2018-01-23阿拉斯加海啸的数值模拟研究

利用Okada模型计算2018-01-23 09:31（UTC）阿拉斯加湾7.9级地震引发的海啸的初始场信息,利用COMCOT模型模拟海啸传播。比较海啸首波振幅和到达时间模拟值与实测值显示,振幅差异在4 cm以内,时间差异在4 min以内。模拟结果与观测资料吻合,揭示阿拉斯加地震引发的海啸强度弱,同时反映海啸初始场参数的选择合理有效,海啸模拟计算结果真实可靠。     

何谓地震预警

事实上,人类必须面对地震无法完全预防、只能尽量减灾的现实.基于这个情况,地震预警被高度重视起来.—字之差,截然不同 什么是地震预警?这得从地震源头说起.地震发生后,有纵波(P波)和横波(S波)两种主要地震波同时由震源向外传播.纵波传播速度较快,但震动相对较小,通常不会造成破坏;横波紧随而来,是造成危害性破坏的元凶,但它的速度只有每秒3.5公里左右.地震预警系统利用震中附近监测仪器捕捉到的地震纵波后,快速估算地震参数并预测地震对周边地区的影响,抢在破坏性横波达到震中周边地区之前,通过电子通讯系统发布预测地震强度和到达时间的预警信息,使相关机构和公众提早采取应急措施,减轻人员伤亡和灾害损失.     

海底碎屑流运动特性研究的若干进展

海底碎屑流运动特性的认知直接关系到对海底沉积物重力搬运过程的正确理解,同时对于深海油气资源 的勘探开采及海洋工程设施的安全建设意义重大.海底碎屑流发生时间、地点的不确定性及直接观测手段的不 足制约了其运动特性研究的发展,在总结国内外研究进展的基础上,讨论了海底碎屑流运动的影响因素、流动头 部产生的滑水现象及碎屑流向浊流的转化机制,重点综述了现场观测、模型试验及数值模拟等研究手段.最后, 指出目前海底碎屑流运动特性研究中存在的问题,建议Χ绕现场观测技术体系的完善、海底碎屑流长距离搬运机 制的进一步明确及碎屑流引发地质灾害的风险性评估等方面开展深入研究.      

探寻古地震的奥秘——古地震遗迹与古地震记录解读

正地震是地球内部结构失衡应力突然释放、并产生巨大能量的灾变事件。现代地震及其引发的滑坡、泥石流和海啸等地质灾害会给人类带来巨大灾难,例如1976年7月28日唐山大地震和2008年5月12日汶川大地震,给中国造成巨大损失。2004年12月26日印尼苏门答腊以北的海底(印度洋)发生里氏9.0级大地震,以及2011年3月11日日本宫城县以东太平洋海域发生的里氏9.0级大地     

湛江地区沿海游泳虾类调查报告Ⅰ

前言湛江地区位于广东省西部,面临南海,其附近海区东面包括雷州半岛以东至上川岛以西的海区;南面隔琼州海峡与海南岛相对;西面为雷州半岛以西、北部湾的东北部海区。海岸线曲折漫长,海底平缓,水质肥沃,海流不急,加之气候温和,年平均水温较高,适合虾类,特别是起源于热带海洋的对虾类的生长繁殖。因此,湛江地区沿海的虾类资源丰富,种类繁多,是广东省的主要产虾区。对本地区的主要经济虾类资源,1976年省水产研究所和我校曾进行调查和报道。去年湛     

威海市近海海域浅地层结构及灾害地质特征

通过对2 131km高分辨率浅地层剖面资料分析和研究,揭示了威海市近海海域浅地层结构特征,分析了海洋灾害地质因素类型及分布特征,并绘制了主要灾害地质因素分布图。威海市近海海域65m以浅地层共分为5层,第一层为全新世泥质楔形体,地层厚度8~15m;第二层为末次盛冰期以来的海侵层,厚度一般小于3m;第三层为MIS2期的陆相沉积层,地层厚度3~8m;第四层为MIS3期的海相沉积层,厚度3~6m;第五层未完全揭示。近海海域灾害地质因素主要包括埋藏下切谷、浅部断层、浅层气、海底沙波沙脊、浅埋起伏基岩等5种类型;埋藏下切谷主要分布在南部海域U3地层单元中;浅部断层主要分布在南部海域水深大于20m的海底堆积平原;浅层气主要分布在北部海域,东部和南部海域面积较小;海底沙波沙脊主要分布在荣成成山头外海海域;浅埋起伏基岩主要分布在基岩海岸和岛屿较近的海域。     

