小秦岭文峪金矿床流体包裹体研究及矿床成因

文峪金矿位于小秦岭矿田南部,其产出受脆-韧性剪切带控制,赋矿围岩为太华群变质杂岩.根据脉体穿切关系和矿物交代关系,可以将文峪金矿流体成矿过程分为早、中、晚三个阶段,其热液石英中发育CO2-H2O型、纯CO2型和H2O溶液型三种类型流体包裹体.平阶段石英中原生包裹体主要是CO2-H2O型和纯CO2型,其成分为CO2+H2O±N2±CH4,均一温度集中在290～330℃,盐度为1.02％～9.59％ NaCleqv;中阶段为主成矿阶段,该阶段石英中包含了所有3种类型的包裹体,其中以CO2-H2O型包裹体为主,获得CO2-H2O和水溶液包裹体均一温度集中在250～290℃,盐度为0.02％～12.81％NaCleqv;晚阶段石英仅发育水溶液型包裹体,具有较低的均一温度(114～239℃)和盐度(4.18％～8.95％ NaCleqv).根据CO2-H2O型包裹体计算早、中阶段压力分别为130 ～ 178MPa和85 ～ 150MPa,对应的成矿深度分别为4.7～6.5km和3.1～5.5km.总体而言,文峪金矿的初始流体具有中高温、富CO2、低盐度的变质流体特征,晚成矿阶段流体演化为低温、低盐度水溶液流体,流体的不混溶导致了主成矿期矿质的大量沉淀,文峪金矿为中浅成的造山型矿床.     

黔西南紫木凼金矿床流体包裹体特征及对成矿的指示意义

紫木凼金矿床是黔西南微细浸染型（卡林型）金矿带上的一个代表性金矿床。本文对该矿床主成矿阶段（Ⅱ）石英和方解石以及晚成矿阶段（Ⅲ）方解石中的流体包裹体进行了岩相学和显微测温研究,结果表明,各成矿阶段包裹体类型有H2O包裹体、CO2包裹体、CO2-H2O包裹体、气相CH4包裹体和CH4-H2O包裹体5类,其中CO2包裹体和CO2-H2O包裹体只在主成矿阶段（Ⅱ）的石英中发育。主成矿阶段和晚阶段流体包裹体均一温度范围分别为180～220℃和100～180℃,盐度分别为0.35%～7.45% NaCl和0.18%～5.71% NaCl,密度分别变化于0.745～0.969 g/cm3和0.868～0.993 g/cm3,总体属于中低温、低盐度、中等密度的H2O-NaCl-CO2流体体系。矿床成矿过程是一个温度退缩、盐度降低、密度增大的过程。主成矿阶段H2O-NaCl-CO2流体发生不混溶作用,是导致矿质沉淀成矿的主要原因。CO2流体、CH4流体在金的成矿过程中起重要作用。     

阿拉善碱泉子金矿矿床地质和流体包裹体特征及其与小秦岭文峪金矿床的对比

论文通过对碱泉子金矿床和文峪金矿床成矿地质背景的认识,得出了两矿床的矿床地质特征都显示了明显的造山型热液金矿床的矿床地质特点。在此基础上对比研究了两矿床的流体包裹体特征及氢氧同位素组成特征。研究结果表明,两矿床的成矿流体均以中温、低盐度、高CO2含量为特征,这些特征也吻合了典型的造山型热液金矿床成矿流体的基本特征;两矿床氢氧同位素组成的数据投影点主要落在变质水与岩浆水的混合区附近、并有向大气降水漂移的趋势。基于以上分析结果,推断出两矿床在成矿机制方面也有很大的相似性,并由此探讨了碱泉子金矿床的成矿机制特点。     

Mesothermal Gold Vein Mineralization of the Seolhwa Mine,Asan Mining District,Korea

