Monitoring a Marine Coastal Area: Use of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus as Bioindicators

Abstract. Samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Mullus barbatus were collected in eight coastal sites along the South Adriatic and Ionic coasts of Italy in spring 2000 for a survey of coastal pollution in the Mediterranean basin. Specimens were analysed using an integrated approach based on residue analysis of common aquatic pollutants like organochlorines such as hexachlorobenzene (HCB), DDTs and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals and nonylphenols (NPnE) and biomarker responses such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and the two specific P450 activities benzo(a)pyrene monooxygenase (BPMO) and 7-ethoxyre-sorufin-(9-deethylase (EROD). Biological and morphological parameters like somatic liver index (SLI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gonadal and gamete histology (eggs and sperms) were also evaluated in red mullet samples. A contamination gradient in which several hot spots occur were revealed in this study. The hot spots account for high levels of organochlorines in both species near incinerators and of PAHs in harbour areas. Levels of both NPnE and AChE activity were highest in two protected marine areas and were within detectable limits in others. This finding was confirmed by P450 activities, in which maximum levels were detected in harbours and protected marine areas. No morphological alterations of male and female gonads were observed on the histological level.     

应用DGGE技术分析北黄海和青岛近海藻类DNA病毒遗传多样性

采用DGGE技术对北黄海和青岛近海藻类DNA病毒群落多样性进行调查。结果表明,在北黄海A604站、B107站和C803站分别得到10个、8个、8个OTUs,在青岛近海ZQ站得到6个OTUs,说明不同海域藻类DNA病毒多样性不同,在北黄海较丰富,青岛近海较低。北黄海3个站间相比,OTUs数量和位置均存在差异,表明同一海域不同站位藻类DNA病毒多样性也存在差异。在所得OTUs中,有2个OTUs在4个站中均存在,说明在北黄海和青岛近海存在着一些共同的藻类DNA病毒。4个站点藻类DNA病毒优势种均不相同,在A604站和ZQ仅有一个优势种,而在B107和C803各有两个优势种。     

中国北部辽东湾表层沉积物中PAHs源解析和生态风险评价

研究于2014年和2015年对辽东湾表层沉积物中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的来源和生态风险状况进行了调查和评估。辽东湾表层沉积物中16种PAHs的含量范围为88.5-347 ng/g,高值区主要分布在辽东湾中部海域。对辽东湾各站位沉积物中多环芳烃的含量进行中聚类分析结果表明,辽东湾的采样站位可分为两类,一类站位主要分布在辽东湾沉积物中部海域,另一类站位主要分布在受陆源污染较为严重的近岸海域。辽东湾表层沉积物中PAHs的来源为燃烧源和石油源的混合来源,其中燃烧源为主要来源。萘、苊、苊烯、菲、二苯并[a,h]蒽可能偶尔会引发有害生物效应;辽东湾表层沉积物为低致癌风险;辽东湾中部海域表层沉积物中PAHs的生态风险和毒性污染水平高于辽东湾近岸海域。     

The 1984 North Sea conference: A preview

The author outlines the background to the decision to hold an international conference on the protection of the North Sea, and reviews the results that may realistically be expected. He explores the possibilities of achieving progress in pollution control in relation to the discharge of substances from land-based sources; discharges at sea; atmospheric pollution; and the monitoring of coastal waters and the high sea.     

渤海湾中部表层沉积物中多环芳烃分布及其来源

通过对渤海湾中部海域19个站位表层沉积物样品中检测出的13种优控多环芳烃(EPAs)进行同分异构体、甲基菲、GC—MS定量等分析,探讨了研究区沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征、输入来源和污染水平,结果表明,研究区表层沉积物中多环芳烃总含量为2.1~374.8ng/g,平均值为33.1ng/g,多环芳烃总含量呈现出由近岸区向深海区递减的趋势,除最高值BG-60站位外,研究区与其他地区相比污染水平为中—低;化合物组成上以3~4环为主,5~6环次之,从多环芳烃组成以及异构体和甲基菲比值分析表明,研究区沉积物中PAHs以燃烧来源为主,石油类产品和石油化工燃料燃烧贡献最大,煤、木材燃烧贡献次之;高含量的菲和4个高成熟度异常点证实石油烃PAHs污染客观存在。     