太康M_S4.7地震目标区浅层结构探测

2010-10太康地区发生的M_S4.7地震和许昌-太康断裂的活动构造有关,而许昌-太康断裂在地表未留下任何构造痕迹,处于隐伏构造和隐伏活动状态。为了研究该区域的地壳浅部结构、断裂的空间展布及断裂的活动性,2015-10在太康县城以西震中区域完成了3条跨许昌-太康断裂的浅层地震反射剖面。结果表明,在深度1 000m以内,地震剖面揭示了5条断裂特征清楚的正断层,其中位于剖面南部向北倾的4条断层和位于剖面北部1条向南倾的断层形成相向倾斜关系,剖面上能分辨的断裂深度在75~150m之间,到达第四系地层,并且处于活动构造状态,这些断层可能和太康多次发生的地震有关。     

基于非静压模型类海啸波作用下海堤越浪特性

【目的】研究海啸波在斜坡海堤上越浪的水动力特性。【方法】基于非静压模型NHWAVE建立高精度二维数值波浪水槽,通过对日本2011年实测真实海啸进行参数化形成类海啸波形,并设置系列计算工况,深入分析入射波高、水深、岸滩坡度及海堤坡度对类海啸波作用下海堤越浪特性的影响,并将计算结果与孤立波进行对比。【结果与结论】相同工况下,类海啸波的单宽越浪量大于孤立波,波浪经海堤消能后,能量衰减,孤立波能量损耗率大于类海啸波;随波高和水深增加,越浪量均增大;海堤坡度对越浪量的影响不大;岸滩坡度减缓,波浪速度将在堤前聚集,类海啸波在1∶20的岸滩坡度下越浪量达到最大。研究结果可为近岸水利防护工程的建设提供参考。     

试论广西海洋灾害应急长效机制的建立与完善

广西沿海处于南海和太平洋台风影响范围之内,是我国台风暴潮的多发区和主要灾区之一,以风暴潮为首的各种海洋自然灾害,严重地影响了广西沿海的海上航行和生产活动,直接威胁到沿海地区人民的生命安全、海洋资源开发利用和可持续发展.随着广西北部湾经济区建设的不断拓展和深化,广西沿海在广西的地位和作用不断强化,建立一个长期、有效的海洋灾害应急机制已显得迫切和必要.     

汶川地震引发高速远程滑坡运动机理数值模拟研究——以谢家店子滑坡为例

针对汶川地震引发的谢家店子滑坡,在现场调查分析的基础上,建立了二维离散元数值模拟模型,采用2D-Block软件对其进行了全过程的数值模拟研究,并通过对跟踪块体的深入分析,研究了相应地质体在不同阶段下的运动特征.模拟结果表明,谢家店子滑坡经历了剧动启程抛掷阶段、快速撞击飞行阶段、铲刮减速碎屑流阶段及堆积掩埋阶段.为了揭示地震引发高速滑坡的发生规律,分别研究了地震震级、斜坡地形和斜坡上岩块的尺寸对高速滑坡启动和运动过程的影响规律.地震震级对边坡的启动、变形、破坏和运动有很大的影响,地震震级越大,滑体启动的加速度和速度也就越大,从而易形成高速远程滑坡.斜坡体本身的地形地貌对滑体运动也有较大影响.在震级和岩石力学参数一定的条件下,斜坡上岩块的大小对其启动、变形和运动过程有一定影响,随着岩块的增大,滑体运动的每个阶段历时都在减小,但当岩体十分破碎时,滑体虽然能够运动,但是很难发生抛掷.将地震滑坡的启动机理概括为积累变形效应、振荡启程效应和振荡加速效应.     

南海西北部正压潮的数值模拟

利用1/30°分辨率三维POM(Princeton Ocean Model)模式,以M2、S2、K1、O14大分潮作为潮汐边界条件,模拟南海西北部(105.5-115°E,16-23°N)海域正压潮,分析琼州海峡及其附近区域正压潮能通量分布特征。结果表明,研究海域内M2分潮和全日潮都是顺时针传入北部湾,然后自西向东通过琼州海峡,直至琼州海峡东口;计算所得穿过琼州海峡中部(110°E断面)能通量为M2,0.2GW或m1,0.47GW;穿过北部湾湾口(18.5°N断面)能通量为M2,1.0GW或m1,2.5GW;海南岛西部和琼州海峡处潮能耗散最强。     

Nutrients distribution and trophic status assessment in the northern Beibu Gulf,China

