Planktonic and benthic microalgal community composition as indicators of terrestrial influence on a fringing reef in Ishigaki Island, Southwest Japan

Microalgal-based indicators were used to assess terrestrial influence on Shiraho coral reef of Ishigaki Island (Okinawa, Japan). A typhoon occurred on 4-5 August 2005 and sampling were made on three occasions thereafter (6, 8, and 11 August). Pre-typhoon sampling was conducted on 26 July. The typhoon-enhanced terrestrial discharges increased reef nutrient levels (e.g. average NO(3)(-)-N: 0.088mg/L pre-typhoon to 0.817mg/L post-typhoon). This elevated chlorophyll-a concentrations by four times and shifted phytoplankton composition (spectral class-based) from an initial dominance of diatoms and green microalgae to the dominance of bluegreen microalgae (cyanobacteria) and cryptophytes. Cyanobacteria later increased by more than 200% and accounted for as much as 80% of total chl-a ( approximately 0.29microg/L), possibly assisted by favorable nutrient availability. In outer reef waters, diatoms and green microalgae predominated whereas cyanobacteria and cryptophytes were nearly undetectable. Due to detrital decomposition and river discharge, the CDOM was much higher in the inner reef than in the outer reef. Benthic bluegreen microalgae were relatively more abundant in areas close to the river mouth and coastal agricultural fields. At these locations, nutrient concentrations were much higher due to river discharge and potentially significant groundwater discharge. Thus, phytoplankton and benthic microalgae can serve as indicators of terrestrial influence on coral reefs.     

琼东沿岸泥质沉积常量元素地球化学特征

对南海北部陆架琼东沿岸泥质区$20孔进行了岩性、粒度和常量元素分析,初步探讨了该泥质区常量元素地球化学特征.S20孔岩性较均一,主要为黏土质粉砂,研究区受相对单一而稳定的水动力条件控制.常量元素含量变化符合“元素的粒度控制律”,R型因子分析结果表明,第一因子P2O5,MnO,TiO2,A12O3,Fe2O3和K2O等的...     

海南博鳌海域的沉积物输运趋势与沉积速率

2001年与2009年分别在博鳌海域进行表层沉积物和柱状沉积物取样,通过粒度分析和计算获取沉积物粒度参数,借助放射性同位素测年估算沉积速率.结果表明,与2001年相比,目前万泉河口、沙美内海有细化趋势(由粗砂变为细砂),玉带滩北部沉积物变粗,而玉带滩南部变化不大.此外,目前沙美内海北部沉积物输运趋势和2001年正好相反,南部则基本一致.万泉河口北侧沙嘴由淤积变为侵蚀,与实地调查一致.玉带滩北部沉积物沿岸向南、向外海输运,原处于侵蚀状态的南部岸段现已处于稳定阶段,这与2001年和2009年两个时段的岸线对比结果吻合.210Pb测年结果发现,潟湖内的沉积速率约为2mm·a-1,和2001年的测年结果基本一致.     

海南岛清澜港口及其东侧沿岸珊瑚岸礁分布航空遥感初探

本文报道了应用航空遥感彩色航片研究清澜港口及其附近珊瑚岸礁的分布，探讨了珊瑚岸礁分布与破浪带间的关系，提出了以破浪带分布的解译标志的珊瑚岸礁间接解译法，获得了海南岛清澜港口及其东侧沿岸珊瑚岸礁地理分布，发现了港口西侧三处在海图上未见标明的小珊瑚礁分布的准确位置与形态，初步显示了该解译法的可行性与生命力。     

