Structural geology of the eastern Nadaleen trend,Yukon Territory,Canada: Implications for recently discovered sedimentary rock-hosted gold

Recently discovered gold-rich mineral deposits in the eastern Nadaleen trend of northeastern Yukon Territory occur in unmetamorphosed Neoproterozoic carbonate and siliciclastic rocks and their location is partly controlled by structures. Regional deformation largely resulted from mid-Cretaceous NNE-vergent, thin-skinned fold-thrust activity. However, structures in the eastern Nadaleen trend are more complex and include strike-slip and reverse faults, and SSW-, W-, and E-plunging folds. Local structures are cospatial with regional geologic features, including (1) an E-striking structural triangle zone defined by oppositely dipping reverse faults that verge toward the eastern Nadaleen trend, (2) a transition zone between Paleozoic Ogilvie platform rocks in the north to Selwyn basin rocks in the south, and (3) a change in regional deformation character from west to east, whereby to the west, rocks in the south are more deformed than rocks in the north, whereas to the east, rocks show no obvious change in deformation style. The structural complexity within the eastern Nadaleen trend probably resulted from these regional geological features and was further complicated by local competency contrasts between rock units. The cospatial location of the regional geological features may have been caused by a pre-existing, W-trending subsurface basement structure. Reverse faults bounding the E-striking triangle zone may have acted as low permeability aquitards that directed mineralizing fluids up-dip into reactive carbonate stratigraphy in the eastern Nadaleen trend. Gold-rich mineral deposits in the eastern Nadaleen trend occur preferentially in SSW-plunging anticlines and near faults, both of which probably influenced the migration of mineralizing fluid.     

Hydrothermal origin of mafic layers in alpine-type peridotites: Evidence from the seiad ultramafic complex,California, USA

Cretaceous alkaline intrusive rocks present in the Bitterfontein area comprise a suite having compositions ranging from olivine melilitite to syenite. These rocks which include some of lamprophyric affinity form part of the widespread dominantly alkaline suite of intrusives occurring in a broad zone parallel to the south western African coastal regions. This paper presents the petrology of the Bitterfontein alkaline rocks together with mineral and rock analyses. The chemistry of the rocks shows the suite to define a SiO₂ enrichment trend linking the compositions of olivine melilitite to oversaturated basic rocks. This trend is compared with trends defined by essentially tholeiitic volcanics and kimberlite-olivine melilitite compositions and a genetic relationship with the latter is apparent. Polybaric crystallisation of a larnite normative liquid in a crustal environment coupled with fractionation especially of phlogopite is important in the generation of members of the Bitterfontein suite. Phlogopite fractionation represents a deviation by the Bitterfontein suite from the evolutionary trend predicted by experimental work for low pressure anhydrous compositions in the Fo-La-Ne-SiO₂ system.     

Tectonic stacking of back-arc formations in the Thelichi section (Indus valley) of the Kohistan arc,northern Pakistan

Metamorphosed volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the Jaglot Group are exposed along the west bank of the Indus River near Thelichi. The structural bottom unit, the Thelichi Formation, is composed of metavolcaniclastic, metavolcanic, metapelitic, and metacalcareous rocks. Bedding planes of the Thelichi Formation trend E–W or NW–SE and dip steeply to the N. The middle unit, Gashu-Confluence Volcanics, is composed of metavolcaniclastic, metavolcanic, and metacalcareous rocks. Bedding planes trend NW–SE and dip moderately to the N. The top unit, the Gilgit Formation, is composed of interlayered metapsammitic and metapelitic rocks. Graded bedding, cross-bedding, and pillow structures are preserved in these metamorphic rocks of the Jaglot Group. Those indicate clastic sedimentary and volcanic origins. There is no major repetition of layers due to folding (so-called “the Jaglot syncline”) as is evidenced by the consistent northward younging of the beds. The three lithological units constitute a north-dipping tectonic stack. The tectonic stack was provably caused by the northward subduction of the back-arc basin under the Asian margin and subsequent collision between the Asia and the Kohistan (the closure of back-arc basin).     

