考虑飓风过程非平稳性的沿海地区飓风灾害评估

飓风等自然灾害的发生会对沿海地区造成巨大的社会、经济损失,因此有必要合理评估这些区域的建筑在飓风作用下的灾害。已有研究指出,全球气候变暖会影响未来飓风的强度和发生频率。本文考虑飓风发生（随机）过程的非平稳性,提出了沿海地区飓风灾害评估的新方法。用非齐次泊松过程来描述飓风的发生,并用时变的统计参数（均值、标准差）来反映飓风强度的变化。在此基础上,给出了累积飓风灾害的均值、方差的显式公式。选取美国佛罗里达州迈阿密县进行案例分析,研究了飓风过程非平稳性对累积灾害的影响。     

勘误

2006年《海洋预报》第三期《“太平洋十年涛动”冷位相时期的全球飓风等灾害》一文中表1刊登有误，特作更改：     

桑迪飓风的“叫醒服务”

桑迪飓风给它所“莅临”之处都造成了巨大的灾害，同时也在全球范围内激发了人们的密切关注，焦点问题纷纷集中于气候变化领域。虽然尚未找到确切的证据将气候变化与桑迪飓风之间令人信服地联系起来．但是牙买加资深气候谈判专家、气象服务部气候司的兜利夫·马龙认为，桑迪飓风的登陆过程非常复杂，此番，它作为一级飓风系统于10月24日在牙买加登陆，之后，又席卷海地、巴哈马等地，后来又肆虐美幽，这种势头不容忽视。     

探索预报厄尔尼诺的有效方法

从本世纪50年代起,特别是70年代后,全球气候变得异常,美国夏威夷遭受罕见的飓风袭击,非洲大陆出现百年不遇的特大旱灾,秘鲁等地洪水泛滥。在这期间,我国也相继发生了洪涝、干旱和特大风暴潮灾害。面对大自然给人类造成的种种灾害,人们开始思索,自然界可能存在某种巨大的能量,在操纵全球气候变化。科学家们在对50年来的海洋和气象资料进行分析后发现,全球气候异常与厄尔尼诺现象有密切关系。厄尔尼诺现象是热带海域,特别是赤道海域海气相互作用过     

反复不定的北极涛动

放眼世界,近50年来,全球极端异常天气与气候事件的频率和强度明显增多。百年不遇的欧洲暴雪、超强的卡特琳娜飓风、震惊全球的日本海啸,还有全球普遍的异常高温,异常低温等,皆是触目惊心。     

近十年来中国大陆沿海地区重大海洋灾害分析

伴随中国海洋经济的发展,沿海重大海洋灾害已成为沿海地区可持续发展的重要影响因素。近十年来,中国沿海灾害直接经济损失数十亿元到数百亿元,并造成严重的人员伤亡。台风、温带气旋引起的风暴潮和海浪灾害是造成中国沿海重大海洋灾害的主要致灾因素。初步分析了近十年来重大海洋灾害和厄尔尼诺之间的关系,指出强厄尔尼诺年前后,多发生严重的海洋灾害,加强灾害预报和实施必要的减灾对策,对中国沿海的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

热带气旋及其预测预警技术

本文分析了近几十年来全球热带气旋所带来的灾害对人类社会和军事活动的影响,概括了全球气候变暖和未来对全球热带气旋活动的影响.对目前世界各国在热带气旋的预报、监测预警技术和水平进行了详细分析,探讨了预测预报和监测预警方面存在的关键技术问题,提出了热带气旋研究和预测预警技术方法研究领域的几个重大的前沿科学问题.     

对我国两种海堤规范设计波浪标准的风险分析

面对全球气候变化,海平面上升的趋势,极端气候致灾因素诱发的灾害已成为影响各大洋沿岸及亚洲各国人民生命财产安全和经济发展的重大问题。就我国而言,台风、暴潮、巨浪、暴雨灾害已直接影响到沿海和内陆各省人民的生命财产和可持续发展。介绍极值预测理论及其在国内外海岸工程中的应用,并对比我国水利部海堤工程设计规范建议的不同波高概率预测理论和方法作为设计标准进行了风险评估,以期工程设计达到防灾减灾的目的。     