琼东海域珊瑚共附生放线菌的多样性

应用免培养方法与可培养方法相结合的方式对琼东海域6种珊瑚样品中的共附生放线菌进行研究,具体为滨珊瑚(Porite)、扁脑珊瑚(Platygyra)、角蜂巢珊瑚(Favites)、盔形珊瑚(Galaxea)和鹿角珊瑚(Acropora).免培养方法中,利用放线菌特异性引物对样品总DNA进行16S rRNA基因序列扩增,并将扩增产物进行Miseq高通量测序,测序结果分析表明,6种珊瑚样品中的放线菌序列属于37个分类单元,主要分布在酸微菌目、棒杆菌目、微球菌目、丙酸杆菌目和假诺卡式菌目,其中37.8%的分类单元与已有效发表菌株的序列相似性小于97%,可能代表着放线菌新的类群.可培养方法中,通过6种培养基分得137株放线菌,分属于放线菌门放线菌纲5个目11个科下的20个属,优势类群为分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium)、考克氏菌属(Kocuria)和微球菌属(Micrococcus),其中放线孢菌属(Actinomycetospora)、柠檬球菌属(Citricoccus)和涅斯捷连科氏菌属(Nesterenkonia)是第一次从珊瑚样品中发现;琼东海域珊瑚共附生放线菌多样性丰富,新类型的放线菌资源挖掘潜力比较大.     

琼东海域今生颗石藻群落研究

通过2012年7、8月在南海北部陆架琼东上升流区域的水文、化学和生物的现场综合采样调查,对采集过滤的今生颗石藻膜样在偏振光显微镜下鉴种并统计细胞丰度,分析了夏季该海域的颗石藻群落结构特征及分布规律。结果表明,夏季琼东上升流区共检出今生颗石藻34种,优势物种有赫氏艾密里藻(Emiliania huxleyi)、大洋桥石藻(Gephyrocapsa oceanica)、纤细伞球藻(Umbellosphaera tenuis)、卡特螺旋球藻(Helicosphaera carteri)、地中海花冠球藻(Coronosphaera mediterranea)等,颗石粒细胞丰度介于0~2 040.23×103粒/L,平均值8.10×103粒/L,颗石球丰度介于0~68.90×103cells/L,平均值5.01×103 cells/L。大多数颗石藻集中分布在上升流信号强的水体中。琼东中部水域的生物多样性指数H′较雷州半岛以东水域高,颗石粒群落的均匀度指数J分布与H′呈镶嵌模式。聚类Cluster和多维定标MDS结果,将颗石粒和颗石球群落各分成4个和5个组群,经相似性分析(ANOSIM)检验证明此种划分是显著的。将生物与海区环境因子进行冗余分析(Redundancy analysis,RDA)结果表明,N/P、PO3-4、NO-2和SiO2-3是影响本次调查的今生颗石藻生物群落的主控因子。     

琼东沿岸上升流二维数值模型的诊断计算

我国沿岸有两大上升流区域,其一在浙江沿岸.迄今为止,对其形成机制、时空变异等,已经进行了较多的定性及定量研究.     

海南岛东北部海岸极端波浪事件沉积记录

建立长时间尺度台风序列对于预测未来超强台风的活动规律具有重要科学和实践意义。历史上影响海南岛地区的台风十分频繁,但因缺少确切而详实的记载往往无法判断其是否为超强台风,因此迫切需要寻找千百年尺度的超强台风沉积记录。本文对海南岛东北部翁田镇沿海地区进行详细野外调查,选定白石堡海岸沙丘剖面为研究对象,在该沙丘剖面中识别出风暴越岸沉积和海滩岩巨砾沉积。根据沉积学分析和动力过程分析,这两种类型沉积极有可能是由历史上的台风事件形成,形成年代可能达到距今3 400 a;将该沉积层中的海滩岩巨砾与台风"威马逊"搬运的最大海滩岩巨砾进行对比,发现形成该沉积层海滩岩巨砾的台风事件强度应比台风"威马逊"更强,表明该区域历史上超强台风的存在,这对建立千百年尺度的台风序列有很重要的意义。同时,研究区岸外珊瑚岸礁发育良好,动力分析表明礁坪宽度对于波浪消减、海岸防护具有显著作用。然而,随着海南岛珊瑚岸礁日益衰亡、风暴强度逐渐加大和海面持续上升,未来海南岛地区的海岸极端风浪危害和海岸侵蚀形式威胁正日益加大,亟待加强海南岛珊瑚岸礁保护。     

Effects of cold eddy on phytoplankton production and assemblages in Luzon strait bordering the South China Sea

