新疆西博格达山周缘地区中新生代沉积岩源区和构造背景

沉积岩中的碎屑组分及相对稳定的微量元素和稀土元素可以反映物源信息,广泛应用于沉积源区的确定和构造背景的分析。本文通过对西博格达山周缘地区侏罗纪至古近纪沉积地层的碎屑岩岩石学和微量元素与稀土元素分析,揭示盆地沉积岩的源岩来自上地壳,岩性以长英质岩石为主,混合部分安山质及基性岩石。源区构造背景应为岩浆弧和再循环造山带,其中岩浆弧起主导作用。本文的分析结果为研究博格达山的构造演化过程及其机制提供了有力的证据,并且对准噶尔盆地油气勘探具有一定指导意义。     

Late Carboniferous seismic and volcanic record in the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin: Implication for the tectonic setting of the West Junggar

The northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin is a transition zone between the Zaire-Hala'alate mountains and the Junggar Basin in West Junggar, which developed a large amount of volcanic rocks in the late Carboniferous. An investigation of the tectonic evolution of this area will be helpful for understanding the accretionary process of West Junggar. Here, we selected well-preserved drill core samples of andesite and andesitic tuff for detailed petrogenesis and geochemical studies, while high-quality seismic and resistivity prospecting cross-sections were also used to reveal the tectonic setting. Zircon U-Pb dating results of three andesite and andesitic tuff samples show that these rocks were erupted at ca. 312 Ma. The results of the geochemical and isotopic analyses of seven samples are characterized by relatively high MgO (1.84–5.52 wt%), Cr (26.19–246.61 ppm), Ni (16.53–82.85 ppm) contents, Ba/La (14.19–218.48) ratios, and high positive ɛHf_(t) (+4.8 to +14.2) values, but low TiO₂ (0.68–1.25 wt%) contents, FeO^T/MgO (1.18–2.81), Sr/Y (5.63–27.40), and Th/Yb (0.19–2.18) ratios, which are similar to the Bieluagaxi sanukitoids of West Junggar. LREEs are enriched in all samples, while Nb and Ta are significantly depleted. All the evidence suggests the volcanics were most likely derived from partial melting of oceanic slab that was contaminated by the overlying mantle wedge during the magma ascent. The seismic and resistivity cross-sections show apparent southeastward-vergent imbricate thrust fault systems, implying northwestward subduction in the late Carboniferous. Together with previous studies and our geochemical and geophysical data, we suggest that the formation of these late Carboniferous volcanic rocks is probably related to a northwestward ridge subduction process.     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of early Carboniferous alkaline volcanic rocks in Karamay region of West Junggar,Northwest China

ABSTRACT

Zircon U–Pb geochronological and geochemical analyses are reported for a suite of the early Carboniferous volcanic rocks from West Junggar (Northwest China), southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), with the aim to investigate the sources, petrogenesis, and tectonic implications. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb analysis from an andesite yielded concordant weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 345 ± 3 Ma, indicating the presence of early Carboniferous volcanic rocks in West Junggar. The early Carboniferous volcanic rocks consist of basalt, basaltic andesite, and andesite. Geochemically, all the samples bear the signature of ocean island basalt (OIB), and are characterized by alkaline affinity with minor variations in SiO₂ compositions (45.13–53.05 wt.%), high concentrations of Na₂O + K₂O (5.08–8.89 wt.%) and TiO₂ (1.71–3.35 wt.%), and LREE enrichment and HREE depletion ((La/Yb)_N = 7.1–12.4), with weak Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.9–1.1) and no obvious Nb, Ta, and Ti negative anomalies. These features suggest that the early Carboniferous volcanic rocks were derived from an OIB-related source that consists of oceanic lithosphere with ~1–3% degree partial melting of garnet lherzolite. From these observations, in combination with previous work, we conclude that the early Carboniferous alkaline volcanic rocks in Karamay region formed by upwelling of asthenospheric mantle through a slab window in a forearc setting during consumption of the West Junggar Ocean. Meanwhile, seamounts, which formed in the Late Devonian and were accreted and subducted in Karamay arc, also brought geological effects in the subduction zone.     

