lagrangian tools is helpful to obtain more insight into the water transport process.     

Circumpolar connections between Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) populations: Investigating the roles of ocean and sea ice transport

Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba Dana, has a heterogeneous circumpolar distribution in the Southern Ocean. Krill have a close association with sea ice which provides access to a critical food source and shelter, particularly in the early life stages. Advective modelling of transport pathways of krill have until now been on regional scales and have not taken explicit account of sea ice. Here we present Lagrangian modelling studies at the circumpolar scale that include interaction with sea ice. The advection scheme uses ocean velocity output from the Ocean Circulation and Climate Advanced Modelling (OCCAM) project model together with satellite-derived sea ice motion vectors to examine the potential roles of the ocean and sea ice in maintaining the observed circumpolar krill distribution. We show that the Antarctic Coastal Current is likely to be important in generating the large-scale distribution and that sea ice motion can substantially modify the ocean transport pathways, enhancing retention or dispersal depending upon location. Within the major krill region of the Scotia Sea, the effect of temporal variability in both the ocean and sea ice velocity fields is examined. Variability in sea ice motion increases variability of influx to South Georgia, at times concentrating the influx into pulses of arrival. This variability has implications for the ecosystem around the island. The inclusion of sea ice motion leads to the identification of source regions for the South Georgia krill populations additional to those identified when only ocean motion is considered. This study indicates that the circumpolar oceanic circulation and interaction with sea ice is important in determining the large-scale distribution of krill and its associated variability.     

A comparative study of numerical simulations for fluid–structure interaction of liquid-filled tank during ship collision

Although International Maritime Organization (IMO) has taken many measures to minimize ship collisions, ships carrying liquid cargo sometimes do get struck by other vessels. The outflow of crude oil causes very serious consequences to the environment. In such cases it is necessary to analyze the response of structure of struck liquid cargo-filled tank to account for fluid–structure interaction accurately. In this paper, numerical simulation of collision between a container ship with double hull very large crude carrier (VLCC) is presented. Three different numerical simulation mothods were adopted to model fluid–structure interaction in liquid-filled cargo tank, namely arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element method, Lagrangian finite element method and linear sloshing model. The numerical simulation results reveal that the fluid–structure interaction of liquid cargo-filled tank has a significant effect on the motion and structural response of the struck cargo tank. Compared with the calculation results of ALE FE method, the linear sloshing model underestimates the influence of fluid–structure interaction of liquid cargo tank while the Lagrangian–Eulerian finite element method may be considered as the practical method for engineering applications as it provided more reasonable results with a relatively low central processing unit (CPU) time.     

Lagrangian fronts in the ocean

We introduce the concept of Lagrangian fronts (LFs) in the ocean and describe their importance for analyzing water mixing and transport and the specific features and differences from hydrological fronts. A method of calculating LFs in a given velocity field is proposed. Based on altimeter velocity fields from AVISO data in the northwestern Pacific, we calculate the Lagrangian synoptic maps and identify LFs of different spatial and temporal scales. Using statistical analysis of saury catches in different years according to the Goskomrybolovstvo (State Fisheries Committee of the Russian Federation), we show that LFs can serve as good indicators of places that are favorable for fishing.     

Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Ocean Cables

This study has focused on developing numerical procedures for the dynamic nonlinear analysis of cable structures subjected to wave forces and ground motions in the ocean. A geometrically nonlinear finite element procedure using the isoparamnetrie curved cable element based on the Lagrangian folmulation is briefly summarized. A simple and accurate method to determine the initial equilibrium state of cable systems associated with self-weights, buoyancy and the motion of end points is presented using the load incremental method combined with penalty method. Also the Newmark method is used for dynamic nonlinear analysis of ocean cables. Numerical examples are presented to validate the present numerical method.     