The biochemical effects of a cold-core eddy that was shed from the Kuroshio Current at the Luzon Strait bordering the South China Sea (SCS) were studied in late spring, a relatively unproductive season in the SCS. The extent of the eddy was determined by time-series images of SeaWiFS ocean color, AVHRR sea surface temperature, and TOPEX/Jason-1 sea surface height anomaly. Nutrient budgets, nitrate-based new production, primary production, and phytoplankton assemblages were compared between the eddy and its surrounding Kuroshio and SCS waters. The enhanced productivity in the eddy was comparable to wintertime productivity in the SCS basin, which is supported by upwelled subsurface nitrate under the prevailing Northeastern Monsoon. There were more Synechococcus, pico-eucaryotes, and diatoms, but less Trichodesmium in the surface water inside the eddy than outside. Prochlorococcus and Richelia intracellularis showed no spatial differences. Water column-integrated primary production (IPP) inside the eddy was 2–3 times that outside the eddy in the SCS (1.09 vs. 0.59 g C m⁻²d⁻¹), as was nitrate-based new production (INP) (0.67 vs. 0.25 g C m⁻²d⁻¹). INP in the eddy was 6 times that in the Kuroshio (0.12 g C m⁻²d⁻¹). IPP and INP in the eddy were higher than the maximum production values ever measured in the SCS basin. Surface chlorophyll a concentration (0.40 mg m⁻³) in the eddy equaled the maximum concentration registered for the SCS basin and was higher than the wintertime average (0.29 ± 0.04 mg m⁻³). INP was 3.5 times as great and IPP was doubled in the eddy compared to the wintertime SCS basin. As cold core eddies form intermittently all year round as the Kuroshio invades the SCS, their effects on phytoplankton productivity and assemblages are likely to have important influences on the biogeochemical cycle of the region.     

Tracking historical storm records from high-barrier lagoon deposits on the southeastern coast of Hainan Island,China

The relationship between storm activity and global warming remains uncertain. To better understand storm–climate relationships, coastal lagoon deposits are increasingly being investigated because they could provide high-resolution storm records long enough to cover past climate changes. However, site-specific sediment dynamics and high barriers may bias storm reconstructions. Here, we aimed to investigate these factors through the reconstruction of five distinct storm records (XCL-01, XC-03, XC-06, XC-07, XC-08) from different water depths in a lagoon with a high barrier (i.e., Xincun Lagoon of Hainan Island). Sediment cores were characterized using high-resolution grain size and XRF measurements, to identify storm events. These data were coupled with a numerical simulation to obtain bed shear stress data with high-spatial resolution to better understand storm-induced sediment transport mechanisms. 210Pb dating and Pb pollution chronostratigraphic markers indicated that the chronology of the storm deposit sequences of the cores span the period between 117 a and 348 a. The grain size and XRF results indicated numerous, highly variable and short-duration fluctuations, suggesting that storm-induced coarse-grained sediments were deposited at these core sites. The inconsistent storm events recorded in these cores suggest that these sites have different preservation potentials for storm deposits. However, the consistence between storm sediment records and historical documents for Core XCL-01 indicates that high-barrier lagoons could provide long-term storm event records with high preservation potential.     

Scleractinian coral population size structures and growth rates indicate coral resilience on the fringing reefs of North Jamaica

Coral reefs throughout the world are under severe challenges from many environmental factors. This paper quantifies the size structure of populations and the growth rates of corals from 2000 to 2008 to test whether the Discovery Bay coral colonies showed resilience in the face of multiple acute stressors of hurricanes and bleaching. There was a reduction in numbers of colonies in the smallest size class for all the species at all the sites in 2006, after the mass bleaching of 2005, with subsequent increases for all species at all sites in 2007 and 2008. Radial growth rates (mm yr⁻¹) of non-branching corals and linear extension rates (mm yr⁻¹) of branching corals calculated on an annual basis from 2000–2008 showed few significant differences either spatially or temporally. At Dairy Bull reef, live coral cover increased from 13 ± 5% in 2006 to 20 ± 9% in 2007 and 31 ± 7% in 2008, while live Acropora species increased from 2 ± 2% in 2006 to 10 ± 4% in 2007 and 22 ± 7% in 2008. These studies indicate good levels of coral resilience on the fringing reefs around Discovery Bay in Jamaica.     

