Interaction of upper and lower hybrid waves and generation of the downshifted maximum feature of stimulated electromagnetic emissions

The decay of an upper hybrid (UH) wave to a lower hybrid (LH) wave and a daughter upper hybrid wave is considered. The linear stage of the process was analyzed for ionospheric conditions and compared with experimental data as well as with theoretical results of other authors. It was shown that the effective excitation of the prominent downshifted maximum feature of stimulated electromagnetic emissions in the ionospheric modification experiments could take place possibly due to interaction between two oblique UH waves and a heavily damped LH wave.     

Simulation studies of processes associated with stimulated electromagnetic emission (SEE) in the ionosphere

Results of numerical simulation studies of processes associated with Stimulated Electromagnetic Emission (SEE) produced during ionospheric heating experiments are presented. A one-dimensional magnetized electrostatic Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulation model with uniform plasma density is used to investigate electrostatic wave generation in the region where the pump frequency ω₀ approximately equals the upper hybrid frequency ω_uh. In particular, the simulation plasma is driven with a uniform oscillating electric field to represent the long wavelength pump wave and power spectra of the electrostatic waves produced are taken. The pump wave frequency and amplitude are varied to consider the effects on the simulation power spectrum. The upper hybrid frequency in the model is varied through harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency Ω_ce to consider the effects of stepping the pump frequency through cyclotron harmonics. The power spectrum from the simulation plasma is richly structured. The resulting power spectra show sidebands upshifted and downshifted from the pump frequency by multiples of the lower hybrid frequency ω_lh. The structure of the spectrum is highly sensitive to the proximity of the upper hybrid frequency to the cyclotron harmonic frequencies.     

Plasma wave radiation in the main ionospheric trough in the region of the terminator from the APEX satellite data

The data of measurements of broadband wave radiation in the main ionospheric trough in the subauroral zone of the topside ionosphere in the region of the day-night terminator (APEX satellite experiment) are presented. It is shown that the observed attenuation of electrostatic radiation in a broad frequency band and fluctuations (variations) in the cutoff frequency of the electrostatic mode spectrum at the level of the local plasma or upper hybrid frequency are related to plasma heating by damping electrostatic oscillations in the ionospheric trough. Waveguide channels for propagation of electromagnetic whistler-mode waves observed on the satellite can be generated during the propagation of a gravity-thermal disturbance from the terminator.     

大功率电波加热电离层中热自聚焦不稳定性的理论研究和数值模拟

本文首先从电子密度及电子温度的输运方程和考虑自作用时的电磁波波动方程出发,利用简正模展开的方法推导出泵波在反射区域激发出热自聚焦不稳定性(thermal self-focusing instabilities,TSFI)所需电场阈值以及其增长率的完整数学表达式,并估算了TSFI激发阈值及所对应的有效辐射功率(ERP)的量级.随后利用三维垂直加热的理论模型,结合国际参考电离层(IRI-2012)和中性大气模型(MSIS-E-00)给出的背景参数,数值模拟了大功率高频泵波加热电离层时泵波反射区域电子密度及电子温度因TSFI而产生的变化及发展的过程,并对比分析了不同背景参数对较热效果的影响.结果表明:当高频泵波的加热阈值达到或超过百毫伏每米的量级时,即可激发TSFI,发展出大尺度电子密度及温度不均匀体,这些不均匀体内的密度耗空约为4%~10%,而电子温度剧烈增长,到达背景温度值的1.6~2.1倍;且在相当的加热条件下,背景电子温度越低、电子密度越小,加热效果越显著;电子密度及电子温度的扰动幅度随着加热时间的推移而逐渐减小,即扰动逐渐趋于饱和,且电子温度要快于电子密度达到饱和状态.本文还对泵波反射高度处的电子密度及电子温度变化率进行采样并求得其功率谱密度,分析结果表明:TSFI发展出的大尺度不均匀体满足幂律谱结构,谱指数随着加热的进行逐渐趋于稳定,白天与夜间的幂律谱指数区别不大,但电子密度与电子温度的幂律谱有所区别.     

南京地区低电离层加热效应的初步模拟

从电子能量方程和连续性方程出发,利用国际参考电离层(IRI-2007)和中性大气模型(NRLMSISE-00)得出背景参数,数值计算了大功率无线电波加热南京地区低电离层的电子温度和电子密度扰动幅度,并对比了不同加热条件下的电离层扰动效应.结果表明,大功率无线电波入射到电离层后,与等离子体相互作用,能够有效造成电子温度的升高而产生电子温度扰动;由于电子温度升高,等离子体碰撞频率增加且电子的复合系数减小,导致电子密度扰动;电子温度和电子密度的扰动幅度随着加热时间的推移而减小,即扰动逐渐趋于饱和;电子温度扰动的弛豫时间尺度为微秒量级,电子密度扰动的弛豫时间尺度为毫秒量级;在欠密加热条件下,X波模比O波模更容易吸收.     

