山东济阳坳陷二氧化碳气成藏模式分析

山东济阳坳陷CO2气藏类型众多,成藏模式存在多样性。根据CO2气藏组分含量和同位素的分析结果,发现济阳坳陷CO2气藏以幔源成因为主,岩浆气源体是最重要的CO2气源体,火山岩体、火山通道和岩浆气源体附近的断裂对CO2气的运移成藏起关键作用。通过卸压条件下CO2的运移、CO2在断裂(裂缝)中的运移、CO2在孔隙—裂缝双重介质中的运移、CO2在砂质沉积物中的运移等一系列实验模拟,研究岩浆释出CO2气的运移成藏过程。结合已知气藏的运移成藏地质过程,建立济阳坳陷CO2气藏的3种地质模式,即侵入体—断裂—储集层转折成藏模式、侵入体—储集层直接成藏模式和埋藏火山通道—储集层直接成藏模式,为济阳坳陷CO2气成藏研究及其综合勘探奠定基础。     

水资源和环境工程中水平井研究简介

简单介绍了水平井在水资源和环境工程中的近期研究进展, 重点介绍了在不同含水层(如承压含水层、潜水含水层、越流含水层及河下含水层) 中, 水平井抽水条件下降深的半解析解, 同时分析了降深随抽水时间变化的标准曲线和微分标准曲线.这些半解析解可用于分析小流量水平井在中长时段的降深特性.分析了用于排水和供水的大流量水平井的水力学特征, 并介绍了求解渗流-管流耦合井流系统的一种新方法.同时介绍了在非饱和含水层中水平井抽取气体的动力学特征, 并分析了地面覆盖和未覆盖2种情况下的气体清除效率, 报告了在不同饱和含水层条件下水平井的捕获区和捕获时间的计算.      

化隆—循化盆地不同类型含水层组高氟地下水的分布及形成过程

天然成因的高氟地下水是世界范围内备受关注的环境问题和饮用水安全问题。前人对高氟地下水的形成过程已开展了大量研究,但是对于高原盆地复杂水文地质条件下不同类型含水层组(第四系松散层含水层、基岩裂隙或岩溶含水层以及新生代古近纪以来的碎屑岩含水层)高氟地下水的分布和形成过程尚不明确。本文以化隆—循化盆地为研究区,通过采集、测试研究区内的各类地下水样品,分析研究区内不同类型含水层中地下水的化学特征及同位素特征。结果表明,高氟地下水(1.007.73 mg/L)主要分布在沿黄河的河谷区域和巴燕低山丘陵区域的泉水和潜水中以及深部的承压水中,在垂向上高氟地下水无明显分布规律。接受黄河水入渗补给的河谷潜水中氟离子浓度较低,补给黄河的河谷潜水中氟离子浓度较高。贫钙富钠的弱碱性苏打型水有利于地下水中氟的富集。泉水和潜水中氟主要来源于萤石的溶解,而承压水中氟除了来源于萤石外,还来源于其他含氟矿物。对于潜水和第四系松散层泉水,蒸发浓缩作用促进了地下水中氟的富集。另外,阴离子竞争吸附作用、阳离子交换吸附作用是泉水(第四系松散层泉水和基岩裂隙泉水)和潜水中氟元素富集的主要原因,而承压水中氟离子浓度受竞争吸附作用影响较大,阳离子交换吸附作用影响较小。研究成果可为化隆—循化盆地低氟地下水的勘查和开发提供科学依据。     

天然气水合物形成过程中的气体组分分异及地质启示

自然地质条件下不同气源的天然气体由于其组成不同,对天然气水合物的成藏条件产生不同影响。以2个常规天然气样品为例,在中国石油大学自行研制的水合物成藏一维模拟实验装置上进行了水合物成藏模拟实验,并对实验前后的原始气样、水合物形成后的游离气、分解气进行了气体组分分析。实验结果表明：水合物分解气中CH₄、N₂含量降低,而C₂H₆、C₃H₈、iC₄H₁₀、nC₄H₁₀、CO₂含量增大,游离气中各组分的变化趋势刚好相反,这意味着同等的温度压力条件下,C₂H₆、C₃H₈、iC₄H₁₀、nC₄H₁₀、CO₂等与CH₄、N₂相比更易于形成水合物;通过计算分解气体各组分相对于原始气体的相对变化量发现,在实验温度压力条件下（高压釜温度范围为4~10 ℃,气体进口压力为5 MPa）,烃类气体与水结合形成水合物的能力由甲烷、乙烷、丙烷、异丁烷依次增加;由于不同烃类气体与水合物结合的条件不同,导致水合物形成过程中气体组分发生分异,水合物中甲烷含量减少、湿气含量增大,而游离气中气体变化相反,在自然地质条件下形成由水合物稳定带上部溶解气带、水合物稳定带及下部游离气带（或常规气藏）甲烷含量呈中-低-高特点,湿气和二氧化碳含量呈低-高-中的三层结构分布模式,因此,同一气源气体在不同带内表现出不同的气体组分特征。     

