塔里木盆地北部寒武—奥陶系海相烃源岩重新认识

根据对塔北地区591块泥质源岩613块碳酸盐岩热解资料的统计分析表明，本区中上奥陶统泥质岩除柯坪地区相对较好外，其余地区普遍属一非生油岩，不可能对已发现的海相油气有实质性的贡献。而寒武系无论是碳酸盐岩还是泥岩，其有机质丰度均高于奥陶系，尤其是碳酸盐岩烃源岩厚度也较大，因而是塔里木盆地一套十分重要的海相油气源岩，现今为一套优质气源岩。其次是中上奥陶统台缘斜坡灰泥丘有机相泥灰岩，具有有机质丰度较高、成熟度适中及具有一定厚度分布的特点，是本区海相油气另一大套重要源岩。另外，平面上，本区寒武一奥陶系泥岩的有机质丰度表现为东西两端相对较高，可达到中等一很好生油岩标准，而草湖、轮南、英买力以及孔雀河斜坡与满加尔凹陷奥陶系泥岩基本上均属差一非生油岩。碳酸盐岩烃源岩则以库尔勒鼻隆及塔东（含库鲁克塔格）地区为最后，其次是哈拉哈塘凹陷。     

塔里木盆地下古生界海相烃源岩两种形成展布模式(摘要)

<正> 下古生界(主要是寒武系—奥陶系)海相地层是塔里木盆地主力烃源岩。“九五”之前,普遍认为塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系主力生油坳陷位于满加尔坳陷,其中广泛分布的巨厚奥陶系(特别是中—上奥陶统)暗色泥岩是塔里木盆地主力油源岩。许靖华教授在1993年提出了塔里木盆地下古生界海相烃源岩埋藏静海形成展布模式,并认为埋藏静海盆地生油层可形成500×10~8t 油气,这一烃源岩展布模     

中国海相油气田勘探实例之十二 塔里木盆地轮南奥陶系油气田的勘探与发现

轮南奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩油气田位于塔北隆起轮南低凸起中部,是中国第一个海相碳酸盐岩特大型油气田。油气田发现于1988年,至2008年底控制+探明油气地质储量为18.78×108t。塔里木盆地长期构造沉积演化形成了轮南奥陶系碳酸盐岩大型古潜山及内幕背斜,潜山背斜具有古隆起控油,岩溶斜坡油气富集及准层状油气藏等特征。油气田区域性盖层为中—上奥陶统、下石炭统、上三叠统泥岩,主力烃源岩为寒武系—下奥陶统与中—上奥陶统碳酸盐岩及泥灰岩,主要目的层为奥陶系石灰岩顶面之下200m范围内的潜山岩溶缝洞型储集体与内幕层间岩溶缝洞型储集体。通过缝洞系统预测评价、酸压储层改造、稠油掺稀开采等技术攻关,勘探开发一体化管理,创新了复杂碳酸盐岩勘探开发理论与配套技术,实现了轮南奥陶系油气产量储量的快速增长。论述油气田勘探与发现的历程,剖析了取得勘探突破的实践与认识。     

塔里木盆地顺北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩层序模式及其意义

近年来塔里木盆地顺北地区深层碳酸盐岩油气勘探取得了丰硕成果。依据全球海平面变化,结合钻井及地震资料,将顺北地区奥陶系下统—中统碳酸盐岩划分为1个二级层序,8个三级层序,总结了每个层序界面及层序内部特征,提出顺北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩发育三种层序模式——海侵、高位与低位模式,并分析其控制因素。顺北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩主要储集空间显示为大型岩溶洞穴,位于三级层序界面之下的蓬莱坝组岩心与薄片具明显的溶蚀孔洞特征,反映了低位期岩溶与高位期岩溶对顺北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层发育的控制作用。顺北地区地表水无法通过断裂从上穿过约800 m的奥陶系上统泥岩段,进入中下统碳酸盐岩储层,因此塔河地区“断溶体”理论并不适用于顺北地区,三级层序界面控制的岩溶作用是顺北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层形成的主要控制因素。     

塔里木盆地哈拉哈塘地区碳酸盐岩油气地质特征与富集成藏研究

塔里木盆地塔北隆起哈拉哈塘地区奥陶系由于现今构造位置低,埋深在6500~8000m,长期以来一直将其作为塔北隆起的一个次级凹陷单元,并认为是一个海相油气的生烃凹陷,制约了哈拉哈塘的油气勘探。本文通过对哈拉哈塘构造解析和沉降演化过程恢复,发现哈拉哈塘地区是从石炭纪才开始转为负向构造单元,加里东-早海西期,它属于轮南大型古潜山的西斜坡部位;奥陶系鹰山组-一间房组碳酸盐岩经历了多期岩溶的叠加改造,风化岩溶缝洞体储层发育。通过最新钻井资料及油气地球化学分析数据,证实哈拉哈塘奥陶系沉积时期不是生烃凹陷,不发育烃源岩,哈拉哈塘及其以北地区的油气是来自南部满西地区的中、上奥陶统烃源岩。油气藏解剖表明,哈拉哈塘地区在晚海西期成藏;三叠系沉积前北部构造抬升,导致奥陶系油藏遭受局部破坏和降解。自三叠纪沉积以来,奥陶系油藏一直处于持续深埋过程,盖层不断加厚,油藏基本保持了晚海西期成藏时的形态,因此,哈拉哈塘地区是一个古老的油气系统。油气成藏条件分析表明,哈拉哈塘地区油气成藏条件优越,生储盖条件配置良好,奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层广泛分布,并处在油气向古隆起高部位运移的有利路径上,具有大面积、准层状富集油气的特征。     