Gold mineralization of the Seolhwa mine occurs in a single stage of massive quartz veins which filled the north‐east‐trending fault shear zones in the Jurassic granitoid of 161 Ma within the Gyeonggi Massif. The vein quartz contains three main types of fluid inclusions at 25°C: (i) aqueous type I inclusions (0–15 wt.% NaCl) containing small amounts of CO₂; (ii) gas‐rich (more than 70 vol. %), vapor‐homogenizing, aqueous type II inclusions; and (iii) low‐salinity (less than 5 wt.% NaCl), liquid CO₂‐bearing, type III inclusions. The H₂O‐CO₂‐CH₄‐N₂‐NaCl inclusions represent immiscible fluids trapped earlier along the solvus curve in the temperature range 250–430°C at pressures of ～1 kb. Detailed fluid inclusion chronologies suggest a progressive decrease in pressure during the mineralization. Aqueous inclusion fluids represent either later fluids evolved through extensive fluid unmixing from a homogeneous H₂O‐CO₂‐CH₄‐N₂‐NaCl fluid due to decreases in temperature and pressure, or the influence of deep circulated meteoric waters. Initial fluids were homogeneous H₂O‐CO₂‐CH₄‐N₂‐NaCl fluids as follows: 250° to 430°C, 16–62 mol% CO₂, 5–14 mol% CH₄, 0.06–0.31 mol% N₂ and salinities of 0.4–4.9 wt.% NaCl. The T‐X data for the Seolhwa mine suggest that the hydrothermal system has been probably located nearer to the granitic melt, which facilitated the CH₄ formation and resulted in a reduced fluid state indicated by the predominance of pyrrhotite. Measured and calculated isotopic compositions of the hydrothermal fluids [δ¹⁸O = 5.3–6.5‰; δD =?69 to ?84‰] provide evidence of the CH₄‐H₂O equilibria and further indicate that the auriferous fluids were magmatically derived. Both the dominance of δ³⁴S values of sulfides close to the meteoric reference (?0.6–1.4‰; δ³⁴S_ΣS values of 0.3–1.1‰) and the available δ¹³C data (?4‰) are consistent with their deep igneous source. The Seolhwa mine was probably formed by extensive fracturing and veining due to the thermal expansion of water derived from the Jurassic granitoid melt.     

小秦岭地区文峪和东闯石英脉型金矿床铅及硫同位素研究

小秦岭地区文峪和东闯金矿床均是华北地台南缘的大型金矿床，金和金(铅）矿化主要在太古宙太华群变质岩层内呈脉状产出，并且同中生代燕山期花岗岩类具密切的时空分布关系。文章对文峪金矿床、东闯金（铅）矿床、花岗岩类侵入岩和变质岩地层的硫和铅同位素组成进行了系统研究，对不同地质体的硫和铅同位素变化特征进行了详细讨论。研究结果表明：中生代花岗岩体起源于太古言变质岩的重熔和岩浆结晶分异作用。金的成矿作用发生在中生代燕山期，成矿物质主要来自花岗岩类侵入岩，岩浆热流体对太古富变质岩地层的淋滤作用亦为金矿床的形成提供了部分物质来源。     

陕西省双王金矿床成矿流体特征及其地质意义

双王金矿位于陕西省太白县西南部,矿床赋存于秦岭泥盆系地层中。双王金矿床8号、9号、7号、5号、6号、2号矿体内热液矿物流体包裹体系统研究表明:成矿早期、主成矿期和成矿后期包裹体均一温度主要范围分别为300～463℃、220～340℃和100～279℃。主成矿期成矿流体具有低盐度(2.1%～22.7%NaCleqv)、富CO2和含有N2、CH4等气体的特征。从矿区东部向西部成矿压力有逐渐降低的趋势,流体体系趋于开放。成矿流体来源较为复杂,以岩浆水和变质水为主,后期有大气降水的混入。包裹体的多样性及演化特征和角砾岩型矿化特征显示双王金矿床成矿流体具有不混溶性特征,成矿压力约为100～170 MPa。流体的减压沸腾是导致金沉淀成矿的重要原因。     

黑龙江省老柞山矽卡岩热液脉型金矿成矿流体演化模式

黑龙江省老柞山金矿床位于兴蒙造山带东段佳木斯地块的中北部,矿体主要赋存于华力西期花岗岩和燕山期闪长玢岩中,断裂控矿明显。老柞山金矿床属于矽卡岩-热液脉型金矿床,热液成矿期分为4个阶段,前3个成矿阶段均一温度和盐度变化范围分别为287~472℃,3.21%~50.85% NaCleqv;156~412℃,2.73%~42.65% NaCleqv;155~412℃,2.73%~8.13% NaCleqv。（铁）金矿化集中在Ⅱ阶段,金（铜）矿化集中在Ⅲ阶段,Ⅲ阶段是主成矿阶段。初始流体为含CO2的盐水体系,随着温压条件、pH值的变化,发生CO2、H2S等气体逃逸为特征的沸腾作用,而演化为盐水体系。前3个阶段流体沸腾作用以及后2个阶段岩浆驱动的大气降水溶液的作用导致金矿化。华力西期、燕山期岩浆活动导致成矿流体聚集,裂隙中发育的花岗岩和闪长玢岩在成矿过程中提供了一定的热液和物质来源。     

