环境中氡运移理论与计算方法研究

本文根据氡运移的扩散与对流理论建立了任意形状介质中氡运移方程、大地岩石、土壤中氡的运移方程和大地—大气氡交换理论模型。通过模型实验研究了介质中氡运移规律并验证所建立的氡运移的理论公式。运用大地—大气氡交换模型计算了江西临川市某住宅区空气中氡浓度,取得了初步的应用效果。     

铀矿体上方均匀覆盖层中氡迁移的数值模拟

依据氡的扩散-对流机理,本研究确定了稳定状态下铀矿体上方均匀覆盖层中氡迁移的二维运移方程。采用有限差分方法分别模拟出均匀铀矿体、不均匀铀矿体、两个均匀铀矿体上方均匀覆盖层中的氡浓度分布。文章探讨了数值模拟中扩散系数、对流速度、覆盖层厚度、矿体宽度等模拟参数对氡浓度分布的影响。将迁移模型应用于大庆沟铀矿床,并与室内模型实验所测得的不同深度处的氡浓度值进行对比。实测结果表明,当迁移模型的参数选取适当时,数值模拟结果与实测结果基本吻合。     

f中氡非稳态运移实验模拟

根据壤中氡非稳态运移模型,通过设计实验,采用自行研制的土壤连续测氡仪,对某地下0.28 m和1.4 m深度处氡浓度进行测量,得到实验数据并拟合图形。研究结果表明,非稳态条件下壤中氡浓度受压强和温度影响随时间呈现周期性变化。氡浓度与压强变化趋势相反,与温度变化趋势一致;温度对氡运移比压强对氡运移的影响大。根据理论值和实测值的拟合情况,平均浓度误差在0.28 m处为-2.01%、在1.4 m处为-8.59%。实验成果表明,理论公式可以用于氡的运移与分布状态的研究。     

不同介质中氡运移的异常现象与α衰变

研究了氡在不同介质模型中的运移情况，实验得出：氡及其子体在竖立的封闭空气模型中，运移距离大大超过27m，远远超过扩散作用达到的范围；在空气、砾石、水和砂介质模型顶端，氡及其子体均呈阵发性而不是连续性变化。出现这些异常情况，是由于氡及其子体的产生与α衰变有关，α粒子系^4He，它能与氡及其子体形成He-Rn等团簇现象引起的。借助来自铀矿石的氡比来自液体镭源的氡具有更强的向上运移能力，论证了He-Rn团簇的存在。     

运移参数对GCL中污染物运移的影响研究

分析了运移参数的变化对GCL中污染物运移的影响。从衬垫底部浓度比、对流和扩散通量、污染物累积运移量等方面,对污染物在GCL中的运移进行了计算。结果表明,减小渗透系数和扩散系数可以有效减缓衬垫底部浓度比的增加速度。渗透系数对对流通量的大小、扩散通量的变化速度的影响较大;扩散系数主要影响最大扩散通量。当渗透系数较大时,可以忽略扩散累积运移量,用对流累积运移量代替总累积运移量引起的误差很小。当渗透系数较小时,忽略扩散运移量可能产生较大的误差,尤其是在扩散系数也较大的情况下误差更加明显。      

理想条件下氡及其子体运移规律研究

从实验入手,应用高灵敏度,高精度,静态,易于重复观测的ＣＤ－１α杯测氡方法,在室内较理想条件下,研究了氡及其子体自身固有的运移规律,主要发现是：氡及其子体比重很大;但在理想空气中,它向上运移能力与向下运移能力相似,甚或超过,而远远大于横向运移能力。其规律是：氡及其子体向上运移的贡献大于４５％,向下运移不及４５％,扩散作用小于１０％。     

汉江中下游突发性水污染事故污染物运移扩散模型

以汉江中下游为例,基于MIKE 11模型的降雨径流模块、水动力模块、对流扩散模块建立了汉江中下游的降雨-径流模型、水动力模型和对流-扩散模型,通过对模型进行率定和验证,表明该模型具有较理想的模拟效果;在此基础上运用构建的模型模拟了汉江中下游2003年冬季、夏季不同水文情况下,突发性水污染事故中污染物的运移扩散过程,定量模拟了突发性水污染事故发生后,汉江不同地点处污染物到达的时间和浓度值,并对突发风险事故的影响范围、程度、时间做出定量预报.     

断层上方第四系覆盖层中氡气运移规律的数值模拟

在前人研究的基础上,建立了稳定条件下断层上方第四系覆盖层中氡气的运移方程,给出了相应的边界条件,对断层上方覆盖层中的氡浓度分布进行了数值模拟,并对其影响因素进行了讨论.结果表明,断层上方第四系覆盖层中存在明显的氡浓度异常,其分布与覆盖层的厚度、断层的宽度、氡的扩散系数和对流速度等因素有关.     