Using historical and 2010 field data, the distribution of nutrients in the northern Beibu Gulf of China is described. There was a decreasing trend in the concentration of nutrients from the north coast to offshore waters of the northern Beibu Gulf, reflecting the influence of inputs from land-based sources. High concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） and phosphate （PO4-P） occurred mainly at Fangchenggang Bay, Qinzhou Bay, and Lianzhou Bay. Four different methods were used to assess eutrophication. The trophic status of the Beibu Gulf was characterized using the single factor, Eutrophication index （El）, Trophic index （TRIX） and Assessment of Estuarine Trophic Status （ASSETS） methods. Based on nutrient concentrations, 73.9% of DIN and 26.7% of PO4-P samples exceeded the fourth grade Seawater Quality Standard of China. Eutrophication index values varied widely, but higher levels of eutrophication were generally found in bays and estuaries. TRIX values ranged from 2.61 to 7.27, with an average of 4.98, indicating a mesotrophic and moderately productive system. A positive correlation between TRIX and harmful algal species richness and abundance was observed. The ASSETS model evaluates eutrophication status based on a Pressure-State-Response approach, including three main indices： influencing factors, overall eutrophic condition, and future outlook. The Beibu Gulf was graded as moderate using ASSETS. The single factor and Chinese nutrient index methods were considered inadequate for the assessment of trophic status. TRIX can be used as an indicator of trophic state and ASSETS showed good potential to assess eutrophication. The results of TRIX and ASSETS depend on threshold values. To establish these values, further research is required within the northern Beibu Gulf.     

基于渔船AIS数据的南海北部海洋渔业捕捞强度空间特征挖掘

高精度渔业捕捞强度数据是开展捕捞限额管理的前提与关键,也是海洋渔业资源可持续发展的重要保障.因此,本文以挖掘海洋渔业捕捞强度空间特征为出发点,选用2018年2、4、9和11月典型季节的中国籍6364艘渔船1.8亿条高时空粒度AIS数据.运用专家知识经验、空间统计及数据挖掘分析方法,以广西南岸北部湾渔场、广东沿岸和环海南...     

Late Cenozoic Tectonic Deformation in the Dongsha Islands and Adjacent Sea Area

Dongsha Island and the adjacent sea area locate at the northern continental margin of the South China Sea (SCS), and is connected to the east by the Manila Trench. Analyses of seismic stratigraphy and gravity, magnetic and drilling wells data led to the discovery of three post-fault sequences (Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ). Extensive tectonic uplift, magma activity and erosion occurred in Dongsha Island and the adjacent area, where most of the faults in the northeastern SCS were still active during Pliocene and Quaternary. Two groups of faults trending NEE and NW were developed during Late Cenozoic. We conclude that three important tectonic movements, especially Dongsha movement(4.4 - 5.2 Ma) and Liuhua movement (1.4 - 1.89 Ma), controlled the structural framework in the Dongsha rise; whose deformation in the east is stronger than that in the west and whose stress field variation suggests that the tectonic uplift in the study area contributed to magmato-tectonic events correlated to the main collision phases between the East China and Taiwan 5 - 3 and 3 - 0 Ma ago.     

Numerical simulations of the coastal effects of tsunami waves caused by the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki earthquake

Generally, tsunami waves become hazardous only when approaching the coast. Studying the runup and inundation of tsunami waves is important for understanding the tsunami evolution and for tsunami hazard assessment. Here, we simulated the 1993 Hokkaido-Nansei-Oki (HNO) tsunami using a finite-difference model based on nonlinear shallow-water equations. We focused on the runup and inundation of tsunami wave propagation onto coastal area of Okushiri Island near Hokkaido, Japan, and investigate the relationship of different runup heights with the morphology and bathymetry of the seashore. In the simulation, a nested 4-layer grid system and moving boundary technique are adopted to study runup and inundation. The calculated tsunami heights and inundations in the region agreed well with field measurements. The local bathymetric and topographic characteristics had a first-order effect on the runup. Numerical experiments show that the focusing of certain local bathymetric features would amplify both wave height and current velocity remarkably. The results show that computation on dense grids is necessary to reproduce the observed runup heights, and inundation velocity is an important factor preventing tsunami devastation. In addition, we discussed the potential capability of sediment transport to illustrate the impact of tsunami waves on coastal geomorphology.     