济阳坳陷天然气的生成,运移和聚集

应用盆地模拟技术,首次对济阳坳陷天然气的生成、运移、聚集和扩散动态过程以及油溶气释放规律进行了精细解析,提出了溶解气起始脱气点的计算方法并得出起始脱气点的深度为１７００￣２０００ｍ。研究认为,济阳坳陷各洼陷中心为大量生气区;主要的生气、排气、二次运移和成茂期在明化镇组和第四系沉积时期;主要散失期为馆陶组和明化镇组沉积时期;主要聚集层为馆陶组、明化镇组、沙二段、沙一段以及东营组;二次运移受气体压力势     

南海北部陆坡高饱和度天然气水合物气源运聚通道控藏作用

气源运聚通道与天然气水合物富集成藏关系密切。利用准三维地震资料并结合钻探成果,深入研究了神狐海域GMGS3钻探区高饱和度水合物站位气源运移疏导通道地质地球物理特征及其控藏作用。结果表明:高饱和度水合物产出站位发育多种类型运移疏导通道,且与BSR空间耦合关系较好;紧邻BSR之下为强振幅反射,强振幅下部游离气体充注现象明显,表明水合物稳定域下部存在气体运移的通道,且深部气体向浅层发生了运移。深大断裂、底辟及气烟囱构成了沟通深部热解气及浅层生物气与浅层温压稳定域的垂向通道,在这些通道上方可以直接形成水合物;浅部滑塌面、水道砂及海底扇构成的高孔渗连续性砂体为浅层生物气及深部运移而来的部分热成因气横向运移通道,气体的侧向运移扩大了气体供给范围,增加了矿体横向展布规模。文章认为,天然气运移疏导系统与其他成藏要素匹配良好的构造和区域是勘探高饱和度水合物的有利目标。     

MT3D-通用的三维地下水污染物运移数值模型

定量研究污染物在地下水中的运移过程通常采用数值模拟方法。MT3D是一套基于有限差分方法的污染物运移模拟软件，近年来在国外水文地质和水环境模拟等领域的研究中已经得到较为广泛的认可。MT3D比较全面地考虑了污染物在地下水中的对流、弥散和化学反应等过程，可以灵活处理各种复杂的源汇项和边界条件，能够准确模拟承压、无压和越流含水层中的污染物运移过程。MT3D具有模块化的程序结构、灵活的求解方法以及全面的模拟功能，非常适合实际问题的研究，值得在国内推广使用。     

江苏长强钢铁厂地下水环境影响评价

为正确评价江苏长强钢铁厂拟建项目的建设运行对地下水环境的影响,在合理概化水文地质概念模型的基础上,构建了与之相应的地下水渗流和溶质运移的数值模型。通过对新建厂区运行20年的污染物运移情况进行数值模拟,确定出污染物扩散范围。结果表明,新建厂区周围地下水环境已受到污染,但影响范围及程度有限,平面上仅局限在厂区内,均未超过污染源下游100m;剖面上仅局限在潜水含水层及微承压孔隙含水层内,不涉及承压含水层。     

砂岩孔隙介质内天然气运移的微观物理模拟实验研究

采用真实的砂岩微观模型,通过与实际地质状况较为相似条件下的气驱水运移实验模拟天然气在砂岩孔隙内的二次运移,直接观察了天然气在砂岩孔隙、喉道内运移的过程和特征,在此基础上,分析和探讨了真实砂岩孔隙介质中天然气的微观运移机理。研究发现,天然气运移路径的形态通常迂回曲折,表现复杂的分支状特征,而且气体只沿毛细管阻力最小的运移路径向前运移;受真实砂岩孔隙结构的非均质性和运移动力变化的影响,天然气运移的速率不均一,呈现出跳跃式的运移方式;在孔喉比相差较大的亲水介质中,气体的卡断现象较为普遍,卡断增加了气体运移的阻力,对天然气运移十分不利;外界突发性的振动能够增加天然气运移的有效性。     