地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移影响研究

地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移具有重要影响。结合地下水渗流理论、太沙基一维固结理论和溶质运移对流-弥散理论,建立了变形土体中污染物迁移三维耦合数值模型,考虑了孔隙度、渗透系数和水动力弥散系数随有效应力的动态变化。通过对实际案例进行模拟,分析了地下水开采引发的土体变形对污染物迁移规律的影响。结果表明,地下水位下降,土体有效应力增加,土体骨架压缩变形,使得孔隙度、渗透系数减小,导致水动力弥散系数增幅减小,从而延缓了污染物迁移的对流扩散过程。     

铀矿找矿中氡的迁移机制探讨

本文主要介绍铀矿勘查中氡的迁移机制。通过对自行设计的氡迁移模型长达３个月的试验研究（与理论计算值进行比较）和选择一条经深部揭露的地段（多个矿体埋深为已知）进行地表多种氡法测量，证明只用扩散理论是不可能完满解释为什么氡法能够探测到深达二三百米的铀矿体。从广义角度提出了氡的迁移机制主要是“接力传递”作用。     

Diffusive crystal dissolution

Crystal dissolution may include three component processes: interface reaction, diffusion and complications due to convection. We report here a theoretical and experimental study of crystal dissolution in silicate melt without convection. A reaction-diffusion equation is developed and numerically solved. The results show that during non-convective crystal dissolution in silicate melt, the interface melt composition reaches a constant or stationary saturation composition in less than a second, hence interface reaction is not the rate-determining step and crystal dissolution in silicate melt is usually diffusion-controlled. Crystal dissolution experiments (designed to suppress convection) show that the concentration profiles of all components propagate into the melt according to the square root of run duration, and that the dissolution distance is also proportional to the square root of run duration. Thus our experiments confirm that the dissolution is diffusion controlled, which is consistent with our numerical calculations. For some principal equilibrium-determining components, concentration profiles conform approximately to the analytical solution of the diffusion equation with a constant effective binary diffusion coefficient. Diffusive dissolution rates (which are inversely proportional to square root of time) can thus be predicted from the phase equilibria and the effective binary diffusion coefficients. To predict steady-state convective dissolution rates, the thickness of the boundary layer must be known. If the convective compositional boundary layer thickness around a dissolving crystal aggregate or near the wall of a magma chamber during convection is about 2 cm or larger, then convective dissolution would rarely result in any significant alteration of original melt. Our dissolution experiments also illustrate the complexity of the diffusion process. Uphill diffusion is common, especially during olivine dissolution into andesitic melt where a majority of the components show the effect of diffusion up their own concentration gradients. Uphill diffusion has implications to the understanding of crystal zoning, and suggests caution is required in applying least squares mass balance analysis to magmatic rocks affected by processes involving diffusion.     

考虑热扩散的黏土衬垫中污染物运移简化计算

以单层压实黏土衬垫为研究对象,在传统对流弥散方程的基础上考虑温度梯度下污染物的热扩散运移,得到简化条件下半无限边界的解析解。研究表明,考虑热扩散效应所得的衬垫底部相对浓度和通量均大于传统对流弥散方程所得结果,S_T越大时相对浓度和通量也越大,当S_T=0.5 K-1时稳定通量达到S_T=0时稳定通量2.5倍。热扩散通量是对流通量的-AS_TD/v倍,两者均随时间的增加而增大;分子扩散通量则先增加达到峰值后减小趋于零。同时考虑温度对运移参数的影响和热扩散效应时,温度升高使衬垫底部相对浓度增大,导致击穿时间提前,污染物通量显著增大;当温度从30℃升高至70℃时,击穿时间从8.5 a提前至5.1 a,稳定通量增大约1.7倍。在进行衬垫设计时不考虑温度的影响将使污染风险大幅增加。     

Numerical modeling of two-phase binary fluid mixing using mixed finite elements

Diffusion coefficients of dense gases in liquids can be measured by considering two-phase binary nonequilibrium fluid mixing in a closed cell with a fixed volume. This process is based on convection and diffusion in each phase. Numerical simulation of the mixing often requires accurate algorithms. In this paper, we design two efficient numerical methods for simulating the mixing of two-phase binary fluids in one-dimensional, highly permeable media. Mathematical model for isothermal compositional two-phase flow in porous media is established based on Darcy’s law, material balance, local thermodynamic equilibrium for the phases, and diffusion across the phases. The time-lag and operator-splitting techniques are used to decompose each convection–diffusion equation into two steps: diffusion step and convection step. The Mixed finite element (MFE) method is used for diffusion equation because it can achieve a high-order and stable approximation of both the scalar variable and the diffusive fluxes across grid–cell interfaces. We employ the characteristic finite element method with moving mesh to track the liquid–gas interface. Based on the above schemes, we propose two methods: single-domain and two-domain methods. The main difference between two methods is that the two-domain method utilizes the assumption of sharp interface between two fluid phases, while the single-domain method allows fractional saturation level. Two-domain method treats the gas domain and the liquid domain separately. Because liquid–gas interface moves with time, the two-domain method needs work with a moving mesh. On the other hand, the single-domain method allows the use of a fixed mesh. We derive the formulas to compute the diffusive flux for MFE in both methods. The single-domain method is extended to multiple dimensions. Numerical results indicate that both methods can accurately describe the evolution of the pressure and liquid level.     