Aerial radiometry of sea surface temperatures on the east coast,North Island,New Zealand

The results of two airborne radiometer surveys of sea surface temperatures carried out east of New Zealand on 11 March and 28 April 1969 are presented, discussed in terms of the known oceanic circulation in the region, and compared with the pattern of sea surface temperature derived from a shipboard survey east of New Zealand, 1–14 March 1969. Short‐term temperature variations may be almost as large as the extreme annual range of sea surface temperatures.     

Oceanic circulation in the head of the Hikurangi trench,east coast,New Zealand

The geostrophic flow and direct current measurements in the inflow of the Southland Current into the Hikurangi Trench east of New Zealand confirm the geostrophic circulation pattern previously found. The northwards inflow of the Southland Current at the latitude of the Chatham Rise (44°S) is estimated at 1.7 × 10⁶ m³.s^‐1, which compares favourably with that of 1.2 × 10⁶ m³.s^‐1 calculated previously off Kaikoura.     

Impact of open-ocean convection on nutrients,phytoplankton biomass and activity

We describe the impact of an open-ocean convection event on nutrient budgets, carbon budget, elemental stoichiometry, phytoplankton biomass and activity in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea (NWM). In the convective episode examined here we estimated an input of nutrients to the surface layer of 7.0, 8.0 and 0.4×10⁸ mol of silicate, nitrate and phosphate, respectively. These quantities correspond to the annual nutrient input by river discharges and atmospheric depositions in the Gulf of Lion. Such nutrient input is sufficient to sustain new primary production from 46 to 63 g C m⁻² y⁻¹, which is the same order of magnitude found in the NWM open waters. Our results together with satellite data analysis, propose new scenarios that explain the origin of the spring phytoplankton bloom occurring in NWM.     

海南岛南渡江三角洲海岸演变的波浪作用分析

本文应用白沙门1984年波浪统计资料,通过对南渡江三角洲北部近岸海底泥沙活动特性与东部废弃海岸泥沙沿岸输移方式及其岸外沙坝、堡岛响应波浪动力而具有的形状进行分析,揭示了波浪在南渡江三角洲北部沿岸演变中的重要作用。     

氮磷比对浙江近岸浮游植物群落结构影响的实验研究

通过室内受控实验方法研究不同氮磷比(N/P)(1:1,4:1,8:1,16:1,32:1,64:1,128:1和256:1)对浙江近岸秋季浮游植物群落结构的影响。结果表明,不同N/P对浮游植物群落的多样性指数、物种组成及演替过程均有显著影响。实验前期(6~12 d),低N/P组(1:1)H',Ma,J和D_r值均偏小,实验结束时(30 d)8:1和16:1组H',J和D_r值小于其他各组。实验初期(6 d),高N/P组(128:1和256:1)对硅藻生长有明显促进作用,实验结束时8:1和16:1组更适合硅藻生长。此外,各组中浮游植物群落都呈硅藻→甲藻的基本演替规律,外界环境条件的改变较之群落初始物种组成对浮游植物群落的演替顺序更具决定性作用。     

海南岛东北部海滩侵蚀与恢复对连续台风的复杂响应

在连续台风作用下海滩的侵蚀与恢复是一个复杂的过程。基于海南岛东北部木兰-抱虎湾海滩的现场调查,对比分析台风"威马逊"和"海鸥"登陆前后海滩剖面和后滨沉积物的动态响应。结果表明,超强台风"威马逊"引起海滩的严重侵蚀和强烈的泥沙输移,在木兰湾海滩主要表现出由北向南沿岸海滩的差异性变化,在抱虎湾各海滩变化较为相近;后继登陆台风"海鸥"引起海滩显著堆积,对海滩主要起恢复作用,木兰湾海滩恢复效果明显,海滩后滨沉积物趋于恢复至台风前的状态,由于抱虎湾水下珊瑚礁及近岸岩礁地貌减缓了台风对该处海滩的侵蚀和堆积作用,抱虎湾海滩表现出与台风前较大差异性。两处海湾海滩的不同走向及台风的风向变化也是造成海滩不同响应的重要原因。研究将有助于更好地理解海滩对连续台风作用的复杂响应。     

