舟山渔场及邻近海域蟹类种类组成和时空分布

根据2006年8月、2007年1月、5月和11月4个季节在舟山渔场及邻近海域(29°30′N—32°00′N,127°E以西)开展海洋生态系统综合调查时所获得的蟹类调查资料,以渔获率作为蟹类数量指标分析该海域蟹类资源状况,包括种类组成、数量分布和时空变化。结果表明,本次舟山渔场及邻近海域调查共得蟹类种类43种,隶属于10科、21属。优势种类为细点圆趾蟹、双斑蟳、三疣梭子蟹、日本蟳、红星梭子蟹、红线黎明蟹,以上6种蟹类占蟹类总渔获量的94.58%。本次调查与20世纪90年代末在东海大陆架海域的蟹类资源调查结果相比,蟹类种类组成和优势种变化不大。从蟹类渔获率来看,秋季以舟山渔场最高,夏季以江外渔场最高,蟹类资源密集区主要位于长江口渔场和舟山渔场北部。     

舟山渔场及邻近海域鱼类种类组成和数量分布

根据2006年8月、2007年1、5、11月在舟山渔场及邻近海域(29°30′—32°00′N,127°E以西)开展海洋生态系统综合调查所获得的游泳动物调查资料,用渔获率作为鱼类资源分布的数量指标,对舟山渔场及邻近海域的鱼类种类组成、数量分布、季节变化趋势作了定量分析。结果表明,舟山渔场及邻近海域鱼类种类约有139种,隶属14目、56科、105属,其中日本红娘鱼、绿鳍鱼、六丝矛尾虎鱼、细条天竺鱼、海鳗、黑、星康吉鳗、小黄鱼、前肛鳗、短吻舌鳎、棘头梅童鱼等25种鱼类占鱼类总渔获量的84.18%,是调查海域桁杆拖网的主要捕捞鱼类,而其它种类的渔获量较少。不同季节的经济鱼类渔获物组成相差较大,而优势种种类组成变化较少。渔获量高峰期主要出现在夏季,从不同区域的渔获率分布趋势来看,春、夏、秋季的鱼类渔获率都以江外渔场最高,其次是长江口渔场,舟山渔场居第三,而杭州湾河口区的鱼类渔获率明显偏低。冬季鱼类渔获率分布趋势与春夏秋季不同,以长江口渔场为最高,其次是舟山渔场,而江外渔场和杭州湾河口区渔获率明显偏低。与以往(20世纪60年代初)调查结果相比,舟山渔场及邻近海域鱼类种数组成、种群动态及群落结构都发生了很大的变化。     

舟山渔场及邻近海域头足类(Cephalopod)种类组成和数量分布

根据2006年8月、2007年1月、5月和11月4个季节在舟山渔场及邻近海域(29°30'N-32°00'N,127°00'E以西)开展海洋生态系统综合调查所获得的头足类资料,用渔获率作为头足类分布的数量指标,分析了该海域的头足类种类组成、数量分布以及季节变化趋势.结果表明,该海域共鉴定头足类25种,隶属于3目8科9属...     

西北太平洋日本鲭资源丰度分布与表温和水温垂直结构的关系

西北太平洋公海区域为我国近年来重点开发的海域,而日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)为该海域的重要经济鱼种,本文初步探讨了该海域日本鲭渔场的形成机制。根据2015年4—6月春季航次和2016年6—7月夏季航次西北太平洋灯光围网船各站点的调查数据,对日本鲭资源丰度分布与海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperture,SST)、水温垂直结构的关系进行了分析。研究显示:春季日本鲭的站位平均渔获率为736.94 kg/h,高于夏季的498.87 kg/h。日本鲭渔场的分布范围随季节变化而略有差异,春季主要集中在40°N、151°E～153°E海域,夏季主要集中在41°N、154°E～160°E海域。春、夏两季渔场的SST范围有所差异,春季渔场SST范围为7～19℃,最适SST为11～15℃;夏季渔场SST范围为8～24℃,最适SST为8～12℃。分析了不同季节的5～50、50～100和5～100 m水温垂直梯度与站位平均渔获率的关系,表明不同季节渔场的水温垂直梯度差异明显,从50～100 m水温垂直梯度来看,春季日本鲭的站位平均渔获率在0.10～0.15℃/m组距内达最大;夏季,站位平均渔获率随水温垂直梯度增加而减少,在-0.05～0.00℃/m组距内达最大。灰色关联度分析表明,ΔT_(50～100)(50～100 m水温垂直梯度)是对日本鲭渔获率影响最显著的因子,关联度为0.991,纬度、经度和T_(50)等次之。同时分析了所选取的3个代表性站点的水温垂直结构,表明在50～100 m水深范围内有温跃层的站点渔获产量较高,因此,日本鲭渔获率的大小可能与50～100 m水深范围内温跃层的形成密切相关。     