天然气水合物系统特征及其对我国水合物勘查的启示

油气资源在能源结构中具有举足轻重的作用,其成因机制及勘探思路已发展出了完善的系统理论——含油气系统理论,而天然气水合物作为潜在替代清洁能源,其勘探理论尚处于探索阶段。借鉴含油气系统理论,注重与常规油气成藏的差异性分析,在系统分析全球已发现天然气水合物主要研究区的天然气水合物特征基础上,从气体来源、气体运移通道、有利储层等方面对天然气水合物成藏机理进行了系统梳理,以探究天然气水合物系统特征。提出天然气水合物系统应包括气源、储层和天然气水合物稳定带3个基本要素以及气体生成-运移过程和天然气水合物形成过程2个基本作用;冻土带内气体来源以热解气为主,海洋环境中则以生物气或热解气和生物气的混合气为主;气体运移通道主要为流体底辟、气烟囱、大尺度断层、裂缝、滑塌构造及高渗透性地层等;天然气水合物储层在冻土带以砂岩为主,在海域则以黏土质粉沙及粉沙质黏土为主;综合全球各区域天然气水合物成藏特征,提出了9种类型天然气水合物系统,同时以我国神狐海域天然气水合物系统为例总结出了天然气水合物系统成藏事件表。     

基于过程模拟的李官堡水源地地下水污染预警

基于过程模拟的地下水污染预警是基于包气带和饱和带过程模拟的耦合实现的,且融合了涵盖整个地下水系统的四个预警指标。选取浑河冲洪积扇的李官堡水源地为例,基于Hydrus-1D和Visual Modflow分别进行包气带过程模拟和饱和带过程模拟,针对潜层和承压层的复杂程度分别制定了各自的预警临界值;经分析可知,随着时间的推移,地表污染物持续进入到地下水中,污染晕范围不断扩大,地下水中最大浓度值和水源井浓度值也持续增加,且承压含水层的预警级别要高于潜水含水层;同时基于潜层和承压层中污染物最大浓度值与时间分别近似呈线性关系和指数关系可进行长时间尺度的预警;并提出了零级预警区和一级预警区管理措施以监测和预防为主,二级预警区、三级预警区和四级预警区管理措施以控制和监测为主。     

Determination of porosity and storage capacity of a calcareous aquifer (France) by correlation and spectral analyses of time series

Time-series analyses were used to investigate the relationships between barometric pressure changes, earth tides, and water-level fluctuations in a confined aquifer. The method was applied to data from the fractured aquifer at the Hydrogeological Experimental Site in Poitiers (France) and used to yield estimates of the aquifer’s storage capacity, porosity and barometric efficiency. The aim is to address relevance of these analyses for an aquifer showing both fracture draining and confined karstic flow in thin strata. Cross-correlation and spectral analysis are used to compare water-level head and atmospheric-pressure fluctuations. Porosity and storage capacity are calculated using this method and compared to results from petrophysical measurements and hydraulic pumping tests, respectively. The storage coefficients calculated by the time-series analyses are in agreement with those obtained by interpretation of the interference pumping tests. Conversely, porosity values calculated by time-series analyses are underestimated compared to those obtained by other methods.     