Late Paleozoic peperites in West Junggar,China, and how they constrain regional tectonic and palaeoenvironmental setting

Late Paleozoic peperites have been identified for the first time at the bottom of Tailegula Formation in West Junggar, China. This finding is significant for the reconstruction of Late Paleozoic evolution in the Junggar region. The peperites form successions up to 500 m thick interbedded with basaltic lava and sedimentary rocks. Four types of peperites are described and interpreted as resulting from basaltic lava bulldozed into wet, unconsolidated sediments at their basal contacts. Zircon LA-ICP-MS U–Pb dating of a tuff lens enclosed by lava showed that the peperites formed in the Late Devonian (ca. 364 Ma). The peperite-bearing units probably formed at a water depth of less than 3 km and are generally undeformed, occurring in continuous stratigraphic sections distributed regionally over a distance of 100 km on either side of the Darbut and Baijiantan ophiolitic belts, in contrast to the highly deformed slices of ophiolite. They demonstrate that the Darbut and Baijiantan ophiolitic belts should not be interpreted as significant plate boundaries and represent the underlying ocean crust uplifted along tectonic lineaments within a continuous shallow remnant ocean basin. The peperites formed during the spreading phase of the remnant ocean basin and represent the final stages of creation of oceanic crust.     

西准噶尔南部庙尔沟岩体晚石炭世花岗闪长斑岩岩石成因及其动力学背景

位于西准噶尔南部的庙尔沟岩体主体由碱长花岗岩和少量紫苏花岗岩组成。本文在前人工作基础上,以岩体东南边缘新发现的花岗闪长斑岩为研究对象,开展岩石学、年代学和Hf同位素以及全岩地球化学研究,确定花岗闪长斑岩形成时代、揭示岩石成因类型及源区属性、探讨其与碱长花岗岩和紫苏花岗岩岩浆演化成因联系及其形成的深部动力学过程。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示,花岗闪长斑岩形成于317.4±1.9Ma,为晚石炭世早期岩浆活动的产物,明显早于紫苏花岗岩(~307Ma)和碱长花岗岩(~303Ma)。岩石地球化学数据表明,花岗闪长斑岩具有较高硅、中等铝,贫钙、铁、镁,富集Rb、K、Th、U,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Ti的特征,为钙碱性弱过铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩;紫苏花岗岩更多的表现出钙碱性-高钾钙碱性镁质Ⅰ型紫苏花岗岩特征;碱长花岗岩为碱性准铝质-弱过铝质A型花岗岩。锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,花岗闪长斑岩、紫苏花岗岩和碱长花岗岩均具有高正的ε_Hf(t)值(+11.6~+15.8)和年轻的二阶段模式年龄(325~600Ma),表明其原始岩浆主要起源于亏损地幔新衍生的年轻地壳物质。综合分析认为,庙尔沟岩体花岗闪长斑岩形成于晚石炭世早期洋壳俯冲背景,由底侵的、受流体交代的幔源基性岩浆与其诱发的年轻下地壳酸性岩浆在深部混合而成。紫苏花岗岩和碱长花岗岩形成于弧后伸展背景,前者是伸展初期继续底侵于下地壳的幔源玄武质岩浆降温释放大量的水和热诱使早期侵位于下地壳的镁铁质岩石再次发生部分熔融的产物,后者是伸展后期大规模软流圈地幔上涌底垫加热年轻中下地壳使其部分熔融而成。

     

Petrogenesis and tectonic settings of the Late Carboniferous Jiamantieliek and Baogutu ore-bearing porphyry intrusions in the southern West Junggar,NW China

Porphyry Cu deposits occurred in the southern West Junggar of Xinjiang, NW China and are represented by the Baogutu and newly-discovered Jiamantieliek porphyry Cu deposits. Petrographical and geochemical studies show that both Jiamantieliek and Baogutu ore-bearing intrusions comprise main-stage diorite stock and minor late-stage diorite porphyry dikes and are the calc-alkaline intermediate intrusions. Based on U–Pb zircon SHRIMP analyses, the Jiamantieliek intrusion formed in 313 ± 4 Ma and 310 ± 5 Ma, while, based on U–Pb zircon SIMS analyses, the Baogutu intrusion formed in 313 ± 2 Ma and 312 ± 2 Ma. Rocks in the Jiamantieliek intrusion are enriched in light rare earth elements (LREE) and large ion lithophile elements (LILE) with negative Nb anomaly. Their isotopic compositions (ε_Nd(t) = +1.6 to +3.4, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.70369–0.70401, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 15.31–5.41) suggest a mixing origin from depleted to enriched mantle sources. In the Baogutu intrusion, the rocks are similar to those of the Jiamantieliek intrusion. Their Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic composition (ε_Nd(t) = +4.4 to +6.0, (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i = 0.70368–0.70385, (²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb)_i = 15.34–5.42) shows a more depleted mantle source. These features suggest generation in an island arc. The Jiamantieliek and Baogutu intrusions have similar characteristics, indicating that a relatively uniform and integrated source region has existed in the southern West Junggar since the Palaeozoic. A larger contribution of calc-alkaline magma would be required to generate the Jiamantieliek intrusion, which may reflect the development of magma arc maturation towards the western section of the southern West Junggar.     