小秦岭地区花岗岩体中CO2—H2O包裹体的找矿意义

小秦岭地区与金矿成因有关的燕山期文峪花岗岩及其派生石英脉中发育了非常丰富的ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体,其流体为富含ＣＯ２的低盐度（＜１０％ＮａＣｌ）流体,这与含金石英脉内的包裹体类型及金矿成矿流体性质上十分相似。与金矿成因无关的华山岩体内包裹体类型则为水溶液包裹体,流体性质为贫ＣＯ２的低盐度流体。与金矿有关,但其周围矿化很差的娘娘山岩体内ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体数量很少。因此,ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体可以作为与金矿成因有关的花岗岩体关联程度的判别标志,而ＣＯ２－Ｈ２Ｏ包裹体的丰度可以作为金矿床品位和规模评价及成矿前景展望的依据     

新疆东准噶尔南明水金矿床成矿流体特征：流体包裹体及氢氧同位素证据

新疆东准噶尔南明水金矿床位于卡拉麦里成矿带东段,矿体受NW—NWW向韧-脆性断裂控制,赋矿围岩为下石炭统姜巴斯套组的浅变质海相火山碎屑-沉积岩。以流体包裹体和氢、氧同位素为研究手段,查明了矿床成矿流体性质、来源及其演化特征与金成矿的关系。其热液成矿过程可划分早、中、晚3个阶段,石英中原生包裹体主要有CO2-H2O包裹体、水溶液包裹体和纯CO2包裹体3种类型。早阶段石英中以CO2-H2O包裹体和纯CO2包裹体为主,均一温度变化于257~339 ℃,盐度为04%~22%;中阶段石英中3种类型包裹体均发育,CO2-H2O包裹体和水溶液包裹体均一温度为196~361 ℃,盐度为04%~60%;晚阶段石英中仅见水溶液包裹体,均一温度相对较低,为174~252 ℃,盐度为14%~32%。由CO2-H2O包裹体计算的早、中阶段捕获压力分别为214~371 MPa、236~397 MPa,对应的成矿深度分别为81~140 km、89~150 km。成矿流体由早、中阶段的CO2-H2O-NaCl±CH4体系演化至晚阶段贫CO2的H2O-NaCl体系,成矿温度和流体密度呈逐渐降低趋势,盐度变化不大。流体包裹体和氢、氧同位素研究表明,主成矿阶段成矿流体主要来源于变质水,CO2-H2O-NaCl流体的不混溶是导致Au富集成矿的重要机制,南明水金矿属于中深成造山型金矿床。     

小秦岭大湖金钼矿床地质特征及成矿流体

小秦岭地区位于华北克拉通南缘,赋存许多大型-超大型的金矿床,大湖金钼矿床位于小秦岭北矿带.大湖金钼矿床成矿具有多期多阶段特点,包括热液期和表生期,根据矿脉穿切关系、矿石的矿物组成以及结构、构造研究,热液期分为4个成矿阶段,即石英-钾长石-辉钼矿阶段(Ⅰ)、石英-黄铁矿-自然金阶段(Ⅱ)、石英-多金属硫化物-自然金阶段(...     

内蒙古柳坝沟金矿床流体包裹体研究

对柳坝沟金矿床的包裹体进行系统的岩相学、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱研究,结果表明:包裹体的主要类型有富液包裹体、富气包裹体、CO2-H2O和含子矿物多相包裹体。流体包裹体液相成分为水,气相成分主要为CO2及H2O,并含有少量或微量的N2、H2S、CH4等挥发份。成矿流体属中高温、中低盐度、中等密度的NaCl-H2O-CO2体系。矿床形成于中深成矿环境。矿床的成矿作用是一个温度退缩和盐度降低的过程,成矿过程中发生过多次流体沸腾作用,流体的沸腾和CO2流体在Au成矿过程中发挥着重要作用。     