闽江口及附近海域渔业资源现存量评析

根据2006年夏季(8月)和冬季(1月)、2007年春季(4月)和秋季(10月)在闽江口及其附近海域利用底拖网作业的渔业资源调查资料,应用传统扫海面积法以及△-分布模型法分析了福建闽江口及其附近海域(25°42′-26°27′N,119°42′-120°15′E)的渔业资源现存量.研究结果表明,闽江口及其附近海域的鱼类、甲壳类的资源密度较高,而头足类资源密度较低.渔业资源密度秋季居首位,约为2569.11kg·km-2,夏季次之,约为1 120.23kg·km-2,而冬、春季资源密度较低,分别为867.16和553.60.29kg·km-2.年平均渔业资源现存量约为4599t,渔业潜在资源量达32451t.渔业资源分布与水温、水深关系较密切.该海域渔业资源已经明显衰退,急需加强渔业资源的管理和保护.     

印度洋西北部海域鸢乌贼渔场分布及其与海面温度的关系

根据2004年9月-2005年4月印度洋西北海域鸢乌贼生产调查资料及海面温度数据,按经纬度1°×1°空间分辨率,采用软件Marine Explorer 4.0和数理统计方法对鸢乌贼作业渔场分布及其与海面温度的关系进行了分析。结果显示,9月-翌年1月作业渔场分布比较分散,分布在11°30′~19°30′N,58°~64°E海域;2-4月作业渔场分布比较集中,主要分布在15°~16°30′N,60°~61°30′E。各月份的平均日产量波动不大。作业渔场的适宜海面温度为25~29℃。经Kruskal-Wallis统计检验,调查期间各个温度组作业CPUE不存在显著性差异。     

东海鲐鱼资源和渔场时空分布特征的研究

根据1998~2003年我国东海大型灯光围网企业生产统计数据,利用灰色关联评价等数理方法对东海鲐鱼资源和渔场的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,主要作业渔场在经度上分布无差异,85%以上产量分布在122°E~124°E海域,而作业渔场在纬度上分布差异明显,但主要分布在26°N~28°N和30°N~31°N海域。较高平均网次产量(20 t/net)的海域主要集中在123°E~124°E、26°N~28°N及123°E~124°E、30°N~31°N海域。灰色关联度表明,6年间,以1999年鲐鱼资源状况最好,其次为2002年,2000年最差,1998年、2003年和2001年处于中间水平。分析认为,2000年鲐鱼资源最差可能与1999年捕捞产量过高造成亲鱼量急剧下降、夏季渔场水温偏低和鲐鱼资源的周期性波动等因素有关。     

东海海樽类数量分布及与环境的关系

提要根据1997—2000年东海23°30′—33°00′N、118°30′—128°00′E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,采用方差贡献和逐步回归分析方法探讨东海海樽类的数量变化和相应的动力学。结果表明,海樽类是东海浮游动物第二大类群,在数量上仅次于桡足类,其丰度春季最高,夏季次之,冬季最低;冬、春和夏季的东方双尾纽鳃樽(Thalia orientalis)和冬、秋季的小齿海樽(Doliolum denticulatum)是影响海樽类数量分布的主要优势种;海樽类高丰度区常位于暖流与各水团交汇处的偏暖流一侧,其数量变化的动力主要来自暖流势力的消长。海樽类在东海出现率较低,集群性强,较高丰度的分布仅局限在暖流势力范围内,其高丰度水域是东海暖流锋面的一个重要标志。     

大型深冷金枪鱼延绳钓典型渔具性能的初步研究

延绳钓是中国远洋金枪鱼渔业的主要作业方式,为探讨其渔具结构与性能特征,提高生产效率,笔者于2003年12月～2004年2月期间,在西印度洋5°30′N～6°30′S,44°00′E～62°00′E一带海域,以国内大型深冷金枪鱼延绳钓典型渔具为对象,研究了不同位置钓钩所处水深、上钓率及渔获效率.结果显示,调查期间钓钩水深分布范围约100～300 m,渔具对大眼金枪鱼上钓率以4～6组钓钩较高,对黄鳍金枪鱼则以2～4组钓钩最高.通过减少相邻浮子间钓钩数量至11枚,理论上可使钓钩水深大幅减小,并提高产量22.73%左右.     

东海精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)种群生态特征

根据1997—2000年东海23°30′—33°00′N、118°30′—128°00′E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,采用聚集强度等生态学方法和回归方差贡献等统计分析方法,对东海浮游桡足类精致真刺水蚤自然种群特征进行了研究,并与1979—1980年资料进行比较。结果表明,精致真刺水蚤在东海的优势性主要表现在秋季;其丰度和优势度有显著的季节变化,依次为秋季>冬季>夏季>春季;除夏季东海北部近海丛生指标I为1·34外,冬、春和夏3季I均为负值,秋季I值最高,有明显的聚集现象。与20年前结果相比,东海精致真刺水蚤优势度和占浮游桡足类总丰度的比例有所上升,这种现象可能与全球气候变暖相关。底层水环境的变化和暖流势力的强弱是影响东海精致真刺水蚤数量分布的主要因子。     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.