Numerical simulation of the structure and variation of upwelling off the east coast of Hainan Island using QuikSCAT winds

The spatial structure and variation of the upwelling in the waters east and northeast of Hainan Island, China during 2000-2007 were investigated using a nested high-resolution Princeton Ocean Model (POM) forced by QuikSCAT winds. The model produced good simulations of the summer upwelling and the seasonal and annual variability. Strong upwelling occurs from mid-July to mid-August with a peak east of Hainan Island associated with the southwesterly monsoon in the South China Sea. Sensitivity experiments indicated that when the local wind stress controls the variability of the upwelling, the large-scale circulation significantly enhances the upwelling northeast of Hainan Island by inducing a local upwelling and transporting cold water northeast-ward along the island’s east coast. The joint effects of the local wind stress and large-scale circulation result in stronger upwelling northeast of Hainan Island. This implies that the annual variation of the upwelling northeast of Hainan Island is controlled not only by the local alongshore wind stress but also by the large-scale circulation. This result will help us investigate the decadal variation of the upwelling in this region in the future.     

利用M2潮波振幅因子精密测定gPhone弹簧重力仪的标定因子

用SG-C053超导重力仪长时间观测数据潮汐分析结果中的M2潮波振幅因子,对同址观测的28台gPhone重力仪标定因子进行了精密测定,结果表明,28台仪器标定因子的变化范围为0.999 9~1.019 6,反应出仪器的标定因子在出厂前已经过测定,但在新的观测位置产生了微小的变化。对经过改正后的观测数据重新进行分析,得到的M2潮波振幅因子精度均优于0.8‰,去除漂移后的残差时间序列中重力非潮汐变化为(4~10)×10^-8 ms^-2,周日波振幅小于0.1×10^-8 ms^-2,半日波振幅小于0.3×10^-8 ms^-2,较之测定前有明显的改善。因此利用精确的M2潮波振幅因子测定仪器的标定因子,能够保证所有gPhone弹簧重力仪在统一的潮汐基准下观测。     

Long-term statistics of extreme tsunami height at Crescent City

Historically, Crescent City is one of the most vulnerable communities impacted by tsunamis along the west coast of the United States, largely attributed to its offshore geography. Trans-ocean tsunamis usually produce large wave runup at Crescent Harbor resulting in catastrophic damages, property loss and human death. How to determine the return values of tsunami height using relatively short-term observation data is of great significance to assess the tsunami hazards and improve engineering design along the coast of Crescent City. In the present study, the extreme tsunami heights observed along the coast of Crescent City from 1938 to 2015 are fitted using six different probabilistic distributions, namely, the Gumbel distribution, the Weibull distribution, the maximum entropy distribution, the lognormal distribution, the generalized extreme value distribution and the generalized Pareto distribution. The maximum likelihood method is applied to estimate the parameters of all above distributions. Both Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and root mean square error method are utilized for goodness-of-fit test and the better fitting distribution is selected. Assuming that the occurrence frequency of tsunami in each year follows the Poisson distribution, the Poisson compound extreme value distribution can be used to fit the annual maximum tsunami amplitude, and then the point and interval estimations of return tsunami heights are calculated for structural design. The results show that the Poisson compound extreme value distribution fits tsunami heights very well and is suitable to determine the return tsunami heights for coastal disaster prevention.     

Edible Peanut Worm(Sipunculus nudus) in the Beibu Gulf: Resource,Aquaculture, Ecological Impact and Counterplan

Sipunculus nudus is an important economic species because of its high nutritional and medicinal values. The exploitation and utilization of S. nudus primarily occur in the coastal regions of the Beibu Gulf. However, wild resource of S. nudus is rapidly decreasing because of the overexploitation, which has led to considerable developments of artificial breeding techniques. The cultivation scale of S. nudus has increased in response to successful artificial breeding; however, methods for culturing S. nudus in tidal flats or ponds require further study. Most studies have focused on the breeding, nutrition, medical value and ecological impact of these worms. Studies on the distribution, sediment requirements, nutrition characteristics, breeding techniques and aquaculture ecology of this species are summarized in this paper to promote the development of the aquaculture industry for S. nudus. The high biomass of S. nudus in the Beibu Gulf is positively correlated with the sediment characteristics and water quality of the region. The production of peanut worm has improved to some extent through culturing; however, the nutrient value and ecological environment problems have been observed, which reflect the over exploitation of trace elements and the sediment. These problems will worsen unless they are resolved, and the release of organic materials, nitrogen and phosphorus during harvesting impacts the coastal environment. Moreover, genetic erosion is a potential risk for larvae in artificial breeding programs in tidal flats. Therefore, culturing and collecting methods should be improved and the wild resource conservation should be implemented to promote the sustainable development of the peanut worm.