新生代主要全球气候事件研究进展

地质历史时期发生的全球气候变化事件正在成为地球科学界的研究重点。新生代以来的许多全球气候变化事件都接近于现今的地球系统,对其研究有助于理解现今地球系统过程在气候快速变化时的响应。这些主要全球气候事件包括古新世—始新世最热事件(PETM)、渐新世初大冰期事件(EOGM)、中中新世冷事件、北极冰盖形成事件、中更新世气候周期转型事件(MPT)、Dansgaard/Oscheger事件、Heinrich事件、新仙女木事件和中全新世冷事件。CO2浓度在全球气候变化中起着重要的作用。     

人类对气候变暖的影响不大？

温室气体排放、工业革命导致全球气候变暖、海平面将不断上升……这些说法,恐怕是这些年人们听到最多的有关地球气候环境变化的话题。绝大多数人,已经笃信我们所处的地球正在面临非常严峻的气候变暖考验。不断消融的冰山、频发的飓风与其他气候灾害一次又一次敲打人们脆弱的神经。地球的气候状态是不是到达了危机四伏的临界点?各种由于气候变暖所造成的灾难会不会一触即发?这些问题萦绕在无数人的心头,更激起了全球一波又一波呼吁减少温室气体排放以及采取必要手段减缓气候变暖趋势的运动。不过,人类活动究竟在多大程度上对地球的气候系统造…     

厄尔尼诺与影响福建的热带气旋

资料统计分析显示,ＥｌＮｉｎｏ年,影响福建的热带气旋较常年显著偏少,ＬａＮｉｎａ年,影响福建热带的气旋较常年偏多,ｔ检验表明,两者之间差异显著。其机制是,ＥｌＮｉｎｏ活动期间,西太平洋副热带高压强度大,位置偏南、偏西、ＩＴＣＺ位置偏南,热带气旋生成区对流活动弱,不利于热带气旋的生成和北上影响福建,ＬａＮｉｎｅ年,副热带高中度北,位置偏北,偏东,ＩＴＣＺ位置偏北,热带气旋生成区对流活动旺盛,有利于热     

源自南海东北部海区热带气旋的若干统计特征

1949－1998年50a中，源自南海东北部海区的热带气旋共67个，其中有17a无热带气旋产生，45a无台风。该海区产生的热带气旋及其有关的统计特征与南海南部和热带西太平洋的热带气旋不同：平均个数是厄尔尼诺年较反厄尔尼诺年少；春季型的厄尔尼诺过程中热带气旋生成较多；1970－1990的的强厄尔尼诺过程中热带气旋个数当年较次年多，1990年后则相反，与历次厄尔尼诺过程比较，1997－1998年特强厄尔尼诺过程中的热带气旋生成较多、发展较快、其异常的气候特征为有史以来所罕见。     

两类厄尔尼诺事件期间热带大气GILL响应分析

分析了1979-2018年两类厄尔尼诺事件期间月平均热带太平洋海面温度(sea surface temperature,SST)异常、对流降水异常、大气环流异常等特征,发现东部型、中部型厄尔尼诺期间海洋及大气加热场并不是赤道对称,赤道以南热源强度大于赤道以北.大气对热源的响应表现在:1)低层在大气热源西侧出现南、北半球...     

The numerical criteria and characteristics of El Nino and La Nina

-By using the sea surface temperature (SST) index of the Equatorial Pacific Ocean provided by Climate Analysis Center of U. S. A. , the numerical criteria of El Nino and La Nina events and their quantitative characteristics were calculated. Results show that the El Nino event was characterized with strong intensity, shorter life cycle and significant mature phase; however, the La Nina event has longer live cycle, weak intensity, insignificant mature phase. Through teleconnection analysis, it is found that the intensity index of SST over the Equatorial Pacific Ocean leads the intensity index of subtropical high by six months or so. During the El Nino years, the tropical cyclone over the northwestern Pacific is fewer than normal but stronger, and its genesis area shifts southeastward apparently; while in the La Nina years the number of tropical cyclones are larger.     

El Ni(n)o phenomenon in simple ocean data assimilation data

To study how the air and sea interact with each other during El Nino/La Nina onsets, extended associate pattern analysis (EAPA) is adopted with the simple ocean data assimilation (SODA) data. The results show that as El Nino/La Nina' s parents their behaviors are quite different, there does not exist a relatively independent tropical atmosphere but does exist a relatively independent tropical Pacific Ocean because the air is heated from the bottom surface instead of the top surface and of much stronger baroclinic instability than the sea and has a very large inter-tropical convergence zone covering the most tropical Pacific Ocean. The idea that it is the wester burst and wind convergence, coming from middle latitudes directly that produce the seawater eastward movement and meridional convergence in the upper levels and result in the typical El Nino sea surface temperature warm signal is confirmed again.     