渤海海域表层沉积物中的多环芳烃综述

为保障渤海海域的污染物控制和生态环境保护,文章基于已有监测数据,分析渤海海域表层沉积物中多环芳烃(PAHs、LPAHs、HPAHs和CPAHs)的分布、来源及其与沿岸陆地的相关性。研究结果表明:PAHs、LPAHs、HPAHs和CPAHs含量最高的海湾分别为莱州湾、渤海湾、辽东湾和渤海湾,3个海湾均以LPAHs为主;PAHs及其各类组成的来源主要包括入海河流携带的陆源污染物,海流输送并沉积的泄漏原油以及港口、城市和工业基地的排放污水;PAHs的分布受沿岸土地开发利用以及工业和城镇建设等人类活动影响较大,且沿岸土壤中的PAHs对海洋环境造成破坏。     

Measurement of stress effects (scope for growth) and contaminant levels in mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from the Irish Sea

The objective of this research was to quantify the impact of pollution along the coastlines of the Irish Sea. Pollution assessment was based on the combined measurement of scope for growth (SFG), and chemical contaminants in the tissues of mussels (Mytilus edulis) collected from 38 coastal sites around the Irish Sea during June-July in 1996 and 1997. On the UK mainland coast, the SFG showed a general trend with a significant decline in water quality in the Liverpool and Morecambe Bay region. High water quality was recorded along the west coast of Wales, as well as southwest England and northwest Scotland (clean reference sites outside the Irish Sea). Along the coast of Ireland there was a similar trend with reduced SFG within the Irish Sea region. SFG was generally low north of Duncannon and then improved north of Belfast. The poor water quality on both sides of the Irish Sea is consistent with the prevailing hydrodynamics and the spatial distribution of contaminants associated with urban/ industrial development. The decline in SFG of mussels on both sides of the Irish Sea was associated with a general increase in contaminant levels in the mussels. Certain contaminants, including PAHs, TBT, sigmaDDT, Dieldrin, gamma-HCH, PCBs, and a few of the metals (Cd, Se, Ag, Pb), showed elevated concentrations. Many of these contaminants were particularly elevated in the coastal margins of Liverpool Bay, Morecambe Bay and Dublin Bay. A quantitative toxicological interpretation (QTI) of the combined tissue residue chemistry and SFG measurements indicated that at the majority of coastal sites, c. 50 to > 80% of the observed decline in SFG was due to PAHs as a result of fossil fuel combustion and oil spills. TBT levels were highest at major ports and harbours, but these concentrations only made a minor contribution to the overall reduction in SFG. At no sites were individual metals accumulated to concentrations that could cause a significant effect on SFG. The study identified many sites where the observed reduction in SFG was far greater than predicted from the limited number of chemical contaminants analysed, thus indicating the presence of additional 'unknown toxicants'. Sewage (containing domestic, agricultural and industrial components) appears to be an important contributor to reduced SFG and linear alkylbenzenes (LABs) and As may provide suitable 'sewage markers'. There was a highly significant positive correlation between SFG and As (P < 0.001). This relationship may be due to reduced As uptake by algal food material and mussels at sites with elevated P04 concentrations (e.g. at sites with sewage inputs). Phosphate is a known competitive inhibitor of As accumulation, at least in algae. The results highlight that further research is required on 'sewage markers' in mussels. The SFG approach therefore provides a rapid, cost-effective and quantitative measure of pollution impact, as well as a means of identifying the causes through a QTI of tissue contaminants levels. It also serves to identify the presence of unidentified toxicants and areas that require further study.     