堆积岩与岩浆岩成分趋势线的相互预测原理及方法

本文在讨论了同源岩浆分离结晶过程中堆积相与残余岩浆相元素丰度关系公式的基础上，提出了堆积岩与相对应的（同源同结晶阶段）岩浆岩（狭义）成分趋势线的相互预测法则，并以冰岛玄武岩－流纹岩系和攀西地区峨眉山玄武岩系及相对应的层状堆积岩为例，厘定了多期岩浆分离结晶成因堆积岩系与岩浆岩系成分趋势相互预测的作图方法。     

Variations in the content of uranium in eudialyte from the differentiated alkaline Ilímaussaq intrusion,south Greenland: (Contribution to the Mineralogy of Ilímaussaq,no. 36)

Uranium analyses by the fission-track method on eudialytes from the undersaturated rocks of the Ilímaussaq intrusion demonstrate that uranium enters eudialyte in isomorphous substitution. The content of uranium in the eudialytes varies with the crystallization of the magma in two ways.In the downwards-crystallizing roof rocks, eudialyte is interstitial and the content of uranium in eudialyte decreases with proceeding crystallization, whereas in the bottom rocks, formed by upwards accumulation of liquidus minerals including eudialyte, the uranium content in eudialyte increases with crystallization. The reason for the abnormal trend in the roof rocks is discussed and compared with similar trends elsewhere.     

岩石受热后的强度,变形破坏特性的微观研究

本文对砂岩、灰岩、大理岩在不同温度条件下的单轴抗压强度进行了实验研究,并对岩石在各种温度下结构变化进行了镜下分析,探讨了岩石受热后的破裂机理,定性定量地分析了岩石裂纹随温度变化而发展的规律。研究和分析结果表明:在热应力和外应力的作用下,随着温度增加,砂岩单轴抗压强度有增加的趋势,而灰岩、大理石的强度则有所降低。温度对这几种岩石的变形和破坏特性也有很大影响。     

Tertiary arc-magmatism of the Sierra Madre del Sur,Mexico, and its transition to the volcanic activity of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt

The Tertiary magmatic rocks of the Sierra Madre del Sur (SMS) are broadly distributed south of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) and extend to the southern continental margin of Mexico. They represent magmatic activity that originated at a time characterized by significant changes in the plate interactions in this region as a result of the formation of the Caribbean plate and the southeastward displacement of the Chortis block along the continental margin of southwestern Mexico. The change from SMS magmatism to an E–W trending TMVB volcanism in Miocene time reflects the tectonic evolution of southwestern Mexico during these episodes of plate tectonic rearrangement.The distribution and petrographic characteristics of the magmatic rocks of the SMS define two belts of NW orientation. The first is represented by the nearly continuous coastal plutonic belt (CPB), which consists of batholiths and stocks of predominantly felsic composition. The second belt is inland of the first and consists of discontinuously distributed volcanic fields with piles of andesitic to rhyolitic flows, as well as epiclastic and pyroclastic materials. These two belts were emplaced along a continental crust segment constituted by a mosaic of basements with recognizable petrologic and isotopic differences. These basements originated during different tectono-thermal events developed from the Proterozoic to the Mesozoic.Major and trace element data of the SMS magmatic rocks define a clear sub-alkaline tendency. Variations in the general geochemical behavior and in the Sr and Nd isotopic ratios indicate different degrees of magmatic differentiation and/or crustal contamination. These variations, specially in the inland Oligocene volcanic regions of Guerrero and Oaxaca states, seem to have been controlled by the particular tectonic setting at the time of magmatism. In northwestern Oaxaca greater extension related to transtensional tectonics produced less differentiated volcanic rocks with an apparently lower degree of crustal contamination than those of northeastern Guerrero.The geochronologic data produced by us up to now, in addition to those previously reported, indicate that the Tertiary magmatic rocks of the SMS range in age from Paleocene to Miocene. The general geochronologic patterns indicate a southeastward decrease in the age of igneous activity, rather than a gradual northeastward migration of the locus of magmatism toward the present-day TMVB. SMS magmatic rocks exposed to the west of the 100°W meridian are dominantly Late Cretaceous to Eocene, while those to the east range from Oligocene to Miocene, also following a southeastward age-decreasing trend. Paleocene and Eocene magmatic rocks of the western region of the SMS seem to keep a general NNW trend similar to that of the Tertiary magmatic rocks of the Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). In the eastern region of the SMS the Oligocene magmatic rocks show a trend that roughly defines an ESE orientation. The change in the trend of arc magmatism may be the effect of the landward migration of the trench, for a given longitude, as a result of the displacement of the Chortis block. The transtensional tectonic regime developed in Oligocene time in NW Oaxaca probably accentuated this trend by facilitating magma generation and ascent in these northerly regions.The geochronologic data of the SMS, in conjunction with those of the TMVB, suggest that there is a spatial and temporal magmatic gap in south central Mexico between 97 and 100°W longitude during late Oligocene and middle Miocene time (24–16 Ma). This magmatic gap is interpreted in terms of a combination of the relatively rapid change in the subducted slab geometry after the passage of the Chortis block from a moderate to a shallow angle and the time needed for the mantle wedge to mature sufficiently to produce magmas.     