西准噶尔晚古生代岩浆活动和构造背景

西准噶尔作为中亚造山带的一部分,吸引了大量学者的关注。蛇绿混杂岩带、花岗岩、中基性岩墙在本地区广泛出现,表明西准噶尔晚古生代构造演化极为复杂。但是在许多方面仍存在很多争议,例如西准噶尔蛇绿混杂岩带的形成时代、岩石组合和岩石成因;I型和A型花岗岩的岩石成因,构造背景和热机制;中基性-酸性岩墙群的年代学、岩石成因、构造背景和古应力场;西准噶尔晚古生代年代学格架和构造背景;西准噶尔显生宙地壳增生;西准噶尔基底特征和西准噶尔晚古生代构造演化等。笔者通过搜集前人的资料和数据,对西准噶尔区域发育的蛇绿混杂岩带、地层、古地理环境、花岗岩体和中基性岩墙群的总结,结合项目组野外与室内数据的研究,得到以下认识:(1)达尔布特和克拉玛依蛇绿混杂岩的形成环境为与俯冲相关的弧后盆地,源区来自含尖晶石二辉橄榄岩高程度部分熔融作用;(2)早石炭世花岗岩形成于俯冲环境,晚石炭世-早二叠世花岗岩形成于后碰撞环境,中二叠世花岗岩形成于板内环境;(3)I型花岗岩的成因与俯冲密切相关,而A型花岗岩和中基性岩墙产于后碰撞环境下;(4)A型花岗岩是下地壳受地幔底侵发生部分熔融并高度分离结晶的产物,中基性岩墙群普遍具有埃达克质岩的地球化学特点,可能产于受流体(或熔体)交代的残余洋壳板片的部分熔融;(5)中基性岩墙群稍晚于寄主岩体而形成,但两者均形成于后碰撞构造背景。在晚石炭世-早二叠世,西准噶尔处于近南北向的拉张应力体系;(6)西准噶尔在泥盆纪为洋盆体系;早石炭世,俯冲-碰撞过程结束;晚石炭世-早二叠世属于后碰撞环境;中晚二叠世处于板内环境。     

准噶尔盆地陆东—五彩湾地区石炭系火山岩地球化学特征及其构造背景

准噶尔盆地陆东—五彩湾地区石炭系火山岩位于上石炭统巴塔玛依内山组地层中,主要为玄武岩、玄武质安山岩和安山岩,基本属于钙碱性系列。火山岩的Mg^#介于38~57之间,全碱含量较高K₂O＋Na₂O为4.75%~6.16％）,TiO₂的含量（0.96%~2.04％）和Na₂O/K₂O比值（均大于2）较高,轻稀土元素（LREE）相对重稀土元素（HREE）富集（(La/Yb)_N=2.4~4.7）,同时显示有轻微的重稀土分馏（(Gd/Yb)_N=1.5~1.8）,无明显的Ce异常,大部分样品具有轻微的Eu负异常（δEu＝0.89~1.05）,大离子亲石元素（LILE）相对高场强元素（HFSE）富集,Nb、Ta相对于LREE和LILE明显亏损,La/Nb比值为2.0~2.8,Th/La比值（≈0.1）较低,Zr/Y比值（3.95~7.03）较高。火山岩(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i＝0.70278~0.70365,ε_Nd(t)＝＋5.69 ~ ＋8.24,t_DM为0.47~0.67Ga。这些特征连同相关判别图解一起表明,这套火山岩不是形成于典型的板内或岛弧环境,而是形成于后碰撞期伸展背景下,是软流圈物质上涌发生部分熔融、产生的岩浆在上升和侵位的过程中受到了晚石炭世之前弧组分混染的产物。其所携带的弧岩浆特征继承自混染的碰撞前的弧组分。     