Numerical model of contaminant transport through conduit-porous matrix system

A mathematical model for determining solute concentrations at a point within a cylindrically symmetrical conduit-porous matrix system is described. Both convection and diffusion are considered within the conduit subsystem, whereas only diffusion is considered within the porous matrix subsystem. The two subsystems are coupled through continuity conditions imposed at their interface boundary. The transport equations are solved utilizing an alternating-direction implicit-method technique. The solute concentration profiles resulting from this model are then sketched and discussed.     

峨眉山柿子坪热田地表氡气异常特征

本文通过柿子坪地区地表氡气测量,对热田地表氡气异常特征作了初步分析。该区地表氡气高值异常呈环状产出,并严格受构造控制。同时指出地表氡气测量是热田勘查的有效途径。     

A study of the modelling error in two operator splitting algorithms for porous media flow

Operator splitting methods are often used to solve convection–diffusion problems of convection dominated nature. However, it is well known that such methods can produce significant (splitting) errors in regions containing self sharpening fronts. To amend this shortcoming, corrected operator splitting methods have been developed. These approaches use the wave structure from the convection step to identify the splitting error. This error is then compensated for in the diffusion step. The main purpose of the present work is to illustrate the importance of the correction step in the context of an inverse problem. The inverse problem will consist of estimating the fractional flow function in a onedimensional saturation equation.     

基于低频约束的高分辨率Radon变换多次波压制方法研究

抛物线Radon变换是地震资料处理中常用的一种多次波压制方法,常规Radon变换由于采用最小二乘算法的原因,对不同的曲率值采用相同的加权值进行求解,分辨率较低。为提高Radon域数据的分辨率,应采用对不同曲率值应用不同的加权值的方法。一般的思路是利用前一次迭代的结果得到加权矩阵,该算法需要迭代进行,运算量较大。这里拟采用低频约束的方式提高Radon变换的分辨率,即利用前一个频率的运算结果对下一个频率的计算进行约束,该算法分辨率高,计算速度快。模拟数据和实际数据的测试表明,本文方法在多次波压制处理中,可以快速有效地完成多次波去除。     

Some aspects of release and transport of gases in deep granitic rocks: possible implications for nuclear waste repositories

Radon, radium and helium data from three sites in granitic rock in Sweden (Forsmark and Laxemar) and Finland (Olkiluoto) from depths greater than 1,000 m were interpreted by a model that describes how daughter nuclides, including helium from uranium and thorium decay, escape from minerals, enter the pore water in the rock matrix and diffuse to the seeping water in the fractures in the rock. The radium concentrations are on the order of <30 Bq/l of water that has recently infiltrated and then emerged from the rock. Radon concentrations are mostly several orders of magnitude larger. The model predicts values in the same range. The fair agreement between model results, field data and laboratory data over a scale spanning micrometres over meters to kilometres, and time scales of days to millions of years, shows that the micropores of the rock matrix are connected even at depths down to and beyond a kilometre. Molecular diffusion in the matrix pore water is a key migration mechanism. Laboratory-derived sorption coefficients for radium are of the same magnitude as those needed in the modelling of the in situ data to give good agreement.     

Supernova Explosion Mechanism with the Neutrinos and the Collapse of the Rotation Core

Most of the energy released in the gravitational collapse of the cores of massive stars is carried away by neutrinos. Neutrinos play a pivotal role in explaining core-collapse supernovae. In this work the multidimensional gas dynamics is used with neutrino transport in the flux-limited diffusion approximation to study the role of multi-dimensional effects. The possibility of large-scale convection is discussed, which is interesting both for explaining SNII and for setting up observations to register possible high-energy (?10 MeV) neutrinos from the supernova. In compare with the previous work describing a new multidimensional gas dynamics method with neutrino transport we investigate the role of the rotation in the convection.     

重金属污染物在黏土固化注浆帷幕中的运移规律

基于渗透和弥散作用,探讨了黏土固化注浆帷幕对污染物的阻滞机制,通过土柱试验,分析了注浆帷幕对重金属污染物的渗透性能和弥散性能,采用污染物运移过程数值模拟的一维对流-弥散计算模型,研究了重金属污染物在注浆帷幕中的运移规律。试验表明,不同的污染物质在黏土固化注浆帷幕中的渗透性能和弥散性能不同,镉的迁移速度大于铅。数值计算表明,注浆帷幕的厚度及其渗透性、弥散性和水力梯度等重要控制参数对重金属污染物在帷幕中的运移过程具有显著影响。