Early Precambrian stratigraphy of central and southern Rajasthan,India

Structural, stratigraphic and petrologic studies between Amet and Sembal in the Udaipur district of southcentral Rajasthan indicate that all the rocks belonging to the Banded Gneissic Complex, the Aravalli Group and the Raialo Formation have been involved in isoclinal folding on a westerly trend, co-axial refolding, and upright folding on a north to north-northeast trend. There is neither an unconformity nor an overlap between the Aravallis and the Raialos. The conglomerates supposed to mark the erosional unconformity above the Banded Gneissic Complex near Rajnagar is a tectonic mélange of folded and torn quartz veins in mica schist within the Aravalli Group. The Aravalli—Raialo metasediments have been migmatized synkinematically with the first folding to give rise to the Banded Gneissic Complex; the gneissic complex does not have any separate stratigraphic entity. By contrast, there is an undoubted erosional unconformity between the type Aravalli rocks and the underlying Sarara granite to the south. These relations, coupled with the continuity of the Aravalli rocks of Udaipur northward to the metasedimentary rocks of the Sembal—Amet area along the strike, and a comparable structural history, point to granitic rocks of at least two generations in the Early Precambrian of central and southern Rajasthan. Preliminary radiometric dating of rocks of known stratigraphic—structural relationship seems to confirm the presence of granitic rocks of two ages in the Early Precambrian, and of a considerable interval between the deposition of the Aravalli—Raialo rocks and the Delhi rocks. The Udaipur granite, post-dating the first deformation but preceding the upright folding on the northerly trend, provides evidence for granitic activity of a third phase before the deposition of rocks of the Delhi Group.     

南秦岭武当山群变质酸性火山岩锆石U-Pb年代学

对武当山群3个变质酸性火山岩样品的锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,武当山群变质酸性火山岩形成年龄为675.2±3.1 Ma,说明武当山群存在新元古代南华纪的地层组成.武当山群变质变形复杂,具多期岩浆活动,可能由不同时代火山岩和少量沉积岩组成,部分变质火山岩具有与耀岭河群火山岩和侵入到武当山群中的基性侵入岩相似的形成年龄,指示了武当山群变质酸性火山岩可能与基性侵入岩群和耀岭河群火山岩存在成因联系.基于现有同位素定年数据,武当山群火山岩数据具有年龄跨度大(太古宙至中生代)的显著特征,但总的趋势是新近取得的年龄数据多数比早期获得的数据要年轻.     

长江中下游地区晚中生代岩浆岩氧逸度特征及意义

长江中下游地区是我国东部重要的多金属成矿区,区内中生代岩浆活动强烈,可分为4个阶段。本文选择代表性岩石,开展了锆石原位微量元素测试,结合全岩数据,应用拟合法、插值法进行锆石氧逸度估算。结果表明：相比插值法,拟合法获得的锆石氧逸度数据结果更加准确集中,分布趋势更加明显,尤其修改的M估计估算方法可有效削弱拟合法估算过程中遇到的轻重稀土元素异常分馏等不利影响。最终确定,基于全岩和锆石微量元素数据的最小二乘法估算结果更加符合实际。长江中下游地区晚中生代4个阶段岩浆岩的氧逸度普遍较高,其中第1和第4阶段岩浆岩氧逸度相似,为高氧逸度岩浆岩,第2与第3阶段岩浆岩的氧逸度较低,表现出晚中生代早期到晚期,岩浆氧逸度从高降低、再升高的变化趋势。各阶段岩浆岩的氧逸度高低与岩浆起源和成矿属性有着良好的对应关系。     