山东谢家沟金矿流体包裹体研究及其地质意义

山东谢家沟金矿是新发现的产于玲珑型花岗岩中的蚀变岩型金矿。对3个成矿阶段含矿流体的温度、压力和成分分析表明,矿床属于浅成中温热液矿床。含矿流体的演化是从高温向低温、从低盐度、低密度向高盐度、高密度的转变。Ⅰ成矿阶段流体包裹体均一温度为320~350 ℃,盐度为2.7%~6.6%,密度为0.498~0.886 g/cm³;Ⅱ成矿阶段包裹体均一温度为270~330 ℃,盐度为3.6%~8.4%,密度为0.571~0.959 g/cm³;Ⅲ成矿阶段包裹体均一温度为250~290 ℃,盐度为5.8%~10.6%,密度为0.724~1.158 g/cm³。流体成分以CO₂和H₂O为主,尚有CO、CH₄、H₂S、SO₂、N₂等,流体中CO2含量与矿石金品位正相关。据不同类型包裹体共生组合及流体演化特征,认为流体的不混溶性是导致大量金沉淀的主要原因。     

华北克拉通南缘小秦岭金矿区基性脉岩时代及地质意义

产于太古代-古元古代变质地体中的石英脉型金矿是世界上最重要的金矿类型之一, 大多数金矿区内基性脉岩非常发育, 空间上与含金石英脉密切相关.但目前对基性脉岩与石英脉型金矿的成因联系尚未取得一致认识.以华北克拉通南缘小秦岭金矿区为例, 对典型矿区(东闯、大湖、枪马)采矿巷道内的基性脉岩开展精确的U-Pb年代学研究.4个脉岩样品给出一致的锆石207Pb/206Pb加权平均年龄(1 819±10 Ma, 1σ); 1个样品中的黑云母给出了略微年轻的40Ar/39Ar坪年龄(1 719.0±21.0 Ma, 2σ).定年结果表明: (1)小秦岭金矿区内大量基性脉岩形成于古元古代晚期, 是华北克拉通东西块体在1.85 Ga左右发生碰撞后伸展作用的产物; (2)前人获得的基性脉岩K-Ar和Rb-Sr年龄(187.6~75.9 Ma)可能并非脉岩真实侵位年龄, 而是代表这些脉岩遭受中生代构造-热事件影响的扰动年龄(或冷却年龄).最新的成矿年代学研究结果表明, 小秦岭地区绝大多数金矿床形成于早白垩世130~120 Ma, 大大晚于上述古元古代基性脉岩的侵位时代, 因此两者之间没有成因联系(尽管它们的空间关系十分密切).小秦岭地区是否存在与金矿床同时的晚中生代基性岩浆活动, 对于讨论本区金矿床的矿床成因和成矿构造环境非常重要, 但本文工作尚不能明确回答这一问题, 今后需要对矿区内各期基性脉岩进行系统的同位素定年.      

Geological and Fluid Inclusion Constraints on Gold Deposition Processes of the Dayingezhuang Gold Deposit,Jiaodong Peninsula,China

The Dayingezhuang gold deposit, hosted mainly by Late Jurassic granitoids on Jiaodong Peninsula in eastern China, contains an estimated 170 t of gold and is one of the largest deposits within the Zhaoping fracture zone. The orebodies consist of auriferous altered pyrite–sericite–quartz granites that show Jiaojia-type (i.e., disseminated and veinlet) mineralization. Mineralization and alteration are structurally controlled by the NE- to NNE-striking Linglong detachment fault. The mineralization can be divided into four stages: (K-feldspar)–pyrite–sericite–quartz, quartz–gold–pyrite, quartz–gold–polymetallic sulfide, and quartz–carbonate, with the majority of the gold being produced in the second and third stages. Based on a combination of petrography, microthermometry, and laser Raman spectroscopy, three types of fluid inclusion were identified in the vein minerals: NaCl–H2O (A-type), CO2–H2O–NaCl (AC-type), and pure CO2 (PC-type). Quartz crystals in veinlets that formed during the first stage contain mainly AC-type fluid inclusions, with rare PC-type inclusions. These fluid inclusions homogenize at temperatures of 251°C–403°C and have low salinities of 2.2–9.4 wt% NaCl equivalent. Quartz crystals that formed in the second and third stages contain all three types of fluid inclusions, with total homogenization temperatures of 216°C–339°C and salinities of 1.8–13.8 wt% NaCl equivalent for the second stage and homogenization temperatures of 195°C–321°C and salinities of 1.4–13.3 wt% NaCl equivalent for the third stage. In contrast, quartz crystals that formed in the fourth stage contains mainly A-type fluid inclusions, with minor occurrences of AC-type inclusions; these inclusions have homogenization temperatures of 106°C–287°C and salinities of 0.5–7.7 wt% NaCl equivalent. Gold in the ore-forming fluids may have changed from Au(HS)0 as the dominant species under acidic conditions and at relatively high temperatures and fO2 in the early stages, to Au(HS)2– under neutral-pH conditions at lower temperatures and fO2 in the later stages. The precipitation of gold and other metals is inferred to be caused by a combination of fluid immiscibility and water–rock interaction.     