达拉布特蛇绿岩带的时限和属性以及对西准噶尔晚古生代构造演化的讨论

萨尔托海附近的也格孜卡拉花岗岩侵入到达拉布特蛇绿岩带中,为典型的"钉合岩体",其锆石SHRIMPU-Pb年龄结果为308±3Ma(MSWD=0.83),限定了达拉布特蛇绿岩带侵位时限不晚于308Ma,同时达拉布特蛇绿岩中辉长岩的年龄(Sm-Nd等时线年龄395Ma;LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄391Ma),给出了达拉布特蛇绿岩带的形成年龄。达拉布特蛇绿岩带两侧地层均为下石炭统,为稳定火山-沉积序列,岩石组合特征相同,具有很好的可对比性,表明达拉布特蛇绿岩带不是分隔两侧不同板块的板块缝合带。在综合分析前人板片窗、增生楔等不同构造模型的基础上,提出残余洋盆的被动垮塌充填是西准噶尔地区晚古生代构造演化的主要形式,残余洋盆闭合过程中可能伴随着洋壳俯冲过程,侵入于西准增生杂岩的多个花岗岩体和闪长岩墙,限定了西准晚古生代增生作用不晚于晚石炭世。     

新疆西准噶尔早石炭世沉积地层的物源及构造环境

沉积物的地球化学和碎屑锆石特征在沉积岩物源分析及构造背景的研究中具有较为重要的作用.对克拉玛依后山地区早石炭世包古图组和太勒古拉组碎屑岩样品(共42个)进行了岩石学和地球化学研究,结果显示,这套碎屑岩的主量元素SiO₂含量为54.64%~73.14%,Al₂O₃含量相对较高(11.89%~19.36%),(TFe₂O₃+MgO)含量比较高(3.97%~9.99%),反映岩石化学成熟度偏低.岩石稀土元素含量变化较大,在83×10-6~252×10-6之间变化,无Ce异常,Eu呈微弱负异常,具有低的∑REE等特征,与大洋岛弧型砂岩相似.采自这2个组的碎屑锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,包古图组有340 Ma和440 Ma两个主峰值,主要来源于石炭纪、志留纪的源岩;太勒古拉组碎屑锆石主峰值为325 Ma,其年龄与地层年龄很接近,推测其主要来源于同沉积石炭纪岩石.根据主、微量及稀土元素等多个构造环境判别图解的综合分析,结果表明早石炭世包古图组和太勒古拉组沉积物的物源特征及沉积构造背景较为相似,主要为大洋岛弧-大陆岛弧环境下的中酸性火山岩,夹有少量基性火山岩.      

准噶尔盆地陆东—五彩湾地区石炭系中、基性火山岩地球化学及其形成环境

准噶尔盆地是发育在前寒武纪结晶基底与古生代褶皱基底双重基底之上的中、新生代沉积盆地。盆地东北缘陆东—五彩湾地区发育大量的石炭系中、基性火山岩,主要由玄武岩、熔结玄武岩、气孔-杏仁玄武岩与辉绿岩组成。其中、基性火山岩具有低钾高钛、高∑REE的特征,球粒陨石标准化的REE配分曲线表现轻稀土富集,轻、重稀土分异的谱线特征,微量元素具有大离子亲石元素富集,Ta、Nb亏损的现象,可能与板内拉张环境下地壳混染或地幔源区有富Ta、Nb的残留体有关,微量元素环境判别图解中大部分样品点落入板内玄武岩区域,少量漂向岛弧火山岩区,表现出主体为板内构造环境;高场强元素Th/Nb、Nb/Zr比值进一步表现出火山岩具有板内火山岩的特征。综合区域地质特征及前人的研究结果,认为准噶尔盆地陆东—五彩湾地区中、基性火山岩应属造山期后伸展背景下的火山作用产物,但岩浆源区可能受到古洋壳板片俯冲作用的影响。     