攀西茨达复式岩体年代学和地球化学:对峨眉山地幔柱活动时间的约束

茨达复式岩体位于中国西南扬子地台西缘的攀西裂谷内,其岩性从基性到酸性连续变化,SiO2含量为40.06％ ～68.54％,但以基性和酸性岩石为主,中性岩石较少,而且非常不均匀,通常具有斑杂构造特征.从基性岩到酸性岩,各岩石样品由轻稀土弱富集型变为较强富集型.微量元素表现为酸性岩中Rb、Th、K、La、Ce、Pb、Nd、Zr、Hf、Sm呈正异常和Ba、Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti的负异常;基性岩除Ti负异常和Pb正异常外,其它异常不明显;中性岩具有Ti、Sr负异常和Pb正异常,其它特征介于基性岩和酸性岩石之间.野外和岩相学特征明显指示出中性岩石具有混合特征.酸性端元岩浆准铝质的特征以及相对低的SiO2含量指示其起源于玄武质下地壳的部分熔融,而基性端元岩浆的地球化学特征以及高温特征暗示着其起源于地幔柱源区.锆石U-Pb年龄数据表明,该复式岩体中基性端元LA-MC-ICP-MS U-Pb锆石年龄为243.76±0.77Ma,酸性端元年龄为240.5±0.76Ma,可能代表了峨眉山大火成岩省岩浆活动的尾声阶段.     

北京西山沿河城东岭台组火山岩成因及其地质意义

北京西山沿河城东岭台组火山岩由底部(第1岩性段)玄武粗安岩、下部(第2岩性段)酸性火山碎屑岩和上部(第3、4岩性段)粗面岩、流纹岩组成。根据地球化学特征,东岭台组下部第1岩性段玄武粗安岩属于碱性系列,具有Coombs成分变异趋势,上部的中、酸性岩属于高钾钙碱性;东岭台组火山岩整体具有从碱质富集的基性岩向硅饱和的中酸性岩变化的跨越式成分变异趋势。东岭台组中—基性岩是富集Ba、Sr、LREE和K的幔源原始玄武质岩浆在中等压力条件下分离结晶的产物,岩石在成岩过程中受到了下地壳物质的混染。东岭台组上部第3、4岩性段的粗面岩或英安岩依据地球化学特征分为3大类——富铝钾质粗面岩、富铝钠质粗面岩或英安岩与贫铝粗面岩或英安岩。富铝钾质粗面岩是玄武质岩浆与中地壳岩石发生熔融反应的产物;富铝钠质粗面岩或英安岩是内侵的基性岩含水熔融的产物;贫铝粗面岩或英安岩有可能由中—基性岩分异而来,成岩过程中受到围岩混染。东岭台组下部第2岩性段的酸性火山岩形成于下地壳低钾岩石在高氧逸度条件下的低程度部分熔融。东岭台组上部第3、4岩性段的酸性火山岩中的低硅端元是基性岩浆与中地壳岩石发生熔融反应的产物;高硅端元由低硅酸性火山岩分离结晶演化而来。燕山早白垩世早、中期大规模高钾钙碱性岩浆活动很可能是幔源岩浆与陆壳发生熔融反应的产物。东岭台组火山岩是早白垩世中期地壳被内侵玄武质岩浆加热,进而导致地温梯度增高的直观表征;地壳深部温度升高和部分熔融直接促使地壳发生侧向韧性流动,致使早白垩世时期的燕山地区由山地演变为高原。     