基于MODIS影像的2016—2017年东海赤潮高发期水体时空分布及其气象控制因子分析

近年来,东海区域赤潮灾害频发,对沿海地区的经济发展和海洋生态环境造成了极大的破坏。本研究基于赤潮暴发年2016—2017年夏季MODIS影像数据,采用半经验多光谱识别算法对东海夏季赤潮暴发期的水体类型分布特征进行反演。结果表明,赤潮高发期东海水体类型从近岸向开阔海域呈现浑浊水体 赤潮水体 混合水体 干净水体的时空分布特征。其中,硅藻和甲藻赤潮水体在空间分布上具有相互演替变化的特征。此外,通过对浙江省近岸的大陈站、石浦站和嵊泗站3个站点的气象因子进行主成分分析发现,气温、风速和天空云量对赤潮的生消演替起着积极的促进作用。     

南中国海海水中多环芳烃的分布特征及源分析

利用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,对2012年10月采自南中国34个站位的表层、500 m层、底层海水中的16种多环芳烃(16PAHs)进行了检测分析。结果显示:南中国海海水中16PAHs的含量相对于其他类似广阔水域较低,分布特征大致呈现500 m层表层底层。经特征PAHs组分分析判定南中国海海水中PAHs主要来源于石油及其产品。     

Measurements of vertical air temperature gradients with dipmeter

By means of measuring the dips of horizon with a Pulfrich dipmeter, vertical air temperature gradients near the sea surface were obtained with an accuracy of ca. ±0.01°C/m, much better than a conventional method with an array of temperature sensors. The additional advantage of this technique was that the measurements were made on board a ship underway, consequently data from wide oceanic areas could be accumulated rather quickly and easily. From the results of dip measurements at 125 stations on two cruises of the T/V Oshoro Maru of the Hokkaido University, extending from the Bering Sea to the south of Australia, the temperature gradients were computed with a new formula with an assumption that the refractive index of air varied with a height only. It was found that, in the northern North Pacific Ocean, vertical air temperature gradients were positive, while in the subtropical and tropical Pacific Ocean both the negative and positive gradients were observed. Generally, in the same sea region, the temperature profiles had the similar form, irrespective of air-sea temperature differences.     

埕岛油田及附近地区的水位

在渤海内,M2分潮有两个无潮点,一个在秦皇岛东面,另一个位于渤海湾至莱州湾之间。此外,渤海海峡附近还有一个K1分潮的无潮点。埕岛油田位于M2分潮无潮点和K1分潮波的腹部附近。整个石油开发区半日潮差均较小,其中以东南部最小,西北部有明显增加。全日潮差由东北向西南增加,变化幅度较小。在一般天气条件下,海面高度主要决定于潮汐,潮差不大,但在台风影响下,可能引起异常的增水,寒潮可以引起大的减水或增水。国内不少单位在黄河口做过潮汐观测,但资料甚少。埕岛油田位于黄河口的西北部,海上水位资料十分缺乏。我们利用12井位和20井位进行了4个月的水位观测,使用Aanderaa水位计,取样间隔为15min。岸边站(3站)是在岸边打桩,使用滚筒式水位计,获得了一年的水位观测资料,这些资料十分宝贵。本文详细地分析了该区域的水位特征,并给出施工设计需要的各个参数。     

Analysis of year-to-year variation of water temperature along the coast of the Japan sea

Mean monthly records of coastal sea surface temperature data (CSST) obtained from stations along the Japanese coasts of the Japan Sea and from those in the related seas for the period 1941–1984 were analyzed by using various methods of time series analysis, for the purpose of clarifying the nature of the year-to-year variations of the state of the Japan Sea. The year-to-year variations in the Japan Sea were found to be closely related to those in the East China Sea and in the western North Pacific. Specific results are as follows. (1) A sudden cooling in the early 1960's occurred in the southern stations of the Japan Sea and continued to the end of the analyzed data. (2) Variations, with about a 6-year periodicity, were observed at most stations, and were especially dominant in the southern stations of the Japan Sea (3) These variations could be traced back to the Kuroshio region of the East China Sea. (4) Variations, with about a 10-year periodicity, were also observed in the northern stations of the Japan Sea.     