海南岛三亚湾浮游植物和细菌生物量时空分布特征及环境制约因素研究

根据2005年1,4,7和10月4个季度代表月份在海南岛三亚湾进行的现场综合调查资料,分析了海区浮游植物和浮游细菌生物量的空间分布及季节变异特征,探讨了它们与温度,DIN,PO₄3-,DO,BOD₅等生态环境因子的关系.结果表明,三亚湾海区2005年平均叶绿素a浓度为:(2.48±2.97)mg/m3,浮游植物生物量(C)为:(124.2±148.3)mg/m3,浮游植物生物量秋季最高,其他季节差异不大,除夏季外,浮游植物生物量(C)均表现为:表层大于底层;年平均浮游细菌丰度为(6.90±2.95)×108个/dm3,细菌生物量(C)为(13.79±5.90)mg/m3,细菌生物量夏季最高,往下依次为冬季、春季和秋季,且4个季节均为表层大于底层.4个季节表、底层浮游植物和细菌生物量的空间分布特征明显,均表现为从近岸的三亚河口往外海逐渐降低的趋势,三亚河的陆源输送和入海扩散是造成此分布特征的主要原因.无机营养盐中,DIN是调控浮游植物和细菌生物量的主导因子.位于热带的三亚湾,温度不成为影响二者季节差异的主要因子.浮游细菌生物量和浮游植物生物量的比值BB/PB为:0.06~0.15(平均为0.12),三亚湾浮游植物生物量和浮游细菌生物量间的相关性非常显著(P<0.01),初级生产是影响水域浮游细菌分布的重要因素.     

舟山岛马岙岸段海岸演变与水下岸坡冲淤动态

利用不同年份的水深地形资料进行冲淤计算,结合实测水文泥沙、现场岸滩沉积地貌观察、新老海堤分布位置及以往浅地层探测和考古等资料综合分析发现,岸滩地貌形态从大约距今7 000 a前的一个古基岩港湾经受细颗粒泥沙长期不断地充填、淤积转化为近乎平直的岸段.在自然和人类活动的共同作用下,近370 a来海岸线以5.3 m/a的速度向海推移,潮滩以0.25 cm/a的速率沉积.近40余年来水下岸坡平均冲淤速率为-3.8~2.4 cm/a,横向冲淤调整有类似砂质海岸剖面塑造的特性,泥沙经受了在横向剖面"上部微淤、下部微冲"和纵向总体"东侧微冲、中西部微淤"的交替重复调整过程,目前朝着"上部微淤、下部微冲"的均衡剖面调整方向发展.     

冬季海南岛五个海湾浮游植物光合色素分布的比较研究

为了研究海南岛周边海湾浮游植物群落分布特征,于2010年12月在海南岛周边5个海湾(海口湾、澄迈湾、洋浦-新英湾、陵水新村湾、三亚大东海)进行生态调查,分析了调查区域表层水的光合色素分布特征、浮游植物群落结构以及环境因素,对浮游植物不同类群的影响。本次调查共检出17种光合色素,岩藻黄素和叶绿素a是含量最高的两种色素,平均值分别达到0.410?g/L和0.278?g/L。CHEMTAX分析表明,调查海湾浮游植物类群主要包括硅藻、甲藻、蓝藻、青绿藻、隐藻等;浮游植物类群以硅藻为主,其次是隐藻与青绿藻。海南岛北部3个海湾(海口湾、澄迈湾、洋浦-新英湾)的硅藻比例低于南部2个海湾(陵水新村湾、三亚大东海),但其隐藻比例高于南部海湾。RDA结果显示,不同门类的浮游植物受环境因子影响的模式不同:定鞭藻、金藻、蓝藻与盐度、温度呈较强正相关,而与硅酸盐呈较强负相关;硅藻与盐度、温度呈较强正相关,与DIN、硅酸盐、磷酸盐呈负相关;甲藻、绿藻与DIN、磷酸盐呈较强正相关并与其他环境因子相关性较小;隐藻、青绿藻与硅酸盐呈较强正相关,与盐度、温度呈极强负相关。