云南大坪韧性剪切带型金矿富CO2流体包裹体及其成矿意义

大坪金矿成矿可分为三个成矿阶段：早期成矿阶段（白钨矿石英脉）、主成矿阶段（团块状多金属硫化物含金石英脉）和晚成矿阶段（碳酸盐石英脉）。本文利用显微测温和拉曼光谱分析了大坪矿脉的流体包裹体特征,结果表明：流体包裹体基本由富液相CO2包裹体和不同CO2/H2O比例的CO2-H2O型包裹体组成,早阶段白钨矿石英脉中同时富含富气相CO2包裹体,主成矿阶段团块状多金属硫化物金矿石中富液相CO2包裹体占明显优势,只有晚成矿阶段碳酸盐石英脉中含有居次要地位的H2O溶液包裹体。流体包裹体中气相组成基本为纯CO2,早阶段者还含少量N2。早阶段CO2-H2O型包裹体的盐度为6.37%-14.64%NaCl,峰值9%-10.5%NaCl,均一温度为299.4-423.7℃,峰值320-380℃,CO2包裹体密度为0.352-0.798g/cm^3,多数在0.64-0.71g/cm^3;主成矿阶段的CO2-H2O型包裹体的盐度在3.70%-14.64%NaCl之间,峰值7.2%-9.0%NaCl,均一温度279.0-406.5℃之间,峰值320-360℃,CO2包裹体密度为0.591-0.843g/cm^3,多数大于0.8g/cm^3;晚成矿阶段CO2-H2O型包裹体的盐度为4.80%-6.54%NaCl,均一温度为287.6-337.1℃。计算表明早阶段成矿压力约为190-440MPa,主阶段成矿压力约为133.5-340.0MPa,相当的成矿深度为5.1-12.9km。这些特征揭示了该矿成矿流体为近临界的高CO2（CO2≥H2O）的中低盐度的CO2-H2O-NaCl体系流体,在成矿过程中基本不存在流体混合,但发生了明显的沸腾和相分离作用。该矿是剪切带控制下的中深中温热液金矿,成矿作用主要是减压沸腾环境下的快速沉淀。结合其它证据,作者认为该矿的成矿流体主体为深源的壳幔混合流体,而不是地壳浅部的大气降水、岩浆水或其混合流体。金在高CO2的成矿流体中可能主要以硫氢络合物形式迁移,矿质沉淀主要与压力速降条件下发生流体的相分离作用相关。     

河南高庄金矿床成矿作用地球化学特征及成矿演化过程

河南高庄金矿床成矿作用地球化学特征及成矿演化过程杨崇辉，韩志勇，张寿广（中国地质科学院地质研究所，北京１０００３７）刘玉琳（北京大学地质系，北京１００８７１）关键词金矿床，成矿流体，成矿演化，高庄河南高庄金矿位于秦岭造山带的东段。本文探讨了该矿床的成...     

河南祁雨沟金矿临界-超临界包裹体特征及成矿流体演化

河南省祁雨沟金矿床位于华北地块南部熊耳地体东北缘,是我国典型的角砾岩型金矿。该矿床临界-超临界流体包裹体的发现对研究成矿流体演化及成矿机制有重要意义。包裹体岩相学、显微测温以及激光拉曼显微探针（LRM）研究显示,祁雨沟J4角砾岩筒中发育临界状态均一的包裹体富含CO₂,这些包裹体出现在第Ⅰ、Ⅱ成矿阶段,并且在金品位最高的400-460中段出现最为集中,对成矿有明显的指示作用。临界-超临界流体来自富含挥发分的高氧化状态岩浆的出溶作用。流体演化先后经历了高氧化状态的岩浆-流体体系→临界-超临界流体体系→H₂O-NaCl和CO₂-H₂O流体体系→低盐度的H₂O-NaCl流体体系→H₂O流体体系。临界―超临界流体体系在383.7~387.2 ℃发生了沸腾作用,沸腾作用可能是祁雨沟金矿J4岩筒中成矿物质沉淀的重要原因之一。     