Hydrodynamic behavior of Kangan gas-capped deep confined aquifer in Iran

The Kangan aquifer (KA) is located beneath the Kangan gas reservoir (KGR), 2,885 m below the ground surface. The gas reservoir formations are classified into nine non-gas reservoir units and eight gas reservoir units based on the porosity, water and gas saturation, lithology, and gas production potential using the logs of 36 production wells. The gas reservoir units are composed of limestone and dolomite, whereas the non-gas reservoir units consist of compacted limestone and dolomite, gypsum and shale. The lithology of KA is the same as KGR with a total dissolved solid of 333,000 mg/l. The source of aquifer water is evaporated seawater. The static pressure on the Gas–Water Contact (GWC) was 244 atm before gas production, but it has continuously decreased during 15 years of gas production, resulting in a 50 m uprising of the GWC and the expansion of KA water and intergranular water inside the gas reservoir. The general flow direction of the KA is toward the northern coast of the Persian Gulf due to the migration of water to the overlying formations via a trust fault. The KA is a gas-capped deep confined aquifer (GCDCA) with special characteristics differing from a shallow confined aquifer. The main characteristics of a GCDCA are unsaturated intergranular water below the confining layers, no direct contact of the water table (GWC) with the confining layers, no vertical flow via the cap rock, permanent uprising of the GWC during gas production, and permanent descend of GWC during water exploitation.     

超固结土层垂向形变机理及临界水位控沉分析——以西安南郊钻孔土样研究为例

超固结地层发生地面沉降需要一个大于超固结应力的起始附加应力来驱动。依据有效应力原则,临界水位与超固结应力之间存在线性相关关系,则超固结地层垂向形变机理亦可通过临界水位描述为：当人为开采地下水引起的起始水位降深大于临界水位时,地面沉降将明显发生。西安南郊地质技校钻孔埋深100-300m内土样试验资料分析及计算结果表明：该地层普遍呈现超固结特性;第一、二承压含水组的临界水位值分别为63.44m及73.76m;将“临界水位”作为控制地面沉降与最大限度开采地下水资源的主控指标来考虑,是地面沉降的有效防治措施。     

Automatic estimation of aquifer parameters using long-term water supply pumping and injection records

Analyses are presented of long-term hydrographs perturbed by variable pumping/injection events in a confined aquifer at a municipal water-supply well field in the Region of Waterloo, Ontario (Canada). Such records are typically not considered for aquifer test analysis. Here, the water-level variations are fingerprinted to pumping/injection rate changes using the Theis model implemented in the WELLS code coupled with PEST. Analyses of these records yield a set of transmissivity (T) and storativity (S) estimates between each monitoring and production borehole. These individual estimates are found to poorly predict water-level variations at nearby monitoring boreholes not used in the calibration effort. On the other hand, the geometric means of the individual T and S estimates are similar to those obtained from previous pumping tests conducted at the same site and adequately predict water-level variations in other boreholes. The analyses reveal that long-term municipal water-level records are amenable to analyses using a simple analytical solution to estimate aquifer parameters. However, uniform parameters estimated with analytical solutions should be considered as first rough estimates. More accurate hydraulic parameters should be obtained by calibrating a three-dimensional numerical model that rigorously captures the complexities of the site with these data.     

承压水底板突水失稳过程的数值模型初探

利用自行开发的岩石破裂过程渗流与应力耦合分析系统F-RFPA2D,对承压水底板破裂失稳过程进行了数值模拟。在这个数值模型中,材料在开裂破坏过程中流体压力传递通过单元渗流-损伤耦合迭代来实现。根据模拟结果,分析了承压水底板失稳的机理,对承压水底板的突水部位的预测进行了探讨。得出了与实际基本一致的结果,说明了F-RFPA2D作为一种新的数值模拟方法,可以用来研究承压水底板突水问题。      

Baseline geochemical conditions in the Chalk aquifer,Berkshire, U.K.: a basis for groundwater quality management

The Chalk aquifer is the most important British aquifer and is also important over much of northern Europe. Aquifer protection requires a sound knowledge of the baseline conditions and how these might vary, or have varied, with time. This detailed geochemical study of a representative area of Chalk in Berkshire, U.K., includes a consideration of several components: (1) the inputs from the atmosphere; (2) the interstitial water of the soil and the unsaturated zone; (3) the interstitial water in the confined and unconfined sections of the aquifer; and (4) the saturated, mainly fissure flow, along the hydraulic gradient which forms an important water supply of the Thames Valley region.Atmospheric inputs form an important source of some elements, but the dominant chemical characteristics of the Chalk groundwater are acquired during percolation through the soil and the upper unsaturated zone. During saturated flow downgradient the chemistry is modified mainly by incongruent reactions of the carbonate matrix and by redox reactions, and only to a minor extent by exchange reactions and mixing with residual saline connate water. The incongruent reaction of carbonate results in a marked increase in the Mg/Ca ratio and the Sr and ¹³C contents of the groundwater with increased residence time. Oxygen concentrations are reduced mainly by oxidation of Fe²⁺, and the onset of reducing conditions allows dissolved Fe²⁺ to increase and rapid denitrification to occur. The salinity profile through the confined Chalk confirms that residual connate water, up to one-fifth sea water concentration, still remains at depth, and this accounts for some salinity increase in the confined groundwater resulting from fissure water.pore water diffusional exchange.Timescales for groundwater movement have been established using tritium, radiocarbon, and indirectly using inert gas ratios and stable isotope ratios. On balance, it is concluded that all abstracted water is of Holocene age, although inert gas temperatures indicate cooler climatic conditions for recharge for some of the confined groundwater.The implications for development and aquifer protection are discussed, especially the prospect of natural in situ denitrification, problems of Fe solubility, and the recognition of groundwater of different maturities.     