Peculiarities of Polluted Water Spreading from a Submarine Source in Stratified Coastal Environment

We study the spreading of wastewaters from an underwater source in a stratified coastal environment using the results of satellite monitoring and mathematical modeling. The problem is considered as applied to deepwater discharge in the region of Golubaya Bay of the Black Sea near Sebastopol. The main factors preventing upwelling of pollution to the sea surface are analyzed on the basis of a numerical model. It is shown that peculiarities of wastewater spreading depend on the character of stratification and velocity of the background current. The main factor influencing the uplift of these waters to the surface is the existence of water layers with high vertical gradients of water density. We reveal the structure of the wastewater field consisting of a plume and a jet extended in the direction of the background current, which is located in the density interface. If stratification is weak, the plume may reach the sea surface and form a local region of water pollution, which is recorded in multispectral satellite images. It is found that the mass of polluted waters is characterized by negative anomalies of temperature and salinity.     

Dissolved organic nitrogen dynamics in the North Sea: A time series analysis (1995–2005)

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) dynamics in the North Sea was explored by means of long-term time series of nitrogen parameters from the Dutch national monitoring program. Generally, the data quality was good with little missing data points. Different imputation methods were used to verify the robustness of the patterns against these missing data. No long-term trends in DON concentrations were found over the sampling period (1995–2005). Inter-annual variability in the different time series showed both common and station-specific behavior. The stations could be divided into two regions, based on absolute concentrations and the dominant times scales of variability. Average DON concentrations were 11 μmol l⁻¹ in the coastal region and 5 μmol l⁻¹ in the open sea. Organic fractions of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) averaged 38 and 71% in the coastal zone and open sea, respectively, but increased over time due to decreasing dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations. In both regions intra-annual variability dominated over inter-annual variability, but DON variation in the open sea was markedly shifted towards shorter time scales relative to coastal stations. In the coastal zone a consistent seasonal DON cycle existed with high values in spring–summer and low values in autumn–winter. In the open sea seasonality was weak. A marked shift in the seasonality was found at the Dogger Bank, with DON accumulation towards summer and low values in winter prior to 1999, and accumulation in spring and decline throughout summer after 1999. This study clearly shows that DON is a dynamic actor in the North Sea and should be monitored systematically to enable us to understand fully the functioning of this ecosystem.     

2007-2018年黄渤海海冰气候特征及其对气象因子的响应

基于美国国家冰雪数据中心 （NSIDC） 海冰资料、美国国家环境预报中心 （NCEP） 再分析格点数据和黄渤海近岸13个气象站点逐日气温数据,通过相关分析和合成分析,研究了 2007-2018 年黄渤海海冰范围的变化特征,探讨了近 12 年黄渤海海冰范围对近岸陆地气温、大气环流和局地天气过程的响应。结果表明: （1） 黄渤海海冰范围年际振荡明显,近 12 年呈现先增加后减小的趋势,与同期黄渤海近岸气温呈显著负相关关系;每年 1 月下旬至 2 月下旬是一年中海冰范围最大的时期。（2） 海冰范围偏大与偏小年份东亚地区 500 hPa 大气环流形势呈现出近乎相反的分布。 （3） 东亚阻塞形势的建立是黄渤海海冰范围爆发性增大的一个前兆信号,它带来的大风降温天气是造成黄渤海海冰范围爆发性增大的重要原因.     

