施工地质数码影像编录系统开发与应用

传统的施工地质编录方法一直困扰着地质专业技术人员,以往基于近景摄影测量的各种编录方案或设想,都没有从根本上解决编录模式、量测精度等方面存在的不足。本次研究注重多专业知识的交叉运用,主观研究与客观现场紧密结合,联合应用数字摄影测量、图像处理、CAD和GIS技术,设计开发了基于普通数码相机的施工地质数码影像编录系统。通过龙滩水电站的边坡、洞室、基坑实践检验表明:该系统实现了现场影像采集、机辅处理、CAD成图和数据库管理的一体化作业模式,有望逐步替代传统的手工作业模式,为水利水电工程施工地质编录带来新的技术变革。     

基于无人机倾斜摄影的矿山边坡岩体结构编录方法与工程应用

岩体结构特征控制着岩体力学性质并影响岩体工程稳定性,因此岩体结构地质编录一直是岩体工程地质中的重要内容。针对露天矿山边坡,传统的岩体结构编录方法具有危险性大、效率低等缺点,需要引入新技术实现地质编录的安全、高效。随着近年来无人机的民用化,采用无人机倾斜摄影技术改进传统露天矿坡的地质编录工作将成为未来的发展趋势。本文以浙江某露天采石场矿坡为例,阐述了无人机摄影技术在地质编录中的应用方法和工作流程。基于无人机倾斜摄影技术,采用运动恢复结构法将点云数据转化为岩体三维数字模型,并利用点云的坐标信息实现对岩体结构面产状的解译。通过对比罗盘测量的产状和点云计算的产状验证了该技术应用的可靠性。在此基础上划分了结构面的优势产状,为分析矿山边坡稳定性提供了基础数据支持。     

三维激光扫描技术在施工地质编录中的应用

三维激光扫描技术在地质编录中的应用,改变了传统的“皮尺＋罗盘”的地质编录模式,使地质编录同时具有高效率、高精度和高效益的独特优势。论文对三维激光扫描技术做了简要的介绍,应用该技术与工程实践相结合,论述了三维激光扫描技术在地质编录过程中对扫描信息的解译过程与方法,对编录区域做出了岩体质量评价,证明了三维激光扫描技术的在地质编录中的实用性和有效性,充分展示了该项技术在地质应用中的光明前景。     

矿山地质编录中数码成像技术应用探讨

本文基于矿山地质编录工作重要性展开了勘查编录工作中数码成像技术措施的科学应用探析，就其可行性、博弈性、原理性展开研究，对提升矿山地质编录工作质量，优化地质编录效果有积极有效的促进作用。     

普通数码相机在洞室地质编录中的应用

探讨了在水电工程洞室中应用普通数字影像的近景摄影测量技术进行地质编录的方法。以斜井为例,阐述了洞室的影像地质编录原理、影像地质编录系统及其操作流程。实际应用证明,该技术能大幅提高地质编录的自动化程度和信息化管理水平。      

数字网格摄影测量法及其在滑坡模型试验中的应用

综合考虑自动网格法和摄影测量技术各自的优缺点,提出了数字网格摄影测量法。介绍了该方法的原理与步骤,并将其应用到室内某滑坡模型试验的位移测试中。试验证明：数字网格摄影测量法可以快速、准确对模型体观测点位移进行量测,精度达到次毫米级,是一种比较理想的滑坡模型位移测试方法。     

应用数字近景摄影测量提取岩体裂隙迹长信息方法研究

针对传统以皮尺为主要工具的岩体裂隙迹长测量方法精度及效率较低、尤其是遇有危险场地不能遥测等缺点,研究应用数字近景摄影测量的方法获取岩体裂隙迹长信息,以普通非量测数码相机为主要工具,以JX-4A数字摄影测量工作站为依托进行信息处理,可以快速获取隧道施工掌子面裂隙迹线图。经实验比较分析,数字近景摄影测量方法获取岩体裂隙信息在精度和效率方面都优于传统方法。     

矿山条带开采相似材料模型变形测量

针对传统模型观测方法中存在的观测装置或传感器安装麻烦、工作量大、采样点有限等缺点,引入计算机视觉和数字近景摄影测量技术量测模型变形。用高分辨率数字相机获取不同模型,模拟开挖状态下的多组数字影像,选取二值化阈值对图像进行分割,根据标记区域的形状参数自动检测和识别标志点,通过边缘跟踪和椭圆拟合算法确定标志点中心坐标;推导了用二维直接线性变换关系式和共线方程分解出影像外方位元素初值的实用算法,利用光束法平差对标志点空间坐标进行精确定位。试验结果表明,空间坐标的测定精度高于±1mm,所测位移场与实际变形情况较为一致,可以满足矿山岩层和地表移动相似材料模型观测要求。     

城市地质调查钻探地质编录的实践和体会

钻探是城市地质调查的重要技术手段,钻探编录则是直接获取第一手原始资料的重要环节,城市地质调查钻探编录不同于传统的矿产勘探地质编录,内容更为丰富和复杂。文中通过在编录中的实践,向从事此项工作的同行介绍一些心得体会。     

浅谈野外岩心地质编录工作

岩心地质编录是收集和观察研究岩心中所赋存的各种地质信息和地质现象的一项重要的基础性地质工作。本文根据具体实践经验，简要介绍了岩心地质编录工作的3个阶段以及贯穿于编录工作始终的取样工作。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861