Disturbances of the ionospheric conductivity owing to the generation of magnetic pulsations in the Pc1 frequency range by means of the heating of electrons by a ground-based high-power high-frequency transmitter

Experiments on the generation of artificial electromagnetic pulsations constitute an important part of investigations of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system with the use of an active action. The investigation of the generation of magnetic pulsations in the Pc1 frequency range has shown that the response of the ionosphere to heating is detected only in a few experiments. Although the primary perturbed parameter is the electron temperature, the efficiency of the generation of pulsations is determined by the perturbations of the ionospheric conductivity. The magnitude of these hertz perturbations depends complexly on the electron density profile and the parameters of a pump wave. The numerical experiment demonstrates the determining effect of the electron density in the D region on the magnitude of perturbations of the ionospheric conductivity. Under conditions of a low electron density, it is impossible to create a large perturbation of the conductivity in the Pc1 frequency range, although perturbations of the electron temperature can be large in this case. In view of a large number of electrons at altitudes of 70–90 km, which absorb a considerable fraction of the energy of a high-frequency wave, the electron temperature in the E region of the ionosphere cannot be sharply increased, but the amplitude of the variations of the ionospheric conductivity in this case is larger than that for the profiles with a low electron density. In the presence of the developed D region, the efficiency of the modification of the conductivity in the indicated frequency range can be increased by choosing the optimal frequency and polarization of the pump wave. A low efficiency of the experiments on the generation of artificial magnetic pulsations in the Pc1 frequency range is apparently explained by the fact that they were performed in winter in the absence of a well-developed D region of the ionosphere.     

Comments on the parametric excitation of low-frequency electrostatic waves

The nonlinear excitation of low-frequency electrostatic waves by a high-power pump wave is re-examined. In that way, we present simple formulas that are relevant for ionospheric heating experiments.     

利用射线追踪方法研究化学物质释放对高频加热的聚焦效应

电离层化学物质释放能导致释放区域电子密度的损耗,从而产生明显的电离层空洞现象.高频电波通过电离层空洞时,由于电子密度不同,对电波产生折射效果进而形成聚焦效应.本文利用射线追踪方法,评估高频电波通过空洞形成聚焦加热的效果.结果表明,释放水分子与SF6都能对电离层产生明显的空洞,空洞半径约为25～50 km,电子密度的损耗...     

极区电离层加热的数值模拟与实验对比

大功率无线电波能加热电离层等离子体,可以引起电离层电子温度和密度的扰动,实现电离层的人工变态.从电子的连续性方程、动量方程和能量方程出发,我们给出了地面人工大功率无线电波加热电离层的数值模型.通过对方程的数值求解,计算了极地电离层条件下,电子温度、电子密度的加热效应,讨论了泵波参数对加热效应的影响.研究结果表明,电子温度几乎在整个高度上表现为一致性的幅度增强,且在反射高度附近形成温度增强峰很平缓.电子密度在峰上高度附近形成密度谷,谷两侧存在密度增强.加热效应基本随加热功率的增大而增大,随加热频率的增大而减小.使用我国2008年1月在挪威进行的电离层加热实验的电离层参量作为仿真初值,对6个O波加热时刻进行了数值仿真,仿真结果与实验观测基本保持一致.     

不同散射模式下S波包络合成

为揭示地震波在地壳小尺度非均匀介质中的散射过程,更准确地描述地震波的包络展宽现象,本文基于多次各向异性散射理论,采用离散波数法求解能量密度积分方程,选取高斯型自相关函数表征的散射模式,得到S波能量密度包络.基于此,本文首先分析了单次散射和多次散射在形成S波能量密度包络中的贡献规律;然后探讨了吸收系数和总散射系数对合成S...     

张衡一号卫星记录的空间电磁波传播特征分析方法及算法实现

本研究主要利用张衡一号电磁卫星(CSES)记录的电磁场波形数据,研发了电磁波波矢量分析工具,该工具包提供电磁波形频谱变换、奇异值分解(SVD)方法以及坡印廷能流计算功能.选取了张衡一号卫星在ULF/ELF/VLF频段观测到的哨声波、准周期辐射、电离层嘶声波等典型波动事件,开展了频谱分析和波矢量分析.通过与DEMETER卫星的对比观测研究,验证了算法的正确性,并且初步探讨了这些波动的传播特征,其结果也验证了张衡一号卫星在电磁场观测方面具有良好的性能.本研究研发的波矢量分析工具包可直接运用到张衡一号卫星的常规数据处理和科学分析应用中.     