岛屿环流理论发展回顾及展望

为了寻找岛屿环流理论进一步发展的突破口,使其在长期气候变化背景下海洋的响应以及深海环流等海洋领域前沿研究方向中继续起到指导作用,首先回顾了岛屿环流理论的发展过程,对其重要的发展里程碑和实际应用进行了系统梳理。同时,对岛屿环流理论未来进一步丰富发展的重点方向进行了展望。分析结果显示,该理论仍存在深入发掘的潜力,可在积分路径设计、时间变化项的影响和地形及斜压效应的影响等多方面进行细节修正和补充,拓展其应用的时间和空间尺度。     

Statistics from Lagrangian observations

We review statistical analyses of Lagrangian data from the ocean. These can be grouped into studies involving single particles and those with pairs or groups of particles. Single particle studies are the most common. The prevalent analysis involves binning velocities geographically to estimate the Eulerian means and lateral diffusivities. However single particle statistics have also been used to study Rossby wave propagation, the influence of bottom topography and eddy heat fluxes. Other studies have used stochastic models to simulate dispersion, calculated Lagrangian frequency spectra and examined the relation between Lagrangian and Eulerian integral scales. Studies involving pairs of particles are fewer, and the results are not well-established yet. There are indications that pair separations grow exponentially in time below the deformation radius, as is also the case in the stratosphere. The behavior at larger scales is less clear, indicating either a turbulent cascade or dispersion by the sheared large-scale circulation. In addition, three or more particles can be used to measure relative vorticity and divergence.     

赤道海洋波致Lagrange余流的弱非线性动力学模型及其解

基于一个连续层化赤道海洋波动的弱非线性动力学系统,推导并建立了由最低阶Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ余流体现的包含波致、风生等效应在内的热带海洋余环流基本方程组,经分析发现,零阶赤道以动自身的非线性耦合可产生一阶余流,其量级对于热带上层海洋准定常环流而言是不可忽略的。波致环流的产生紧缩联系于Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ轨迹运动与波流的非线性耦合效应,所导出的最低阶赤道波致Ｌａｇｒａｎｇｅ余 一般解具有与零阶波动不同的垂直与     

基于拉格朗日拟序结构的黑潮区域海流运输结构提取和分析

海流的拉格朗日运动对于研究物质输送有着重要意义,拉格朗日拟序结构(LCSs)作为研究海流结构的新型方法,相比于传统欧拉方法更为客观。本文提出了一种新的计算LCSs束的方法,基于25年的平均速度场,利用变分方法计算得到黑潮区域的气候态LCSs,并通过简化合并的方法得到了气候态LCSs束,该LCSs束能够突出地显示出海流特性和运输模式,其代表的平均拉格朗日环流有很强的约束作用,且具有鲁棒性。最终我们获得了气候态下12个月份的流场结构图,揭示了月周期性拉格朗日环流规律。本文还利用虚拟粒子输运、多年浮标轨迹以及气候态温盐异常3种方法进行了验证,与拉格朗日运输模式相吻合,证明了海流拉格朗日拟序结构的准确性和可靠性。     

Nonlinear dynamics of a coupled surge-heave small-body ocean mooring system

An investigation of coupled surge-heave motion of a symmetric small-body ocean mooring system is carried out in this paper. The dynamical system, formulated using a Lagrangian approach in the vertical plane of motion, is characterized by a strong geometric mooring nonlinearity and includes a quadratic relative motion Morison form for the hydrodynamic damping. Numerical simulations reveal complex periodic and aperiodic solutions which include torus multiplying and chaotic motion. The onset of instabilities is discussed and a comparison with a limiting decoupled surge model is performed.     

Interactions of nonlinear gravity waves and uniform current in Lagrangian system

The particle trajectory on a weakly nonlinear progressive surface wave obliquely interacting with a uniform current is studied by using an EulerLagrange transformation. The thirdorder asymptotic solution is a periodic bounded function of Lagrangian labels and time, which imply that the entire solution is uniformlyvalid. The explicit parametric solution highlights the trajectory of a water particle and mass transport associated with a particle displacement can now be obtained directly in Lagrangian form. The angular frequency and Lagrangian mean level of the particle motion in Lagrangian form differ from those of the Eulerian. The variations in the water particle orbits resulting from the oblique interaction with a steady uniform current of different magnitudes are also investigated.     

THE COMPUTATION OF OPTIMUM OCEAN SHIP ROUTING

A computational method for the ocean ship routing based on optimization theory is presented in this paper. In the computational programme "breaking circle method" is used, by which a principal contradictory line can be obtained in the operations research. The automatic selection of calculating network and the initial values have been realized. The quantitative estimation for the change of navigating speed under the different conditions of ocean wave and current has been done. The objectivly quantitative computational method is provided for ocean ship routing and forecast service following ship tracks. The calculating examples and practical experiments of ships have proved that this computational method is highly effective.     