塔里木盆地下古生界海相碳酸盐岩油气的特殊性

勘探开发资料的综合分析表明,塔里木盆地寒武系—奥陶系以石灰岩储层为主的碳酸盐岩油气藏复杂多样,不同于世界典型的中新生界海相碳酸盐岩。塔里木盆地下古生界碳酸盐岩在地质条件方面存在四大特性:(1)小克拉通多旋回构造运动,构造改造强烈;(2)烃源岩古老,海西晚期石油资源与喜马拉雅晚期天然气资源造成盆地富油也富气;(3)石灰岩为主的次生改造型储层非均质性极强;(4)埋深大,储盖组合较差。塔里木盆地海相碳酸盐岩油气藏具有四大特性:(1)以非构造油气藏为主;(2)经历多期油气充注与调整改造,流体性质复杂多变;(3)大面积、中低储量丰度的小型油气藏叠置连片;(4)油气水产出复杂,油气产量主要来自少量高效井。     

塔里木西南地区含油气系统特征

根据对塔里木西南坳陷可能的烃源岩有机地球化学的分析、评价及已知油气藏和重要油气显示点的油(气)岩的对比结果,该区存在着6套现实的烃源岩(1)下寒武统暗色泥岩及碳酸盐岩;(2)奥陶系的碳酸盐岩和暗色泥岩;(3)石炭系碳酸盐岩和暗色泥页岩;(4)下二叠统暗色泥页岩(5)中下侏罗统的暗色泥岩;(6)上白垩-古近系的碳酸盐岩及暗色泥岩.这几套烃源岩除白垩-古近系有待落实外,其它各套烃源岩均已形成油气显示或工业油气流.综合评价结果最为有利的含油气系统是寒武系,其次为石炭系,根据2个含油气系统的地理分布看,前者主要分布于巴楚隆起及麦盖提斜坡上倾部,后者主要分布于山前坳陷.     

塔里木盆地三大构造旋回油气成藏特征

塔里木盆地形成经历了南华纪—中泥盆世、晚泥盆世—三叠纪和侏罗纪—第四纪3大伸展-挤压构造旋回,其多旋回构造演化导致油气成藏和分布十分复杂。随着近年来盆地超深层已经成为油田的重点勘探领域,有必要对盆地的油气成藏规律进行深入探讨。本文基于最新的地震资料、钻井资料及油气地质资料,发现塔里木盆地油气规模成藏主力烃源岩为库车地区三叠系—侏罗系及塔西南地区石炭系—二叠系陆相烃源岩、台盆区寒武系海相烃源岩。盆内烃源岩及储盖组合的发育均受控于盆地3大伸展-挤压构造旋回,烃源岩的发育位置决定了塔里木盆地发育库车山前、北部坳陷、麦盖提斜坡及塔西南山前四大含油气系统。盆地在历经3大伸展-挤压旋回,其台盆区、库车前陆及塔西南前陆地区油气成藏组合差异大。台盆区发育石炭系膏泥岩与志留系—石炭系海相砂岩、奥陶系泥岩与灰岩、中寒武统膏盐岩与震旦系—寒武系白云岩储盖组合;库车地区发育新近系—第四系泥岩与砂岩、古近系膏盐层与白垩系砂岩、侏罗系泥岩与三叠系—侏罗系砂岩储盖组合;塔西南地区发育中新统泥岩-砂岩、古近系膏盐层与白垩系砂岩、石炭系—二叠系泥岩与碳酸盐岩储盖组合,分别组成了台盆区、库车及塔西南地区的上部、中部及下部...     

塔北、塔中地区碳酸盐岩及其原油中的二苯并噻吩类化合物

塔里木盆地塔北、塔中地区四口井(库南1井,轮南46井,塔中12井和塔参1井)寒武-奥陶系12个碳酸盐岩烃源岩(泥灰岩,泥质灰岩和云岩)岩芯样品抽提物芳烃组分中的二苯并噻吩类化合物组成和丰度变化特征可分为三种类型:Ⅰ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩型;Ⅱ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩+三甲基芴混合物型;Ⅲ二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩型。研究的塔北、塔中隆起11个海相油二苯并噻吩类化合物分布类型均为二苯并噻吩、甲基二苯并噻吩、二甲基二苯并噻吩和三甲基二苯并噻吩型,和海相烃源岩二苯并噻吩类化合物第Ⅲ种分布类型完全相同。据此推断:塔北隆起8个海相油可能主要来源于塔北轮南地区下奥陶统;塔中隆起3个海相油可能来源于塔中地区中-上奥陶统。     

塔北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶类型、期次及叠合关系

古岩溶作用是塔里木盆地北部地区奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩储层形成的关键要素之一.本文以岩石学、地球物理资料及测试分析资料为基础,将塔北地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩古岩溶划分为准同生岩溶、埋藏岩溶、风化壳岩溶三大类及若干亚类.准同生岩溶作用控制早期碳酸盐岩储层的形成与分布,埋藏岩溶作用一般沿原有的孔缝系统进行,是碳酸盐岩储层优化改造的关键因素之一,风化壳岩溶作用是奥陶系碳酸盐岩储层形成的关键作用.塔里木叠合盆地的多旋回构造演化特点,形成了塔北奥陶纪不同阶段、不同类型碳酸盐岩6期古岩溶作用的叠加、改造关系,其中对于塔北地区奥陶系古岩溶储层起重要作用的为早加里东期Ⅱ幕.加里东中期Ⅰ幕、Ⅱ幕和海西早期.塔北地区奥陶系各类岩溶具有复杂而显著的叠合关系,准同生期岩溶为后期的埋藏岩溶提供了成岩介质通道,随后发育的埋藏及风化壳岩溶则是继承并叠加早期准同生岩溶通道的发育,最终成为潜在的优质储层.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.