Dynamics of the large-scale ULF electromagnetic wave structures in the ionosphere

The present article displays the results of theoretical investigation of the planetary ultra-low-frequency (ULF) electromagnetic wave structure, generation and propagation dynamics in the dissipative ionosphere. These waves are stipulated by a spatial inhomogeneous geomagnetic field. The waves propagate in different ionospheric layers along the parallels to the east as well as to the west and their frequencies vary in the range of (10–10⁻⁶) s⁻¹ with a wavelength of order 10³ km. The fast disturbances are associated with oscillations of the ionospheric electrons frozen in the geomagnetic field. The large-scale waves are weakly damped. They generate the geomagnetic field adding up to several tens of nanotesla (nT) near the Earth's surface. It is prescribed that the planetary ULF electromagnetic waves preceding their nonlinear interaction with the local shear winds can self-localize in the form of nonlinear long-living solitary vortices, moving along the latitude circles westward as well as eastward with a velocity different from the phase velocity of the corresponding linear waves. The vortex structures transfer the trapped particles of medium, as well as energy and heat. That is why such nonlinear vortex structures can be the structural elements of the ionospheric strong macro-turbulences.     

基于人工电离层扰动对地-电离层波导传播的VLF波的影响

基于低电离层加热理论和甚低频电波在地-电离层波导中传播理论,建立低电离层扰动对甚低频电波传播影响的分析模型,并利用实验数据验证了该模型的正确性.据此模型,研究了加热功率、加热波极化以及背景参数所导致的低电离层扰动对不同频率甚低频电波传播的影响.结果表明,低电离层扰动越强,则通过该区域内甚低频波幅度和相位的相对变化越强,通过研究地-电离层波导甚低频信号通过人工扰动区域后幅度和相位的变化,可望用于诊断人工电离层扰动强度.     

Joint evaluation of fracture azimuth by electromagnetic wave and elastic wave

With the multi-wave, multi-component seismic wave exploration, one can apply the anisotropy of fracture media to analyze the attributes of the fracture media, including the fracture azimuth. In the meantime, the techniques of full-polarimetric electromagnetic wave, including full-polarimetric borehole radar, can also be used to analyze the attributes of the fracture. However, the analysis precision of both the multi-component elastic wave exploration and full-polarimetric electromagnetic wave exploration is prone to the influence of noise and other factors. So far, some researchers have conducted studies on the joint inversion of electromagnetic waves and seismic waves. This paper develops evaluation techniques of fracture azimuth by electromagnetic wave, elastic wave, and joint analysis of coincident elastic reflection and electromagnetic data. Firstly, based on the shear wave splitting of elastic waves, this paper develops a statistical analysis technique which applies Pearson correlation coefficient to count and analyze the azimuth angle of fracture. Secondly, based on the information of electromagnetic polarization rotated by fracture, this paper develops a statistical analysis method of full-polarimetric electromagnetic waves which applies the maximum amplitude ratio between the co-polarization and cross-polarization to analyze the azimuth angle of fracture. Furthermore, based on the analysis result of the elastic wave and full-polarimetric electromagnetic wave, this paper develops a joint analysis technique which adopts the standard deviation. At last, authors in this study conduct joint detection experiments on the coincident fracture medium by using the ultrasonic and full-polarimetric ground penetrating radar. The experimental result indicates that both single geophysical methods are capable of analyzing the fracture azimuth angle, but the joint analysis is more accurate.     

空间尘埃等离子体中的重力波特性

建立尘埃等离子体中重力波的基本方程,推导尘埃等离子体中重力波的色散关系,分析地球极区中间层顶处尘埃等离子体层中的重力波特性,研究了重力波在电子密度垂直分层的尘埃等离子体中的反射. 结果表明尘埃等离子体改变了通常大气中的重力内波的色散关系,限制了小水平波数重力内波的传播,改变了波的能量特性,减小了重力波在不均匀大气中垂直向上传播时振幅的增长;在尘埃等离子体中传播时重力波可被电子密度垂直分层的结构反射而导致波能量的集中, 它产生的湍动所导致的空间电子密度的不均匀性分布是极区上空PMSEs的可能机制.     