Spatial and temporal variability of heat content above the thermocline in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Abstract-Heat content of the upper layer above the 20℃ isotherm in the tropical Pacific Ocean isestimated by using the sea temperature data set with a resolution 2°latitude×5°longitude (1980～1993)for the water depths (every 10 m) from 0 m to 400 m, and its temporal and spatial variabilities are an-alyzed. (1) The temporal variability indicates that the total heat in the upper layer of the equatorial Pa-cific Ocean is charcterized by the interannual variability. The time series of the equatorial heat anomaly5 months lead that of the El Nino index at the best positive lag correlation between the two, and theformer 13 months lag behind the latter at their best negative lag correlation. Therefore the equatorialheat content can be used as a better predictor than the El Nino index for a warm or cold event. In addi-tion, it is also found that less heat anomaly in the equator corresponds to the stronger warm events inthe period (1980～1993) and much more heat was accumulated in the 4 years including 1992/1     

厄尔尼诺现象及预测现状

厄尔尼诺现象是目前发现的最明显气候异常信号.本文简短地介绍了厄尔尼诺的研究和预测现状,指出厄尔尼诺的预测水平还很低,其主要因素是一、没有建立起全球立体的厄尔尼诺监测网;二、研究局限于热带太平洋或热带印度洋-太平洋;三、缺乏多尺度相互作用的深入研究.另外,本文描述了厄尔尼诺发生前热带太平洋大气-海洋环流异常的几个特征.     

Variational iteration solving method for El Nio phenomenon atmospheric physics of nonlinear model

1 IntroductionThe El Ni’o atmospheric physics oscillation is anabnormal phenomenon involved in the tropical Pacificocean- atmosphere interactions. Studies on the El Ni(ophenomenon are very attractive (Lin et al., 2000; Linet al., 2001, 2002; Wang, 2001; Feng et al., 2001;Feng et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2002; Wei and Chen,2003; Xie et al., 2002; Zhu et al., 2002; Pu et al.,2003; Gu et al., 2004; Yu and Liu, 2004). Lin and Mo(2004), Mo and Lin (2004) and Mo et al. (2004) alsostudied a s…     

Variational iteration solving method for El Nino phenomenon atmospheric physics of nonlinear model

A class of El Nino atmospheric physics oscillation model is considered. The El Nino atmospheric physics oscillation is an abnormal phenomenon involved in the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere interactions. The conceptual oscillator model should consider the variations of both the eastern and westem Pacific anomaly patterns. An El Nino atmospheric physics model is proposed using a method for the variational iteration theory. Using the variational iteration method, the approximate expansions of the solution of corresponding problem are constructed. That is, firstly, introducing a set of functional and accounting their variationals, the Lagrange multiplicators are counted, and then the variational iteration is defined, finally, the approximate solution is obtained. From approximate expansions of the solution, the zonal sea surface temperature anomaly in the equatorial eastern Pacific and the thermocline depth anomaly of the seaair oscillation for El Nino atmospheric physics model can be analyzed. El Nino is a very complicated natural phenomenon. Hence basic models need to be reduced for the sea-air oscillator and are solved. The variational iteration is a simple and valid approximate method.     

The PNA wavetrain and the sea surface temperature in the Northern Pacific

In this paper, the response of the atmospheric 3-5 year cycle to Northern Pacific SST is discussed, The results are as follows:1. From the simultaneous temporal correlations between the Equatorial Eastern Pacific SST, the westerly dirft area's SST and the Northern Pacific SST at all gridpoints, we find that there are three correlative regions in the Northern Pacific SST field, they are the westerly drift area, the Equatorial Eastern Pacific and the Alaska Bay , and their structures are very similar to the PNA pattern in the atmosphere The difference PTI between the Equatorial Eastern Pacific SST anomaly and the westerly drift area's SST anomaly can indicate the change of the PNA pattern of the Northern Pacific SST anomaly. It can represent SST change of 65 % areas over the Northern Pacific and can keep watch on El Nino and un-El Nino.2. Simultaneous temporal correlative field between PTI and filtered 500hPa (there is 3-5 year cycle only ) of the Northern Hemisphere presents clear PNA structure. The resp