三江北段东莫扎抓矿区构造变形特征

已有关于青藏高原隆升的各种构造模型多重视新生代变形而忽略了早期构造变形的限制.本文以三江北段东莫扎抓矿区为研究对象,通过详细的构造-岩相填图,恢复了矿区二叠纪以来变形序列,结合区域资料讨论了变形事件的大地构造背景.研究表明矿区发育中-下二叠统九十道班组灰岩、上二叠统那益雄组碎屑岩、上三叠统结扎群甲丕拉组碎屑岩和上三叠统结扎群波里拉组灰岩4套地层系统,二叠系与三叠系之间为不整合接触,局部被近南北向逆断层代替.北西向逆断层横亘矿区,断层上盘三叠纪碎屑岩和灰岩整体北倾,断层下盘三叠纪岩石被左右两条走滑断层夹持向南挤出.在图面和露头尺度上矿区叠加褶皱明显,南北向剖面上多见紧闭的倾伏褶皱,近东西向剖面上则为开阔水平的斜歪褶皱,表明南北向剖面上观察到的是已被叠加的早期褶皱,为矿区第一期变形,其形成与三叠纪末古特提斯洋盆闭合有关.始新世晚期印-亚大陆碰撞地壳缩短形成矿区第二期构造,即北西向逆断层和褶皱叠加.第三期近南北向逆断层可能形成于始新世末,与印-亚大陆碰撞引起的侧向旋转有关.     

准噶尔盆地春晖油田石炭系火山岩储层控制因素分析

春晖油田石炭系火山岩地层中,油气富集程度与储层发育程度呈正相关关系。研究认为,储层的发育与分布主要受岩相、岩性和构造运动的控制。岩相控制岩性,岩性控制储集空间组合类型,溢流相和火山沉积相围绕爆发相具有环带状分布特点,从火山角砾岩→玄武岩、安山岩→凝灰岩,储集性能逐渐变差;构造运动则控制裂缝的发育及溶蚀作用,断层周边微裂缝发育,沿着微裂缝则溶蚀作用增强,次生孔隙发育。     

Notes on the petrology of some ophiolites,othris mountains,Greece

Igneous rocks typical of ophiolite complexes are preserved in a stack of thrust sheets in the Othris Mountains of eastern Greece. Mineralogical studies of mafic rocks indicate that the majority have tholeiitic affinities, but there is evidence of a subordinate, mildly alkaline trend. Petrographic and chemical evidence suggest that the present mineral assemblage in the mafic rocks may be the result primarily of the activity of deuteric or secondary hydrothermal fluids. The “amphibolites” so common in dredge-hauls from the oceans may have originated in the same way. These metamorphic rocks, with perfectly preserved igneous textures, must be distinguished from schistose amphibolites, which also occur on the ocean floors and in ophiolite complexes.     

新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床容矿岩系沉积环境

位于新疆的萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床是我国西部的一个大型金矿床,矿区断裂和褶皱构造发育,总体构造线方向为NE-SW向,其断裂构造控制了矿区破碎蚀变带的展布,含矿岩层主要为上石炭统中段地层。为了揭示新疆萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床容矿岩系的沉积环境,文章对容矿岩石稀土元素和微量元素的地球化学特征进行了分析。研究表明,萨瓦亚尔顿金矿床容矿岩系的稀土配分,负Eu异常现象较明显,这与此类岩石的富含钙质杂基和异常高的K2O含量有关;根据容矿岩系稀土元素及微量元素地球化学特征,结合地层结构特点和化石特征,可判别其容矿岩系沉积时的构造环境应属大陆岛弧,其容矿岩系形成于半深海-浊流沉积,弱还原环境。     

Insights into the evolution of the Thomson Orogen from geochronology,geochemistry, and zircon isotopic studies of magmatic rocks