Artificial periodic irregularities in the auroral ionosphere

Artificial periodic irregularities (API) are produced in the ionospheric plasma by a powerful standing electromagnetic wave reflected off the F region. The resulting electron-density irregularities can scatter other high-frequency waves if the Bragg scattering condition is met. Such measurements have been performed at mid-latitudes for two decades and have been developed into a useful ionospheric diagnostic technique. We report here the first measurements from a high-latitude station, using the EISCAT heating facility near Troms0, Norway. Both F-region and lower-altitude ionospheric echoes have been obtained, but the bulk of the data has been in the E and D regions with echoes extending down to 52-km altitude. Examples of API are shown, mainly from the D region, together with simultaneous VHP incoherent-scatter-radar (ISR) data. Vertical velocities derived from the rate of phase change during the irregularity decay are shown and compared with velocities derived from the ISR. Some of the API-derived velocities in the 75–115-km height range appear consistent with vertical neutral winds as shown by their magnitudes and by evidence of gravity waves, while other data in the 50–70-km range show an unrealistically large bias. For a comparison with ISR data it has proved difficult to get good quality data sets overlapping in height and time. The initial comparisons show some agreement, but discrepancies of several metres per second do not yet allow us to conclude that the two techniques are measuring the same quantity. The irregularity decay time-constants between about 53 and 70 km are compared with the results of an advanced ion-chemistry model, and height profiles of recorded signal power are compared with model estimates in the same altitude range. The calculated amplitude shows good agreement with the data in that the maximum occurs at about the same height as that of the measured amplitude. The calculated time-constant agrees very well with the data below 60 km but is larger above 60 km by a factor of up to 2 at 64 km. The comparisons with the model are considered to be a good basis for more refined comparisons.     

Response of the convecting high-latitude F layer to a powerful HF wave

A numerical model of the high-latitude ionosphere, which takes into account the convection of the ionospheric plasma, has been developed and utilized to simulate the F-layer response at auroral latitudes to high-power radio waves. The model produces the time variations of the electron density, positive ion velocity, and ion and electron temperature profiles within a magnetic field tube carried over an ionospheric heater by the convection electric field. The simulations have been performed for the point with the geographic coordinates of the ionospheric HF heating facility near Tromso, Norway, when it is located near the midnight magnetic meridian. The calculations have been made for equinox, at high-solar-activity, and low-geomagnetic-activity conditions. The results indicate that significant variations of the electron temperature, positive ion velocity, and electron density profiles can be produced by HF heating in the convecting high-latitude F layer.     

Spatial field structure and polarization of geomagnetic pulsations in conjugate areas

The ultra-low-frequency (ULF) geomagnetic pulsations observed at two nearly conjugate mid-latitude sites are examined to study their spatial structure and polarization, and learn about the role of ionospheric conductivity in forming their ground signatures. The data of 1999–2002 from Antarctica and New England (L of 2.4) are compared with the numerical results obtained in a simple plane model of ULF wave propagation through the ionosphere and atmosphere. The multi-layered model environment includes an anisotropic and parametrically time-dependent ionosphere, a uniform magnetosphere and a conducting Earth, all placed in a tilted geomagnetic field. The measured diurnal and seasonal variations in the orientation angle of the polarization ellipse are interpreted as effects of hydromagnetic wave propagation through the ionosphere and conversion to an electromagnetic field below. Essentially, the phase, amplitude and polarization of ULF waves observed at the ground are controlled by the wave's spatial structure in the magnetosphere and ionospheric transverse conductivities. The differences shown by the characteristics of simultaneous pulsations in conjugate areas arise mainly from different local ionospheric conditions, while the source waves of the pulsations are common to both sites.     

随钻声波测井FDTD模拟及钻铤波传播特性研究

幅度大的钻铤波掩盖地层信号是困扰随钻声波测井技术的难题,认识钻铤波特性对于消除或有效降低钻铤波至关重要.记录岩石动电效应引起电磁场的随钻动电测井,被认为有望彻底解决钻铤波干扰问题.本文采用有限差分法,模拟不同钻铤、不同井孔结构的随钻声场,对比分析了单极源钻铤波的传播特性,阐明存在伴随钻铤波动电信号的原因.结果表明:钻铤声波在沿钻铤传播时向外部介质辐射能量,透过井壁进入地层的具有视钻铤波速度的声波,与地层纵横波一样可发生动电转化,因而可导致随钻动电测井时产生钻铤波速度的电磁信号.计算还表明,高频情况下,随钻声波测井钻铤波呈现两阶模式:具有低频截止频率的高阶钻铤波幅度较小,其速度略低于钻铤纵波速度;无截止频率的低阶钻铤波幅度较大,其波速在高频时甚至低于钻铤横波速度.这种频散特性和多阶模式特性,是径向多分层开波导结构的导波属性.     

大功率高频电波加热电离层的非线性物理过程

地基大功率电波加热电离层是通过地基大功率短波发射机向电离层发射无线电波,通过波-粒和波-波的相互作用将无线电波的能量注入电离层.通过这种有目的可操控的方式改变电离层电子密度和温度的分布,可以深入研究电离层中等离子体能量和物质的非线性演化过程,特别是电离层电子的非平衡态分布和加速问题.本文通过对电离层加热中几个比较重要物理过程的评述,对过去20年来我国研究学者在这一研究方向上取得的重要进展进行了介绍.