基于观测的南海西沙海域深层近惯性振荡特征分析

近惯性内波运动普遍存在于全球大洋中,影响大洋中的质量、动量和能量输送,是大气强迫与海洋混合之间的重要纽带。由于目前海洋深层观测资料的缺乏,对于深层近惯性内波生消演变特征研究甚少。利用2009-2012年的潜标观测资料,采用带通滤波和谱分析方法研究了南海西沙海域深层近惯性内波生成、传播和消亡等演变特征。通过研究发现,南海西沙海域深层存在较强的近惯性振荡,其生成源为台风过境能量输入,绝大部分时段内,近惯性振荡能量在海洋浅层耗散,不向海洋深层传播;仅在少部分时段内,近惯性振荡能量的80%～85%耗散在500 m以浅区域,有大概15%～20%继续向海洋深层传播。     

Application of wave spectral information in marine forecasting

Ocean wave spectra were for many years regarded as scientific information of little use for practical purposes. In the last decade, this has changed. Within many marine sectors there are now stronger demands for more accurate spectral information which directly have an impact on safety and regularity of operations and on the sustainability of constructions. This paper shows examples of applications, mostly from routine forecasting service experience in the North Sea and the North East Atlantic.     

Estuary/ocean exchange and tidal mixing in a Gulf of Maine Estuary: A Lagrangian modeling study

A Lagrangian particle method embedded within a 2-D finite element code, is used to study the transport and ocean–estuary exchange processes in the well-mixed Great Bay Estuarine System in New Hampshire, USA. The 2-D finite element model, driven by residual, semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal constituents, includes the effects of wetting and drying of estuarine mud flats through the use of a porous medium transport module. The particle method includes tidal advection, plus a random walk model in the horizontal that simulates sub-grid scale turbulent transport processes. Our approach involves instantaneous, massive [O(500,000)] particle releases that enable the quantification of ocean–estuary and inter-bay exchanges in a Markovian framework. The effects of the release time, spring–neap cycle, riverine discharge and diffusion strength on the intra-estuary and estuary–ocean exchange are also investigated.The results show a rather dynamic interaction between the ocean and the estuary with a fraction of the exiting particles being caught up in the Gulf of Maine Coastal Current and swept away. Three somewhat different estimates of estuarine residence time are calculated to provide complementary views of estuary flushing. Maps of residence time versus release location uncover a strong spatial dependency of residence time within the estuary that has very important ramifications for local water quality. Simulations with and without the turbulent random walk show that the combined effect of advective shear and turbulent diffusion is very effective at spreading particles throughout the estuary relatively quickly, even at low (1 m²/s) diffusivity. The results presented here show that a first-order Markov Chain approach has applicability and a high potential for improving our understanding of the mixing processes in estuaries.     

Analysis of finite-duration wide-band frequency sweep signals forocean tomography

A group of amplitude and frequency modulated signals which generate narrow synthesized pulses are described. The pulse-compression properties of these signals should approach those of maximal (M) sequence phase-modulated signals now commonly used in ocean experiments. These amplitude-tapered linear frequency-sweep (chirp) type signals should be accurately reproducible with most acoustic sources since they have controllable limited-bandwidth frequency content and differentiable phase. The Doppler response of the signals is calculated using a wideband approach, where the frequency shift from relative motion is not constant throughout the waveform. The resultant Doppler effect on the matched-filter output is a function of the signal duration. The signals are suitable for use with tunable resonant transducers, and have adequate Doppler response for use with Lagrangian ocean drifters     

Study on detection of coastal water environment of China by ocean color remote sensing

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南海台西南盆地南部海域19 ka以来沉积物物源与输运机制分析

通过对南海台西南盆地南部海域TS6岩芯沉积物样品稀土元素地球化学特征和黏土矿物组合进行分析,探讨了研究区近19 ka (末次冰消期)以来沉积物物质来源、输运机制及物源变化特征。物源综合分析结果显示,台湾河流是研究区沉积物的主要源区,其中台湾西部河流较东部河流贡献更大,珠江也为研究区输送了部分沉积物。由于各源区物质主要黏土矿物种类及含量存在较大差异,推测研究区沉积物黏土矿物中的伊利石和绿泥石主要由台湾河流提供,高岭石主要由珠江提供,含量较少的蒙脱石由东南部的吕宋岛提供。末次冰消期以来,研究区陆源物质输入量受控于海平面变化而逐渐减少,黏土矿物组合反映的物源变化主要受控于气候和洋流变化,还可能叠加了多种因素的影响。