An analysis of the infer-aquifer recharge for a deep-seated aquifer system tapped by a wellfield

Operation of a wellfield tapping a deep-seated aquifer system depends upon the recharge from outside the aquifer system under the condition of exploitation. This kind of replenishment, however, is not learned until the wellfield is in operation and a quarry-pumping test is often needed in the investigation of the wellfield. A deep-seated confined aquifer consisting of Ordovician carbonates occurs in the Chezhoushan Syncline crossing the border of Tianjin and Hebei in northern China. The Ordovician aquifer is believed to receive recharge through leakage from the overlying Quaternary aquifer only in the northeastern part of the syncline. The Ninghebei wellfield is planned to produce 100,000 m³/day of groundwater from the Ordovician aquifer for water supply. A three-dimensional transient numerical model was established based on a hydrogeologic survey, especially a quarry-pumping test conducted in 2003. The model was calibrated with the water-level data of the quarry-pumping test and used to predict the future water-level changes that might result from the three proposed exploitation scenarios. A 20 year predictive simulation results indicate that hydraulic heads decline rapidly in the early months, decline slowly in the following years and reach a steady state in the late period with a maximum drawdown of 52.09 m under the maximum total withdrawal rate of 120,000 m³/day from the Ordovician aquifer, and that the infer-aquifer recharge through leakage from the Quaternary aquifer can balance the withdrawal rate.     

Total organic carbon transport by the Alaknanda River,Garhwal Himalayas,India

Transport and fate of organic carbon by the fluvial system play a significant role in the global biogeochemical cycle of carbon. Previous studies show that the transportation of modern organic carbon from the Himalayan River system accounts for 10–20% of the total global flux to the oceans. Till date, no study has been published which dealt with the transport of organic carbon in the headwaters of the Ganga River. The Alaknanda River is a headwater stream of the Ganga, which flows in the Western Himalayas of India. Water and freshly deposited channel sediment samples were collected during the months of March 2014 and August 2014 and analysed for dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and channel organic carbon (COC). The observed variability of organic carbon concentration was correlated with factors such as discharge, physiography and suspended sediment concentration (SSC). The results show that seasonal erosivity in the basin influences its DOC concentration and physiography, thus acting as a key parameter which controls transportation, oxidation and residence time of the organic matter. The allochthonous input of sediments from the erosional activities is the major source of organic carbon. At Devprayag, Alaknanda contributes 66% of the total DOC flux carried by the Ganga River. The comparison with the previously published values indicate that due to differences in physiography and chemical weathering rate, the Ganga River transports organic carbon mainly as a dissolved load in its upstream and predominantly as POC down the Himalayan foothills.     

动力扰动诱发承压水底板关键层失稳的突变理论研究

应用突变理论建立了承压水底板关键层在动力扰动下失稳的双尖点突变模型,探讨了动力扰动诱发煤层底板关键层失稳的机制,给出了关键层在动力扰动下失稳的判据,揭示了关键层动力失稳的机理。研究表明,关键层破坏与否,不仅取决于关键层的内因如几何尺寸和岩石的性质等,还取决于外部作用力的大小和方式;承压水等静载荷作用对关键层结构振动频率的变化有一定的影响;对于受承压水等静载荷作用的底板关键层,不同的动压,如扰动的幅度、作用时间和频率的不同组合会对底板关键层结构产生不同的影响,有的是弹性振动,有的是稳定破坏,有的是突然断裂或失稳。