准噶尔盆地石炭纪火山岩岩石地球化学特征及其构造环境意义

准噶尔盆地石炭纪发育区域性的火山岩建造,火山岩岩性以中基性为主,主要为玄武岩、玄武安山岩,同时发育少量酸性的流纹岩,基本属于钙碱性系列。样品全碱(Na_2O+K_2O=2.99%～8.07%)和TiO_2(0.30%～2.57%)含量较高,K_2O含量(0.13%～3.29%)较低,稀土元素含量(∑REE)中等。球粒标准化的REE配分表现轻稀土元素(LREE)相对于重稀土元素(HREE)富集((La/Yb)_N=2.47～7.45)、轻重稀土分异的特征,部分样品的Eu和大部分样品的Ce显示轻微的负异常(δEu=0.543～1.088,δCe=0.787～0.987)。微量元素具有大离子亲石元素(LILE)富集及高场强元素Nb、Ta亏损的特征,大部分样品(Rb/Yb)_N均远大于1。这些特征结合元素相关环境判别图解表明,准噶尔盆地石炭纪火山岩是原始岩浆经历了一定程度分异作用后的产物,以板内大陆环境为主,兼具有部分岛弧特征,形成于俯冲碰撞造山期后伸展背景下,火山岩所具有的岛弧特征是碰撞前混染弧组分的继承。     

东天山库姆塔格—沙泉子晚石炭世火山-沉积岩相学地质地球化学特征与构造环境

通过对本区晚石炭世沉积岩和火山岩的岩相学类型及其特征研究,划分出山前洪积相(河流相)、水下三角洲沉积相、海岸潮坪相、浅海相、火山沉积岩相、火山喷溢相、火山喷发岩相、热水沉积岩相、火山热水蚀变岩相和矽卡岩相等10种不同岩相和相应的亚相,这种特征属大陆挤压收缩体制下活动大陆边缘上的火山-沉积岩相学组合类型。垂向相序结构表明在热水沉积岩相上下均有较强的火山活动,为成矿提供所需的热能。在库姆塔格晚石炭世压陷盆地中,热水沉积岩相的纵向相序结构为热水角砾岩亚相→菱铁矿岩亚相/石膏岩亚相→铁白云石岩亚相→碧玉岩亚相→铁白云石岩亚相,这种组合是寻找“库姆塔格型”大型石膏菱铁矿矿床的岩相学标志。本区火山-沉积岩相总的沉积序列显示向上由浅变深→由深变浅趋势,沉积物源主要来源于华力西期岛弧带剥蚀区及其南侧(中天山)基底隆起带;火山喷发仍形成发生在浅海环境中,具有大陆挤压收缩体制下(中天山造山带)后陆盆地沉积特点;晚石炭世原型沉积盆地可能为后陆盆地,有利于大型石膏菱铁矿矿床保存。     

西秦岭南缘康县-留坝一带白水江群碎屑岩的地球化学特征及构造背景

西秦岭南缘白水江群主要由碎屑岩基质和不同性质的岩块组成,碎屑岩为一套深水浊流沉积。碎屑岩的稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线以轻稀土元素富集、Eu负异常和重稀土元素平坦为特征;主量元素和微量元素的特征指示白水江群碎屑岩的物质来源具有多源性,但主要以岛弧环境为主。这表明白水江群的构造环境为活动大陆边缘,而非被动大陆边缘。     

西准噶尔晚石炭世哈拉阿拉特山组烃源岩发育沉积环境与有机质富集因素分析

准噶尔盆地西北缘哈拉阿拉特山地区发育一套晚石炭世哈拉阿拉特山组灰黑色泥岩层系,是该地区石炭系油气藏的主要烃源岩之一,但到目前为止,对该套烃源岩发育的沉积环境和有机质富集因素的认识尚不清楚。本文基于西准噶尔哈拉阿拉特山地区晚石炭世哈拉阿拉特山组乌和公路剖面,进行了详细的沉积学和岩石学研究,系统采集了17件新鲜泥岩样品,并开展了有机碳含量、主量元素和微量元素实验分析。通过综合分析野外调查结果和室内实验数据,得到如下几点认识：1）哈拉阿拉特山组泥岩发育在深海-半深海的沉积环境中,受浊流沉积频发的影响,底层水体一直处于富氧-缺氧的动荡变化过程之中;2）低V/Cr和U/Th比值,以及低V和U元素含量,指示了泥岩总体上形成于偏氧化的沉积环境;3）高的P和Ni元素含量,反映了当时水体具有较高的古生产力;4）在较高古生产力背景下,哈拉阿拉特山组泥岩有机质丰度（TOC平均为0.49%）偏低,原因是偏氧化的保存条件。因此,可以认为哈拉阿拉特山组泥岩有机质质富集主要受控于沉积水体的保存（氧化还原）条件。     