Abstract

Zircon U–Pb ages, εHf(t), and δ¹⁸O isotopic data together with geochemistry and limited Sm–Nd results from magmatic rocks sampled in deep-basement drill cores from undercover parts of the Thomson Orogen provide strong temporal links with outcropping regions of the orogen and important clues to its evolution and relationship with the Lachlan Orogen. SHRIMP U–Pb zircon ages show that magmatism of Early Ordovician age is widespread across the central, undercover regions of the Thomson Orogen and occurred in a narrow time-window between 480 and 470?Ma. These rocks have evolved εHf(t)_zrn (?12.18 to ?6.26) and εNd (?11.3 to ?7.1), and supracrustal δ¹⁸O_zrn (7.01–8.50‰), which is in stark contrast to Early Ordovician magmatic rocks in the Lachlan Orogen that are isotopically juvenile. Two samples have late Silurian ages (425–420?Ma), and four have Devonian ages (408–382?Ma). The late Silurian rocks have evolved εHf(t)_zrn (?6.42 to ?4.62) and supracrustal δ¹⁸O_zrn (9.26–10.29‰) values, while the younger Devonian rocks show a shift toward more juvenile εHf(t)_zrn, a trend that is also seen in rocks of this age in the Lachlan Orogen. Interestingly, two early Late Devonian samples have juvenile εHf(t)_zrn (0.01–1.92) but supracrustal δ¹⁸O_zrn (7.45–8.77‰) indicating rapid recycling of juvenile material. Two distinct Hf–O isotopic mixing trends are observed for magmatic rocks of the Thomson Orogen. One trend appears to have incorporated a more evolved supracrustal component and is defined by samples from the northern two-thirds of the Thomson Orogen, while the other trend is generally less evolved and from samples in the southern third of the Thomson Orogen and matches the isotopic character of rocks from the Lachlan Orogen. The spatial association of the Early Ordovician magmatism with the more evolved metasedimentary signature suggests that at least the northern part of the Thomson Orogen is underlain by older pre-Delamerian metasedimentary rocks.     

西南天山新生代造山岩浆作用响应——以皮羌盆地新生代火山岩为例

新疆西南天山皮羌盆地是一个新生代火山构造盆地。盆地内出露4个古火山颈和大量岩墙,部分岩墙与火山颈相连。运用岩相学、岩石地球化学测试分析法研究皮羌盆地内火山岩,研究表明,火山岩具原生岩浆性质,及碱玄岩、碧玄岩和玄武岩岩石组合特征。火山岩产于板内造山带环境,为幔源部分熔融产物,无明显结晶分异。结合托云盆地新生代火山岩岩石地球化学探讨西南天山岩浆触发机制,认为岩石圈局部拆沉作用是触发本区岩浆活动主要机制。     

Ngurumanite from Southern Kenya and its Bearing on the Origin of Rocks in the Northern Tanganyika Alkaline District

A new alkaline rock, ngurumanite, is described, from the NgurumanEscarpment west of Lake Magadi in the Rift Valley of Kenya.This essentially nepheline-pyroxene rock is unique in containingiron-rich mesostasis and vug-like patches of primary calcite,analcime, and zeolites; it intrudes ankaratrite and representsthe hypabyssal equivalent of the lava. These rocks form part of a strongly alkaline series of the northernTanganyika alkaline district; a second series of mildly alkaline.Character is also recognized. The rocks of the strongly alkalineseries were evidently derived from a parental magma of ankaratriticcomposition, whilst mildly alkaline types are differentiatesfrom a magma of alkali olivine-basalt composition. The intimateassociation of rocks of the two series indicates derivationfrom a common source, and an ultimate peridotitic origin isenvisaged. Late enrichment in soda and lime during crystallization of ngurumaniteparallels the trend of differentiation shown by the stronglyalkaline rocks of the district, where the ultimate derivativeis carbonatite.     

Distribution of elements between coexisting phengite and chlorite from the greenschist facies of the Tennant Creek area,Central Australia

The Lower Proterozoic Warramunga Group of the Tennant Creek area consists essentially of slates, phyllites and greywackes. ‘Porphyroidal’ rocks of pyroclastic origin, consisting of quartz porphyry and quartz-feldspar porphyry, form conformable horizons within the Warramunga Group and both show the same structural evolution. Recrystallization of phengite and chlorite in the Warramunga rocks was synchronous with regional folding and took place under greenschist facies conditions. Recrystallization of groundmass matrix into phengite and chlorite in the ‘porphyroidal’ rocks also took place under greenschist facies conditions during regional deformation. The major elements in coexisting phengite and chlorite from these groups were analysed in 14 samples by electron microprobe. Total analyses of 6 rocks were carried out by X-ray fluorescence spectrograph. Distribution of Mg and Fe²⁺ between coexisting phengite and chlorite shows a vague linear trend. The distribution coefficient K_D(Mg) is influenced in part by X_Mg of phengite. The tie lines for the mineral pairs on the triangular diagram show a subparallel trend. The Mg/Mg + Fe²⁺ of chlorite varies sympathetically with the Mg/Mg + Fe²⁺ of the rock.