Long-term environmental exposure to metals (Cu,Cd, Pb,Zn) activates the immune cell stress response in the common European sea star (Asterias rubens)

The common sea star Asterias rubens represents a key-species of the North-Eastern Atlantic macro benthic community. The cells of their immune system, known as coelomocytes, are the first line of defence against environmental hazards. Here, we report the results of investigations on the immune cells response of sea stars exposed to marine environmental pollution for long periods. We show that levels of the heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) in coelomocytes from A. rubens, which were collected during a field study in the Sǿrfjord (North Sea, SW coast of Norway) along a contamination gradient, are directly associated with the long-term accumulation of Cd, Cu heavy metals exclusively in the tegument. Conversely, Pb and Zn accumulation in the tegument did not relate to HSC70 levels and none of the metals were found accumulated in the pyloric coeca. In addition the coelomocytes from A. rubens, collected in high and low metal impacted stations were examined by a proteomic approach using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE). By comparison of the proteomic maps, we observed that 31 protein spots differed in their relative abundance, indicating a gene expression response to the metal mixture exposure. All together, our results confirm that the echinoderm immune cells are a suitable model for the assessment of long-term exposure to environmental pollution, moreover that the increased level of HSC70 can be considered a signal of an acquired tolerance within a large spectrum of protein profile changes occurring in response to metal contamination.     

Effects of various pollutant mixtures on immune responses of the blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) collected at a salinity gradient in Danish coastal waters

The Baltic Sea is a semi-enclosed sea with a steady salinity gradient (3‰–30‰). Organisms have adapted to such low salinities, but are suspected to be more susceptible to stress. Within the frame of the integrated environmental monitoring BONUS + project “BEAST” the applicability of immune responses of the blue mussel was investigated in Danish coastal waters. The sampling sites were characterised by a salinity range (11–19‰) and different mixtures of contaminants (metals, PAHs and POPs), according to chemical analysis of mussel tissues. Variation partitioning (redundancy analysis) was applied to decompose salinity and contamination effects. The results indicated that cellular immune responses (total and differential haemocyte count, phagocytic activity and apoptosis) were mainly influenced by contaminants, whereas humoral factors (haemolytic activity) were mainly impacted by salinity. Hence, cellular immune functions may be suitable as biomarkers in monitoring programmes for the Baltic Sea and other geographic regions with salinity variances of the studied range.     

Disorder and recovery of environmental health monitored by means of lysosomal stability in liver of European flounder (Platichthys flesus L.)

From 1995 to 2000 biological effects were studied in liver of flounder (Platichtysflesus L.) from the German Bight. During the study period deleterious consequences of acute discharges of DDT and PCBs in early spring 1996 and after 1998 due to remobilization of contaminants from riverbed deepening of the River Elbe became evident. As core biomarker which reflects toxically induced liver pathologies and integrates effects of various classes of pollutants we measured the integrity of lysosomal membranes in individual flounder liver. During the study period, twice statistically significant disturbances of lysosomal function was detected in fish from the River Elbe: in summer 1996 and in spring 1999. Yet, the detrimental contaminant effects were not only restricted to individuals from the Elbe but expanded to those flounder inhabiting formerly less polluted reference areas. In contrast to flounder of the Elbe, their ability to recover from the lysosomal disorders were limited. While in autumn 2000 Elbe individuals showed clear signs of recovery, those fish caught in areas more distant to the source of toxicant input still maintained significantly decreased lysosomal membrane integrity. It can be speculated that fish populations which are not continuously exposed to chronic anthropogenic stress may have a lower potential or need a longer period to recover from the effects of pollution.     

风对福建中部沿岸春、夏季水文结构和上升流的影响

本文对台湾海峡西侧海坛岛附近海域风情与附近岸站的风情进行了对比分析,结果表明,海上风情和岸站风情变化基本上是一致的;在不同季风的作用下,海域温、盐度呈现不同类型的分布。风情的短期变化对上升流的强弱变化有一定影响。     

Seasonal responses of monthly mean sea levels in the Bohai Sea to hydrometeorological forcing and their double screening regression models

-In this paper, the maximum entropy spectral, the cross-spectral and the frequency response analyses are madeon the basis of the data of monthly mean sea levels at coastal stations in the Bohai Sea during 1965-1986. The results show that the annual fluctuations of the monthly mean sea levels in the Bohai Sea are the results of the coupling response of seasonal variations of the marine hydrometeorological factors. Furthermore, the regression prediction equation is obtained by using the double screening stepwise regression analysis method . Through the prediction test , it is proved that the obtained results are desirable.