内蒙古雅干地区晚石炭世白山组火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其构造环境

弧火山岩对揭示俯冲过程中深部岩浆作用具有重要意义。内蒙古雅干地区白山组火山岩岩性主要为流纹岩、英安岩、流纹质晶屑凝灰岩、英安质晶屑凝灰岩。流纹岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为309±1 Ma、308±1 Ma及300±2 Ma,时代为晚石炭世。地球化学分析显示,白山组火山岩具有较高的SiO2（70.98%~75.45%）、Na2O（2.90%~5.23%）含量,总体相对富钠,Na2O/K2O平均值为1.57。样品富集Rb、K、U等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、P、Ti等高场强元素,显示轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的右倾稀土元素配分模式,并且具有较明显的负Eu异常（δEu平均值为0.22）,（La/Yb）N值为3.24~9.99,（La/Sm）N值为4.47~8.31。研究发现,白山组火山岩整体具有弧火山岩的地球化学特征,可能形成于大陆边缘弧构造环境,为晚石炭世古亚洲洋俯冲作用的产物。     

东昆仑山木孜塔格蛇绿混杂岩中火山岩的地球化学特征及构造环境

木孜塔格蛇绿混杂岩沿东西走向的木孜塔格一鲸鱼湖断裂断续出露有变质橄榄岩、堆晶岩、火山岩及其上覆的硅质岩，彼此呈构造接触关系。其中，火山岩由玄武岩、玄武安山岩和安山岩构成。野外观察曾认为火山岩属于蛇绿岩的一部分．但火山岩的微量和稀土元素分析表明，其富集LREE、Cs、Ba、Th、Pb贫Nb，Ba／Nb、Ce／Pb、Cs／Rb、Ba／LaNb／Ta分别为18．59-102．82、1.42～8．13、0．10-0.49、11．76-51．79和6．22-13．58，TiO2含量1．64％-2．09％。这些特征表明该火山岩为形成于较成熟岛弧环境的火山岩而非蛇绿岩成员，也指示木孜塔格地区曾经历了与今西太平洋边缘近似的演化过程，可能形成了较成熟的沟-弧-盆体系。     

Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the middle Silurian volcanic rocks in northern West Junggar,NW China

Zircon U–Pb geochronological and geochemical analyses are reported for a suite of the middle Silurian volcanic rocks from northern West Junggar (NW China), southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), with the aim to investigate the sources, petrogenesis, and tectonic implications. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) U–Pb analysis from an andesite yielded a concordant weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U age of 429 ± 3 Ma, indicating the presence of middle Silurian volcanic rocks in northern West Junggar. The andesite is tholeiite series and characterized by minor variations in compositions (SiO₂ = 55.68–59.17 wt.%, Al₂O₃ = 14.56–17.7 wt.%, TiO₂ = 0.55–1.23 wt.%, Na₂O + K₂O = 3.46–7.16 wt.%, and P₂O₅ = 0.15–0.37 wt.%), with wider MgO content (2.18–6.48 wt.%) and Mg# (57.4–77.9). All andesitic rocks are enriched in large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g. Rb, Ba, K, and Th) and light rare earth elements (LREEs), but strongly depleted in some high field strength elements (HFSEs; e.g. Nb, Ta and Ti), with slight negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.8–1). These features suggest that the andesitic magmas were derived from 2–8% partial melting of a garnet lherzolite depleted mantle source with subducted sediments metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. Combining the current study with those data in existing literature, we conclude that the middle Silurian volcanic rocks formed in an intra-oceanic subduction setting during consumption of the Irtysh–Zaysan Ocean, and further confirm the eastern extension of the early Palaeozoic Boshchekul–Chingiz volcanic arc of East Kazakhstan in China.     

Carboniferous Bimodal Volcanic Rocks and Their Plate Tectonic Setting,Hainan Island

The Carboniferous volcanic rocks in western Hainan Island consist of a series of oceanic tholeite and rhyoporphyrite,showing bimodal nature.Similar geochemical characters,in terms of abun-daces and relative rations of incompatible elements and REE and the REE patterns,between the basalt and continental rift-associated tholeiite indicate the occurrence of Late Paleozoic rifting in the area.The basaltic magma,with a low degree of evolution,was originated from deep mantle,show-ing contamination by low crustal material.The rhyolite is thought to be formed from partial melting of the continental crust by higher thermal flow in a rift environment rather than from fractional crystallization of a basaltic magma.