The Ore-forming Fluid of the Gold Deposits of Muru Gold Belt in Eastern Shandong, China - a Case Study of Denggezhuang Gold Deposit

Abstract. Denggezhuang gold deposit is an epithermal gold‐quartz vein deposit in northern Muru gold belt, eastern Shandong, China. The deposit occurs in the NNE‐striking faults within the Mesozoic granite. The deposit consists of four major veins with a general NNE‐strike. Based on crosscutting relationships and mineral parageneses, the veins appear to have been formed during the same mineralization epochs, and are further divided into three stages: (1) massive barren quartz veins; (2) quartz‐sulfides veins; (3) late, pure quartz or calcite veinlets. Most gold mineralization is associated with the second stage. The early stage is characterized by quartz, and small amounts of ore minerals (pyrite), the second stage is characterized by large amounts of ore minerals. Fluid inclusions in vein quartz contain C‐H‐O fluids of variable compositions. Three main types of fluid inclusions are recognized at room temperature: type I, two‐phase, aqueous vapor and an aqueous liquid phase (L+V); type II, aqueous‐carbonic inclusions, a CC₂‐liquid with/without vapor and aqueous liquid (LCO₂+VCC₂+Laq.); type III, mono‐phase aqueous liquid (Laq.). Data from fluid inclusion distribution, microthermometry, and gas analysis indicate that fluids associated with Au mineralized quartz veins (stage 2) have moderate salinity ranging from 1.91 to 16.43 wt% NaCl equivalent (modeled salinity around 8–10 wt% NaCl equiv.). These veins formatted at temperatures from 80d? to 280d?C. Fluids associated with barren quartz veins (stage 3) have a low salinity of about 1.91 to 2.57 wt% NaCl equivalent and lower temperature. There is evidence of fluid immiscibility and boiling in ore‐forming stages. Stable isotope analyses of quartz indicate that the veins were deposited by waters with δ^O and δD values ranging from those of magmatic water to typical meteoric water. The gold metallogenesis of Muru gold belt has no relationship with the granite, and formed during the late stage of the crust thinning of North China.     

山东玲珑金矿的成矿流体特征

山东省玲珑地区是中国最大的金矿区之一,玲珑花岗岩位不部的前寒武纪地盾上,其中产有几十个有金矿矿化这个地区的基底由一套太石林粒岩和斜长角闪岩组成。玲玲花岗岩为片麻状黑云母花岗岩。其南缘是走向ＮＥ,倾向ＳＥ的破头青韧性剪切带。剪切带长数行政 千米,宽３００－８００ｍ,且在其左边一出呈雁行状排列的次一级脆性性构造。     

Ore-Forming Fluid Characteristics of the Dayingezhuang Gold Deposit, Jiaodong Gold Province, China

The Dayingezhuang gold deposit is located in the central part of the Zhaoping Fault Zone, which is one of the most important gold-hosting faults in the Jiaodong gold province of China. Dayingezhuang is a typical large-scale shear zone-hosted disseminated gold deposit with superimposed silver mineralization. Fluid inclusion (FI) petrography and microthermometry, and analysis of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes for fluid inclusions were conducted to determine the characteristics of the ore-forming fluids and the processes of silver mineralization. Microthermometry data of FI indicated that ore-forming fluids are characterized by low salinity and low density. Homogenization pressures of FI are estimated at 20 × 10⁵–220 × 10⁵ Pa. The change in ore-forming fluids from K₂SO₄ type to NaCl type indicates the superposition of two hydrothermal mineralizing events. Ore-forming fluids were dominated by magmatic components in the early mineralization period, and affected by meteoric waters in the late period. Gold may have been transported as Au-S or Au-Cl complexes, whereas silver was transported as Ag-Cl complexes. Early fluid boiling and later fluid mixing are thought to be two of the main factors causing the deposition and superimposing of gold and silver to form the large deposit.